Test Review 1 for Philosophy

one that reasons

A harmonious soul is

1.Someone poses a question about the meaning of a concept. 2.Socrates' companion gives an answer. 3.Socrates raises questions about the answer, proving that the answer is inadequate. 4.To avoid the problems inherent in this answer, the companion offers a second one. 5.Steps 3 and 4 are repeated several times, revealing that the companion does not know what he thought he knew.

A question & answer dialog

was water

According to Thales, the universe is

that everything came from a formless, imperishable substance called apeiron.

Anaximander contends

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

Begging the question

of life and death

Democritus explains evens

Trying to prove a conclusion by using that very same conclusion as support.

False dilemma

Must get to the truth, we must go around the false certitudes of custom, tradition, and superstition and let reason be our guide.

For Socrates the good of the soul

is harmed by the lack of knowledge

For Socrates, the soul

logos

Heraclitus' central idea is the _____.

did not believe plato that there was more other than shadows etc

In Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the prisoners

such a 'legalist' (or 'conventionalist') view of justice.

In Plato's republic, Thrasymachus endores

"the unexamined life is not worth living".

In the apology, Socrates declares

are supposed to give probable support to their conclusions. They can establish only that, if their premises are true, their conclusions are probably true. Examples: 1. Eighty-five percent of the students at this university are Republicans. 2. Sonia is a student at this university. 3. Therefore, Sonia is probably a Republican.

Inductive argument

The study of correct reasoning.

Logic

it is going to be in the future

Parmenides "if it came into being, it is not; nor is it"

ancient mechanics

Parmenides argues that reality consists of _____.

systematic employment of deductive argument.

Parmenides is famous for, among other things, his _____.

we have, on the one hand, the world as it appears to our senses. On the other hand, we have a description of reality that his logical arguments presents.

Parmenides on reason

are ruler who possesses both a love of knowledge, as well as intelligence, reliability, and a willingness to live a simple life.

Philosopher kings

immortal

Plato argues that the soul is

the method whereby he sought natural and simple explanations for natural phenomena

Thales' great contribution to philosophy

teaches us the value of an education

The Allegory of the Cave teaches us

presses of Apolo, socrates was the wisest man

The Oracle at Delphi

- Reductio ad absurdum: Assume a statement is true. Deduce from it a false conclusion, which shows the assumption can't be correct.

reductio ad absurdum

The Forms: perfect conceptual models for every existing thing, residing only in the eternal world penetrated by reason alone.

Forms and particular things

The famous statement "An unexamined life is not worth living" is attributed to _____.

Metaphysics.

Plato recorded his thoughts in Dialogues: Euthyphro, The Apology, and Crito. Xenophon recorded some of his words in his own work, Memorabilia.

Plato and Xenophon dialogues

Plato would argue that this is indeed the case), then Protagoras is paradoxically being virtuous by allowing his audience to make his choice for him.

Plato on Protagoras' position

Idea, archetype, or essence Independent of the minds of people Discovered through disciplined study and reason

Plato on forms

Plato argues against skepticism, the view that we lack knowledge in some fundamental way. Plato distinguishes between believing and knowing. For Plato, beliefs can be false, while knowledge is always of what is.

Plato on real things

he did not charge anyone

Socrates and money

"I am the gadfly of the Athenian people, given to them by God, and they will never have another, if they kill me. And now, Athenians, I am not going to argue for my own sake, as you may think, but for yours, that you may not sin against the God by condemning me, who am his gift to you."

Socrates as a gadfly

Socrates' approach to philosophy is called the Socratic method. It involves question-and-answer dialogue in which propositions are methodically scrutinized to uncover the truth. ***The Socratic Method=investigation of complex issues through a question and answer format***

Socrates' method

he will not stop philosophizing.

At his trial, Socrates declares

The study of knowledge.

Epistemology

lack of knowledge

For Socrates, the soul is harmed by

modus tollens (or modus tollendo tollens and also denying the consequent) is a valid argument form and a rule of inference. It is an application of the general truth that if a statement is true, then so is its contra-positive.

Modus tollens

(guardians —leaders, rulers, philosopher-kings)

Plato identifies those who are moved by reason

appetitive, spirited, and rational.

Plato's tripartite soul is

Inscribed on the soul/mind prior to birth in your previous existence.

Plato's Meno and innate knowledge

Good

Plato's greatest form is the form of

"Man is the measure of all things".

Protagoras' motto

According to Socrates, a clear sign that a person has _____ is her exclusive pursuit of social status, wealth, power, and pleasure.

An unhealthy soul

The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value

Axiology

are intended to give logically conclusive support to their conclusions so that if the premises are true, the conclusion absolutely must be true. Examples: 1. All dogs are mammals. 2. Rex is a dog. 3. Therefore, Rex is a mammal.

Deductive argument

ancient atomism the theory that reality consists of an infinite number of minute, indivisible bits called atoms moving randomly in an infinite void, or empty space

Democritus advances the theory known as _____.

The void is infinite and provides the space in which the atoms can pack or scatter differently.

Democritus and void

atoms

Democritus' theory includes the view that reality consists of _____ and the void.

and wisdom is to speak the truth and to act according to nature, giving heed to it."

Moderation is the greatest virtue - Heraclitus

The highest level of intellect is called Dialectic, which for Plato means a conversation (question and response)

Plato and the intellect

(producers—laborers, carpenters, artisans, farmers).

Plato identifies those who are moved by appetites are

auxiliaries - soldiers, warriors, police.

Plato identifies those who are moved by spirit are

Plato wrote dialogues featuring Socrates. Some of these dialogues are thought to represent Socrates' philosophy, while the others represent a transition to and then focus on Plato's own philosophical concerns.

Plato wrote -

Plato's school was called the Academy, having been located outside the city walls in a grove.

Plato's school

Arguing erroneously that a particular action should not be taken because it will lead inevitably to other actions resulting in some dire outcome.

Slippery slope

listen to his words and arguments.

Socrates ask the Athenian jury

every soul seeks happiness Psyche-the true self or soul

Socrates on the soul

An unjust soul by contrast, is an unhealthy soul

Socrates unhealthy soul

For Socrates, virtue and knowledge are effectively the same. Knowledge involves both what virtue is and how to apply it in one's life. Socrates himself disavows such knowledge; he claims he is ignorant.

Socrates' virtue and knowledge

The unexamined life is a tragedy because it results in grievous harm to the soul.

Socrates, an unexplained life

itinerant professors

Sophists were _____.

Misrepresenting a person's views so they can be more easily attacked or dismissed.

Straw man fallacy

The branches, Metaphysics - The study of reality, an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the universe and the things in it. Axiology - The study of value, including both aesthetic value and moral value. Epistemology - The study of knowledge. Logic -The study of correct reasoning.

The four main divisions of philosophy

flow; unchanging

Heraclitus claims that although all things _____, they are really _____.

rational

Heraclitus' central idea is a(n) _____ principle.