The American Pageant Terms, AP US History Princeton Study Review - Princeton Review, APUSH Period 3-7 Review 2020 Exam

"Lost Generation

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African-American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Sonar

A device/technology that determines the distance of an object under water by recording echoes of reflected sound waves.

Pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that e,urged in the late 19th century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge.

Anti-Imperialist League

A diverse group formed in order to protest American colonial oversight in the Philippines. It included university presidents, industrialists, clergymen, and labor leaders.

Homestead Act

A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.

Social Security Act

A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order."

William McKinley

A former Republican Congressman from Ohio who won the presidency in 1896 and again in 1900. He was pro-business, conservative, and unwilling to trouble the waters by voicing unpopular opinions.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy (giving classified documents to the Soviets) and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Liberty Party

A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848

Fort Sumter

A fort in SE South Carolina, guarding Charleston Harbour. Its capture by Confederate forces (1861) was the first action of the Civil War.

War Powers Resolution

A law passed in 1973 in reaction to American fighting in Vietnam and Cambodia that requires presidents to consult with Congress whenever possible prior to using military force and to withdraw forces after 60 days unless Congress declares war or grants an extension. Presidents view the resolution as unconstitutional. Resolution that requires presidents to consult with Congress prior to using military force, and withdraw forces after 60 days if Congress does not move to keep them stationed.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.

Federal Reserve

A national banking system, established in 1913, that controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country.

American Federation of Labor

A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886. Led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades, the AFL sought to negotiate with employers for a better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours, and conditions. The AFL's membership was almost entirely white and male until the middle of the 20th century.

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas' brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

Tuskegee Institute

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist."

Margaret Sanger

A nurse and prominent birth-control activist who founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In 1916, she established the first birth-control clinic in the United States and endured the first of many arrests for illegally distributing information about contraception.

Little Bighorn, Battle of (1876)

A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also know as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Transcendentalism

A philosophical and literary movement of the 1800s which emphasized living a simple life while celebrating the truth in nature, emotion, and imagination. (Think Thoreau and Emerson). Believed freedom was not a set of defined rights or privileges, but rather an open-ended process of self realization

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Huey Long

A politician from LA, he was Roosevelt's biggest threat. Increased the share of state taxes paid by corporations, and also embarked on public works projects including new schools, highways, bridges, and hospitals; seized almost dictatorial control of the state government; believed that the New Deal was not radical enough.

Direct Primary

A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office

Frederick W. Taylor

A prominent inventor and engineer who developed "scientific management," a system of shop-floor organization that stressed efficient, highly supervised labor management and production methods. His methods revolutionized manufacturing across the industrialized world.

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

A prominent labor activist and community organizer, dubbed "the most dangerous woman in America" in 1902 by a West Virginia district attorney. Jones was born in Ireland and worker as a dressmaker and schoolteacher before turning to labor organizing in the 1870s, first for the Knights of Labor and later for the United Mine Workers. By the turn of the century, she had adopted the matronly public persona of "Mother Jones". In 1903 she organized a "Children's Crusade" of youthful mill and mine workers who marched from Pennsylvania to New York to publicize the issue of child labor.

Rosie the Riveter

A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part.

Whiskey Rebellion

A protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government; Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy (led an army to put down the rebellion)

Teller Amendment

A proviso to President William McKinley's war plans that proclaimed to the world that when the US had overthrown the Spanish misrule, it would give Cuba its freedom. The amendment testified to the ostensibly "anti-imperialist" designs of the initial war plans.

Joseph Pulitzer

A publisher whose newspapers, including the New York World, became a symbol of the sensationalist journalism of the late nineteenth century.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.

Jay Gould

A railroad magnate who was involved in the Black Friday scandal in 1869 and later gained control of many of the nation's largest railroads, including the Union Pacific. He became revered and hated for his ability to manipulate railroad stocks for his personal profit and for his ardent resistance to organized labor

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion led by Nathaniel Bacon in Virginia with back country farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land when Gov. Berkeley didn't take actions. They were very poor, lacking wives, had little land, and were squatting in the west of the colony. They were angered by the lack of response to Indian attacks. They chased Berkeley out of town but when Bacon died Berkeley crushed the uprising.

