Testicular Tumors
_____ are composed of a heterogeneous, helter-skelter collection of differentiated cells or organoid structures all embedded in a fibrous or myxoid stroma.
Teratoma
_____ refers to a group of complex testicular tumors having various cellular or organoid components reminiscent of normal derivatives from more than one germ layer.
Teratoma
Rarely, a malignant non-germ cell tumors may arise in teratoma. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.
Teratoma with malignant transformation
True or False: Practically all patients with intratubular germ cell neoplasia eventually develop invasive tumors.
True
True or False: Seminomas do not typically penetrate the tunica albuginea.
True
What is the most common testicular tumor in infants and children up to 3 years of age?
Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor
What germ cell tumor is commonly associated with hemorrhage and necrosis?
Choriocarcinoma
What is the most aggressive non-seminomatous germ cell tumor?
Choriocarcinoma
_____ is a highly malignant form of testicular tumor.
Choriocarcinoma
What is the most important risk factor for testicular germ cell tumors?
Cryptorchidism
In females seminomas effect the ovaries and are known as _____.
Dysgerminoma
True or False: Typical seminomas and spermatocytic seminomas are associated with intratubular germ cell neoplasia.
False, In contrast to typical seminomas, spermatocytic seminomas lack association with intratubular germ cell neoplasia.
True or False: Embryonal carcinomas do not typically penetrate the tunica albuginea.
False, embryonal carcinomas frequently penetrate the tunica albuginea into the epididymis or cord frequently occurs.
True or False: Sex cord-stromal tumors are generally malignant.
False, sex cord-stromal tumors are generally benign.
Most testicular germ cell tumors originate from lesions called _____.
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia
When assessing germ cell tumors it is important to remember that the elevation of _____ correlates with the mass of tumor cells.
Lactate dehydrogenase
What type of sex cord-gonadal stroma tumor may elaborate androgens and in some cases estrogens, and even corticosteroids?
Leydig cell tumors
What organ is most commonly effect by hematogenous spread of germ cell tumors?
Lungs
What is the most common route of metastasis to all forms of testicular tumors?
Lymphatic spread
What is the most common form of testicular neoplasms in men over the age of 60?
Non-hodgkin lymphomas
Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. What type most commonly presents with advanced clinical disease?
Non-seminomatous
What type of testicular germ cell tumor is composed of undifferentiated cells that resemble embryonic stem cells?
Non-seminomatous tumors
Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. What type tends to remain localized to the testis for a long time?
Seminomas
Germ cell tumors are segregated into two broad categories, seminoma and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors. From a therapeutic viewpoint, _____ are extremely radiosensitive, whereas _____ are relatively radioresistant.
Seminomas, Non-seminomatous
What type of testicular germ cell tumor is composed of cells that ressemble primordial germ cells or early gonocytes?
Seminomatous tumors
What type of sex cord-gonadal stroma tumor is hormonally silent?
Sertoli cell tumors
Histologically, _____ contain three cell populations, including medium sized cells containing a round nucleus and eosinophilic cytoplasm, smaller cells with narrow rim of eosinophilic cytoplasm, and scattered giant cells.
Spermatocytic seminomas
Histologically, choriocarcinomas contain two cell type. _____ cells are large and have many irregular or lobular hyperchromatic nuclei and an abundant eosinophilic vacuolated cytoplasm.
Syncytiotrophoblastic cells
_____ is a disorder characterized by testicular germ cell tumors, cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and poor sperm quality.
Testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS)
What is the most common tumor of men between the ages of 15 and 34?
Testicular tumors
True or False, Embryonal carcinomas are more aggressive than seminomas.
True
True or False: Most Sertoli cell tumors are benign.
True
True or False: Most leydig cell tumors are benign.
True
True or False: Most testicular germ cell tumors are composed of more than one type of tumor.
True
In roughly 50% of _____ tumors, schiller-duval bodies may be seen.
Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumors
Histologically, a classic seminoma cell is large and has three distinct characteristics, what are they?
(1) Distinct cell membrane (2) Clear/watery appearing cytoplasm (3) Large, central nucleus with one or two prominent nucleoli
The peak incidence of seminomas is in the _____ decade of life.
3rd
In terms of germ cell tumors, an elevation of serum _____ is associated with yolk sac tumor.
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Histologically, choriocarcinomas contain two cell type. _____ are more regular and tend to be polygonal, with distinct borders and clear cytoplasm.
Cytotrophoblastic cells
Approximately 95% of testicular tumors arise from _____.
Germ cells
In terms of germ cell tumors, an elevation of serum _____ is associated with choriocarcinoma.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
What is the most common type of testicular germ cell tumor?
Seminoma
What are the two categories of germ cell tumors?
(1) Seminomas (2) Non-seminomas
What are the two genetic alterations associated with testicular germ cell tumors?
(1) Gain of additional copies of chromosome 12 (2) Activating mutations of c-KIT
What are the two major categories of testicular tumors?
(1) Germ cell tumors (2) Sex cord-stromal tumors
Sex cord-gonadal stroma tumors can be divide into two types. What are they?
(1) Leydig cell tumors (2) Sertoli cell tumors
