Testicular Tumors

_____ are composed of a heterogeneous, helter-skelter collection of differentiated cells or organoid structures all embedded in a fibrous or myxoid stroma.

Teratoma

_____ refers to a group of complex testicular tumors having various cellular or organoid components reminiscent of normal derivatives from more than one germ layer.

Teratoma

Rarely, a malignant non-germ cell tumors may arise in teratoma. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.

Teratoma with malignant transformation

True or False: Practically all patients with intratubular germ cell neoplasia eventually develop invasive tumors.

True

True or False: Seminomas do not typically penetrate the tunica albuginea.

True

What is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age?

Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor

What germ cell tumor is commonly associated with hemorrhage and necrosis?

Choriocarcinoma

What is the most aggressive non-seminomatous germ cell tumor?

Choriocarcinoma

_____ is a highly malignant form of testicular tumor.

Choriocarcinoma

What is the most important risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?

Cryptorchidism

In females seminomas effect the ovaries and are known as _____.

Dysgerminoma

True or False: Typical seminomas and spermatocytic seminomas are associated with intratubular germ cell neoplasia.

False, In contrast to typical seminomas, spermatocytic seminomas lack association with intratubular germ cell neoplasia.

True or False: Embryonal carcinomas do not typically penetrate the tunica albuginea.

False, embryonal carcinomas frequently penetrate the tunica albuginea into the epididymis or cord frequently occurs.

True or False: Sex cord-stromal tumors are generally malignant.

False, sex cord-stromal tumors are generally benign.

Most testicular germ cell tumors originate from lesions called _____.

Intratubular germ cell neoplasia

When assessing germ cell tumors it is important to remember that the elevation of _____ correlates with the mass of tumor cells.

Lactate dehydrogenase

What type of sex cord-gonadal stroma tumor may elaborate androgens and in some cases estrogens, and even corticosteroids?

Leydig cell tumors

What organ is most commonly effect by hematogenous spread of germ cell tumors?

Lungs

What is the most common route of metastasis to all forms of testicular tumors?

Lymphatic spread

What is the most common form of testicular neoplasms in men over the age of 60?

Non-hodgkin lymphomas

Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. What type most commonly presents with advanced clinical disease?

Non-seminomatous

What type of testicular germ cell tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells that resemble embryonic stem cells?

Non-seminomatous tumors

Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. What type tends to remain localized to the testis for a long time?

Seminomas

Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. From a therapeutic viewpoint, _____ are extremely radiosensitive, whereas _____ are relatively radioresistant.

Seminomas, Non-seminomatous

What type of testicular germ cell tumor is composed of cells that ressemble primordial germ cells or early gonocytes?

Seminomatous tumors

What type of sex cord-gonadal stroma tumor is hormonally silent?

Sertoli cell tumors

Histologically, _____ contain three cell populations, including medium sized cells containing a round nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm, smaller cells with narrow rim of eosinophilic cytoplasm, and scattered giant cells.

Spermatocytic seminomas

Histologically, choriocarcinomas contain two cell type. _____ cells are large and have many irregular or lobular hyperchromatic nuclei and an abundant eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm.

Syncytiotrophoblastic cells

_____ is a disorder characterized by testicular germ cell tumors, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and poor sperm quality.

Testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS)

What is the most common tumor of men between the ages of 15 and 34?

Testicular tumors

True or False, Embryonal carcinomas are more aggressive than seminomas.

True

True or False: Most Sertoli cell tumors are benign.

True

True or False: Most leydig cell tumors are benign.

True

True or False: Most testicular germ cell tumors are composed of more than one type of tumor.

True

In roughly 50% of _____ tumors, schiller-duval bodies may be seen.

Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumors

Histologically, a classic seminoma cell is large and has three distinct characteristics, what are they?

(1) Distinct cell membrane (2) Clear/watery appearing cytoplasm (3) Large, central nucleus with one or two prominent nucleoli

The peak incidence of seminomas is in the _____ decade of life.

3rd

In terms of germ cell tumors, an elevation of serum _____ is associated with yolk sac tumor.

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

Histologically, choriocarcinomas contain two cell type. _____ are more regular and tend to be polygonal, with distinct borders and clear cytoplasm.

Cytotrophoblastic cells

Approximately 95% of testicular tumors arise from _____.

Germ cells

In terms of germ cell tumors, an elevation of serum _____ is associated with choriocarcinoma.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

What is the most common type of testicular germ cell tumor?

Seminoma

What are the two categories of germ cell tumors?

(1) Seminomas (2) Non-seminomas

What are the two genetic alterations associated with testicular germ cell tumors?

(1) Gain of additional copies of chromosome 12 (2) Activating mutations of c-KIT

What are the two major categories of testicular tumors?

(1) Germ cell tumors (2) Sex cord-stromal tumors

Sex cord-gonadal stroma tumors can be divide into two types. What are they?

(1) Leydig cell tumors (2) Sertoli cell tumors