Regionalism

A recurring artistic movement that, in the context of the late nineteenth century, aspired to capture the peculiarities, or "local color", of America's various regions in the face of modernization and national standardization.an element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot

Social Gospel

A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Revivalism

A religious movement that focused on individual religious experience rather than on church doctrine

Yellow Journalism

A scandal-mongering practice of journalism that emerged in NY during the Gilded Age out of the circulation battles between Joseph Pulitzer's New York World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. The expression has remained a pejorative term referring to sensationalist journalism practiced with unethical, unprofessional standards.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Bleeding Kansas

A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.

Civil Rights Act

A series of acts during the civil rights movement that established a Civil Rights Commission, outlawed public segregation and discrimination and forbade racial discrim in the workplace

Wilderness Campaign

A series of brutal clashes between Grant and Lee's armies in Virginia, leading up to Grant's capture of Richmond in April of 1865, Having lost Richmond, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox.

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798)

The Slaughterhouse Cases

A series of post-Civil War Supreme Court cases containing the first judicial pronouncements on the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. The Court held that these amendments had been adopted solely to protect the rights of freed blacks, and could not be extended to guarantee the civil rights of other citizens against deprivations of due process by state governments. These rulings were disapproved by later decisions.

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Open Door note

A set of diplomatic letters in which Secretary of State John Hay urged the great powers to respect Chinese rights and free and open competition within their spheres of influence. These notes established the "Open Door Policy," which sought to ensure access to the Chinese market for the US, despite the fact that the US did not have a formal sphere of influence in China.

Lochner v. New York

A setback from labor reformers, this 1905 Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for breakers.

London Economic Conference

A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. Franklin Roosevelt's decision to revoke American participation contributed to a deepening world economic crisis.

Beat Generation

A small coterie of mid-twentieth-century bohemian writers and personalities, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who bemoaned bourgeois conformity and advocated free-form experimentation in life and literature.

temperance movement

A social reform effort begun in the mid-1800s to encourage people to drink less alcohol. Angered many Catholics and working men who enjoyed drinking after a hard day of work.

Four Freedoms Speech

A speech by FDR that outlined the four principles of freedom (speech, religion, from want, and from fear) This helped inspire Americans into patriotism.

Miranda warning

A statement of an arrester person's constitutional rights, which police officers must read during an arrest.

Jazz

A style of dance music popular in the 1920s characterized by the use of improvisation captured new freedom developed by African Americans in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago developed from blues, ragtime, and other earlier styles

Fordism

A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company.

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Scientific Management

A system of individual management created and promoted in the early 20th century by Fredrick W. Taylor, emphasizing stopwatch efficiency to improve factory performance.

Pet banks

A term used by Jackson's opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the Second Bank of the United States; the practice continued after the charter for the Second Bank expired in 1836.

City Beautiful Movement

A turn-of the-century movement among progressive architects and city planners, who aimed to promote order, harmony, and virtue while beautifying the nation's new urban spaces with grand boulevards, welcoming parks, and monumental public buildings. Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from the frenzied new industrial world.

Andrew Carnegie

A tycoon who came to dominate the burgeoning steel industry. His company, later named United States Steel, was the biggest corporation in United States history in 1901. After he retired, he donated most of his fortune to public libraries, universities, arts organizations, and other charitable causes.

Freedom Summer

A voter registration in Mississippi spearheaded by a collaboration of civil rights groups.

Gettysburg Address

Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Tecumseh (c.1768-1813)

Accomplished Shawnee warrior, Tecumseh sought to establish a confederacy of Indian tribes east of the Mississippi. He opposed individual tribes' selling of land to the United States, arguing the land belonged to all the Native p eoples. After 1811, Tecumseh allied with the British, fighting fiercely against the United States until his death in 1813.

Emergency Quota Act

Act restricting newcomers from Europe in any given year to 3% of their nationality who had been living in the United States in 1910

Environmentalism

Activist movement begun in the 1960s that was concerned with protecting the environment through activities such as conservation, pollution control measures and public awareness campaigns.

Alien Laws

Acts passed by a Federalist Congress raising the residency requirement for citizenship to fourteen years and granting the president the power to deport dangerous foreigners in times of peace.

Jane Addams

Addams founded Hull House, America's first settlement house, to help immigrants assimilate through education, counseling, and municipal reform efforts. She also advocated pacifism throughout her life, including during World War I, and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.

World Trade Organization

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Compromise of 1850

Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

Langston Hughes

African American poet who described the rich culture of african American life using rhythms influenced by jazz music. He wrote of African American hope and defiance, as well as the culture of Harlem and also had a major impact on the Harlem Renaissance.

"New South"

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the US, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Albert Fall, a Harding cabinet member, Secretary of the Interior,secretly leased out oil-rich government land to make a profit

Missouri Compromise

Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state but preserved the balance between North and South by carving free-soil Maine out of Massachusets and prohibiting slavery from territories acquired in the Louisiana Purchase, north of the line of 36 degrees, 30'.

Quebec Act

Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extend the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Also known as "Obamacare" the act extended health-care insurance to some 30 million Americans, marking a major step toward achieving the century-old goal of providing universal health-care coverage

Blue Laws

Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality; blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker PA

Progressive Party

Also known as the "Bull Moose Party", this political party was formed by Theodore Roosevelt in an attempt to advance progressive ideas and unseat President William Howard Taft in the election of 1912.

Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

Also known as the Dodd-Frank Act, after its Democratic sponsors, Connecticut senator Christopher Dodd and Massachusetts representative Barney Frank. In an effort to avoid another financial crisis like the Great Recession, the act updated many federal regulations affecting the financial and banking systems and created some new agencies, such as the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection

Wagner Act

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers, and established the National Labor Relations boars to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employer.

Lydia Maria Child

Am writer. novels and domestic manuals attack male dominance and white supremacy. abolitionist. The Quadroons Letters from New York Hobomok

Wilmot Proviso

Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.

Hawaii

America attained Hawaii by forcing the Hawaiian King to sign a constitution and reduced his power. The Queen Liliuokalani gave up her country because she didn't want to go to war with America. Hawaii became the 50th State

Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821-1910)

America's first female physician, Blackwell helped organize the U.S. Sanitary Commission during the Civil War to aid the Union War effort by training nurses, collecting medical supplies and equipping hospitals.

containment doctrine

America's strategy against the Soviet Union based on ideas of George Kennan, and declared that the Soviet Union and communism were inherently expansionist and had to be stopped from spreading through both military and political pressure.

Benedict Arnold

American General who was labeled a traitor when he assisted the British in a failed attempt to take the American fort at West Point.

Matthew C. Perry (1794-1858)

American Naval officer sent by Millard Fillmore to negotiate a trade deal with Japan. Backed by an impressive naval fleet, Perry showered Japanese negotiators with lavish gifts. Combining military bravado with diplomatic finesse, he negotiated the landmark Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854, ending Japan's two centuries of isolation.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Hudson River School (Mid-Nineteenth Century)

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes.

Key, Francis Scott (1779-1843)

American author and lawyer who composed the "Star Spangled Banner"—now the national anthem— purportedly while observing the bombardment of Fort McHenry from the deck of a British ship where he was detained.

Maine

American battleship dispatched to keep a "friendly" watch over Cuba in early 1898. It mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor on February 15, 1898, with a loss of 260 sailors. Later evidence co firmed that the explosion was accidental, resulting from combustion in one of the ship's internal coal bunkers. But many Americans, eager for war, insisted that it was the fault of a Spanish submarine mine.

Loyalists

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Rachel Carson

American conservationist whose 1962 book "Silent Spring" galvanized the modern enviornmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s

Rachel Carson

American conservationist whose 1962 book Silent Spring galvanized the modern environmental movement that gained significant traction in the 1970s

George F. Kennan

American diplomat who authored the "containment doctrine" in 1947, arguing that the Soviet Union was inherently expansionist and had to be stopped, via political and military force, from spreading throughoug the world

Nicholas P. Trist (1800-1874)

American diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, ending the Mexican-American War and acquiring a vast secession of territory from Mexico.

George Rogers Clark (1752-1818)

American frontiersman who captured a series of British forts along the Ohio River during the Revolutionary war.

Douglas MacArthur

American general, who commanded allied troops in the Pacific during World War II.

Frederick Jackson Turner

American historian who said that humanity would continue to progress as long as there was new land to move into. The frontier provided a place for homeless and solved social problems.

Singer, Isaac (1811-1875)

American inventor and manufacturer, who made his fortune by improving on Elias Howe's sewing machine. Singer's machine fueled the ready-made clothing industry in New Eng land.

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

American naval officer and author whose book of 1890, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, impressed a generation of imperialists around the world with its argument that control of the sea was the key to world dominance.

Macdonough, Thomas (1783-1825)

American naval officer who secured a decisive victory over a British fleet at the Battle of Plattsburg, halting the British invasion of New York.

Perry, Oliver Hazard (1785-1819)

American naval officer whose decisive victory over a British fleet on Lake Erie during the War of 1812 reinvigorated American morale and paved the way for General William Henry Harrison's victory at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

John Foster Dulles

American politician principally known for serving as Eisenhower's Secretary of State. An ardent Cold Warrior, he drafted the "policy of boldness" designed to confront Soviet aggression with threat of "massive retaliation" via thermonuclear weapons, and supported American intervention in Vietnam.

James G. Blaine

American statesman who served in the House thirteen years (1863-1876), followed by a little over four years in the Senate (1876-1881). He served as Speaker of the House from 1869 to 1875. As Secretary of State under James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur, Blaine advocated a "Big Sister" policy of United States domination in Latin America.

Thoreau, Henry David (1817-1862)

American transcendentalist and author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods. A committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slavery.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households. Leftover land was sold for money to fund U.S. government efforts to "civilize" Native Americans. Of 130 million acres held in Native American reservations before the Act, 90 million were sold to non-Native buyers.

Gold Standard Act (1900)

An act that guaranteed that paper currency would be redeemed freely in gold, putting an end to the already dying "free silver" campaign.

Tampico Incident

An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914

"Boom and Bust"

An economic cycle in which high demand and production leads to prosperity followed by depression

Panic of 1837

An economic uproar when Jackson was president. Many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

No Child Left Behind Act

An education bill created and signed by the George W. Bush administration.

The Grange

"Patrons of Husbandry", to allow farmers to discuss farm problems and to socialize, an organization of farmers especially outspoken in its criticism of large corporations

New Jersey Plan

"Small state plan" put forth at the Philadelphia convention, proposing equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature. Small states feared hat the more populous stats would dominate the agenda under a proportional system.

Lexington and Concord

"The Shot Heard Round the World"- The first battle of the Revolution in which British general Thomas Gage went after the stockpiled weapons of the colonists in Concord, Massachusetts.

Sir Walter Raleigh

(1552?-1618) English courtier, navigator, colonizer, and writer. A favorite of Elizabeth I, he introduced tobacco and the potato to Europe. Convicted of treason by James I, he was released for another expedition to Guiana and executed after its failure. An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. Claimed Virginia for Queen. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1630) Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England Colonies. Under leadership of John Winthrop, became important ship building, fishing, and fur trading center.

Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Stamp Act

(1765) Part of Grenville's plan to defray the cost of maintaining the British army along the American frontier. Revenue stamps were attached to printed matter and legal documents, newspapers, and insurance papers etc. For the colonists the main issue was "no taxation without representation." Public protests increased until it was repealed in 1766.

Quartering Act

(1765) Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists saw it as an encroachment on their rights.

Common Sense

(1776) Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. the widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to support the Revolution.

Treaty of Paris

(1783) Peace treaty signed by Britain and US ending Revolutionary War; Britain formally recognized US independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while Americans agreed to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.

Trail of Tears

(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people

Mexican-American War

(1846-1848); American expansion leads to dispute over California and Texas. War between Mexicans and Americans over the annexation of Texas

Henry Cabot Lodge

(1850-1924) A prominent republican senator from Massachusetts, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson's internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations .

Eugene V. Debs

(1855-1926) A tireless socialist leader who organized the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike in 1894. Debs was later convicted under the First World War's Espionage Act in 1918 and sentenced to ten years in a federal penitentiary. A frequent presidential candidate on the Socialist Party ticket, in 1920 he won over 900,00 votes campaigning for president from his prison cell.

Albert B. Fall

(1861-1944) A scheming conservationist who served as Secretary of the Interior under Warren G. Harding, Fall was one of the key players in the notorious Teapot Dome scandal.

Gettysburg Address

(1863) Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.

Arthur Zimmermann

(1864-1940) German foreign secretary during World War I and author of the infamous "Zimmerman note," which proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States.

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood

(1869-1928) As a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Western Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America, Haywood was one of the most feared American labor radicals. During World War I, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation.

Calvin Coolidge

(1872-1933) Vice President "Silent Cal" Coolidge became thirtieth President of the United States when Warren G. Harding died in office. A friend of business over labor, he served during the boom years from 1923 to 1929.

Albert E. Smith

(1873-1944) Colorful New York governor who was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for president in 1928. His Catholicism and "wet" stance on Prohibition made him a controversial figure, even in the traditionally loyal Democratic South. Although Smith lost the electoral vote to a Hoover landslide, his appeal to urban voters foreshadowed the Northern urban and Southern coalition that would gain Franklin Roosevelt in the White House in 1932.

Herbert C. Hoover

(1874-1964) A Quaker-humanitarian tapped to head the Food Administration during World War I. During the 1920s, he became the Secretary of Commerce, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of government power. Elected to the presidency in 1928 as a Republican, he soon faced the crisis of the Great Depression, which he tried to combat with the same voluntary efforts and restrained government action that had been his hallmark over the previous decade. He lost the election of 1932 to Democrat Franklin Roosevelt, who advocated a more activist role for the federal government.

Mary McLeod Bethune

(1875-1955) The highest-ranking African- American in the Roosevelt administration, she headed up the Office of Minority Affairs and was a leader of the unofficial "Black Cabinet," which sought to apply New Deal benefits to blacks as well as whites.

George Creel

(1876-1953) The young, outspoken, and tactless journalist who was tapped to head the Committee on Public Information, also known as the Creel Committee, during World War I.

Robert F. Wagner

(1877-1953) A Democratic senator from New York State from 1927-1949, he was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act

(1883): Did away with the "spoils system" and made the hiring of federal employees merit based. Law stating that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit (being good or worthy) ya think??!!!!WHAT??!!!!

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945) Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Elanor Roosevelt

(1884-1962) The wife of Franklin Roosevelt, she was the most active First Lady the United States had ever seen, and was known for her devotion to the impoverished and oppressed.

Alice Paul

(1885-1977) Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.

Harry L. Hopkins

(1890-1946) A former New York social worker, he came to be one of the major architects of the New Deal, heading up the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Works Progress Administration, and serving as a personal confidant to President Roosevelt.

Father Charles Coughlin

(1891-1979) A Catholic priest from Michigan who goaded 40 million radio listeners with his weekly anti-New Deal harangues. He was a well-known opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies.

Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long

(1893-1935) Louisiana governor, later senator, whose anti-New Deal "Share Our Wealth" program promised to make "Every Man a King"-that is, until he was gunned down in 1935.

Cuban Revolt

(1895): Cubans deliberately devastated their island in order to force the Spainards to leave; Spanish (commanded by Gen. Weyler) confined Cubans into concentration camps where thousands of Cubans died of malnutrition and disease; US press reported about the revolt in order to create the impression that the Spaniards were committing all atrocities and that they were the "bad guys," even though there was considerable brutality on both sides

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election. 1974 became the 39th President, with Vice President Walter Mondale. He secured energy programs, set the framework for Egypt-Israel treaty, and sought to base foreign policy on human rights.

Bakke v. University of California

(1978) Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious. 1991, a war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders

Roger Williams

(December 21, 1603-April 1, 1683) was an English theologian, a notable proponent of religious toleration and the separation of church and state, and an advocate for fair dealings with Native Americans. In 1644, he received a charter creating the colony of Rhode Island, named for the principal island in Narragansett Bay. He is credited for originating either the first or second Baptist church established in America.

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Jay Treaty

(GW) 1795, Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to stop the seizing of American's ships but Britain refused which lead to the closing of the western posts for the British

Whitewater

(WJC) an Ame political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, [Jim and Susan McDougal] in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. David Hale, the source of criminal allegations against Clinton, claimed in November 1993 that Bill, while govnr of AK, pressured him to provide an illegal $300,000 loan to Susan McDougal, Kenneth Starr major player

Federal Trade Commission

(WW) 1914 , A government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy, support antitrust suits

Standard Oil

... Established in 1870, it was a integrated multinational oil corporation lead by Rockefeller Many held stocks in it. Exemplified "horizontal integration." the first major monopoly in America

Coercive Acts

1. port act closed the port of Boston until the tea was paid for. 2. MA Gov't act reduced the power of the MA legislature while increasing the power of the royal governor. 3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England instead of the colonies. 4. expanded the quartering act to enable British troops to be quartered in private homes--applied to all colonies.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed. Armed conflict in 1634-1638 between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies (the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes), against the Pequot tribe.

Currency Act

1764 Stopped colonial printing of paper money & forced colonists to pay in gold and silver

Franco-American Alliance

1778-1783, provided Americans with much of their money, equipment, armed forces, and naval forces

Yorktown

1781; last battle of the revolution; Benedict Arnold, Cornwallis and Washington; colonists won because British were surrounded and they surrended

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

Jay's Treaty

1794-negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid was with Britain, this treaty included British promise to evacuate outposts on US soil in Northwest Territory and pay damages for seized American vessels. In exchange, Jay bound the US to repay pre-Revolutionary War debts and abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.

Pickney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.

Pinckney's Treaty

1795 treaty with Spain allowing U.S. commercial use of the Mississippi River and granting the disputed territory of Florida. Spain signed it fearing an Anglo-American alliance.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806--Explorers sent by Jefferson in 1804 to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory

Non-Intercourse Act

1809- passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reestablished trade with all but 2 belligerent nations (Britain and France); continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion with little effect

Era of Good Feelings

1816-1824 popular name for the one-party, Republican rule during James Monroe's presidency when the country entered a period of national unity (but the term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare.

Force Bill

1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act.

gag rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 Landmark ruling of the Massachusetts supreme court establishing the legality of labor unions.

James K. Polk

1845-1849 11th President Democrat President known for promoting Manifest Destiny, called "YOUNG HICKORY". Promised 4 things: 1. to settle the Oregon Question (Russia, England, Spain, & USA all claim Oregon. BUT Usa have the most people already living there.) 2. Secure CA, TX, & NM 3. Create independent National Treasury (basically a new bank of America 4. Lower tarrifs

John Tyler

1851-1845 *Tenth President *Took office following the death of William Henry Harrison *States' righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist *Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him *Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain *Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845

Sumner-Brooks Incident

1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him.

Dred Scott

1857 United States slave (from MIssouri but then had lived for 5 years with his master in free Illinois and Wisconsin Territory). He unsuccessfully sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state. (Dred Scott v. Stanford ruled he was property and not a citizen and thus could not sue; also ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory)

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Oregon Territory

1859 ,33rd state Territory in the upper western corner of the US - claimed by both Britain and US Became part of the U.S. in 1846 after Britain gave up claims to present-day Oregon

Freedmen's Bureau

1865, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands; acted as an early welfare agency of sorts, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war, both blacks and homeless whites; led by General Oliver O. Howard

The Gilded Age

1865-1896 (last decades of 19th century) term given by (Mark) Twain and (Charles Dudley) Warner Suggested both the extravagant wealth of the time and the corruption and terrible poverty that lay underneath

Reconstruction Act

1867 act that divided the South into five military districts subject to martial law Congress threw out states that had refused to ratify the 14th amendment

Hiram Revels

1870, elected to take Mississippi Senate seat from Jefferson Davis The first African American senator

Chief Joesph

1871 "Indian Napolean" Chief of Nez Perce attempted to lead tribe to Canada to avoid life on reservation.

Joseph Stalin

1879-1953, Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition.

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889 22nd president 1893-1897 24th president Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption (including vetoing many fraudulent claims of disabilities among Civil War veterans), vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

McKinley Tariff

1890-Protective tariff which raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of over 48% Benjamin Harrison American tariff whose high rates crippled sugar imports from both Cuba and Hawaii American tariff whose high rates crippled sugar imports from both Cuba and Hawaii

William McKinley

1897-1901 25th U.S. President. (Assassinated). Republican Spanish-American War Gold standard High tariffs

Spanish-American War

1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain War w/ Spain; US gained Puerto Rico, Philippines, Cuba

Market Revolution

18th and 19th century transformation from a disaggregated, subsistence economy to a national commercial and industrial network.

Radical Whigs

18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat to liberty posed by arbitrary power. Their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights.

Deism

18th century religious doctrine that emphasized reasoned moral behavior and the scientific pursuit of knowledge. Most deists rejected biblical inerrancy and the divinity of Christ, but they did believe that a Supreme Being created the universe.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

1904 Asserted the US's right to interfere in economic matters of other nations in the Americans "Big Stick Diplomacy" Claimed US's right to exercise international police power

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA.

Root-Takahira Agreement (1908)

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

Russian Revolution

1917 revolution drives Czar Nicholas II from power; Russia withdraws from the WWI • Lenin promised "Peace, Land, and Bread"

First Red Scare

1919-1920 widespread fear of Communism and anarchist and in America; inspired by the Bolshevic revolution in Russia

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

1921 Two Italian men accused of murder, but were convicted because they were anarchist and Italian. convicted of murder and robbery and executed

Margaret Sanger

1921 - founded American Birth Control League; which became Planned Parenthood in the 1940s. Advocated birth control awareness.

The Great Depression

1929-1939: A period of severe economic recession - The stock market plunged and as a result, people couldn't pay back their loans to the banks that they borrowed to buy stocks - Banks could not provide money back to their depositors so they closed - Businesses began to lay off workers (25% unemployed), as a result people could not pay bills, thousands lost their homes and millions went hungry - While Hoover had underestimated the impact of the stock market crash, Roosevelt had guidance from the economist Keynes - Keynesian Economics helped push the US out of the Great Depression

The Bonus Army

1932 *A group of 14,000 unemployed veterans who marched on Washington *They sought additional payments from Congress *Hoover had the Senate kill a bill that would have provided additional payment, and half of the veterans took the government's offer of transportation back home *The remaining veterans took shelter in shacks near the Anacostia River to draw attention to their cause *Hoover called in the Army and had the remainder of the veterans removed from Washington *The event created the impression that Hoover did not care about the plight of the poor

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

1941, outlined a vision in which a world would abandon their traditional beliefs in military alliances and spheres of influence and govern their relations with one another though democratic process, with an international organization serving as the arbiter of disputes and the protector of every nation's right of self determination.

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Berlin Blockade/Airlift

1948 - soviets closed off access to the city of berlin in hope of US surrender of their half of the city, truman ordered airlifts to supply the portion with food and fuel

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality Black Muslim leader who said Blacks needed to have separate society from whites, but later changed his views. He was assasinated in 1965.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955 - began when rosa parks was arrested for reffusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man - spurred blacks to stay off montgomery buses for more than a year

Interstate Highway Act

1956 Eisenhower 20 yr plan to build 41,000 mi of highway, largest public works project in history National network of highways connecting US cities Law that spent 32 billion to build 41 thousand miles of our nation's highways

My Lai Massacre

1968 - american soldiers abused, tortured, and murdered innocent civiliants in south vietnam - led to turning point in public opinion about vietnam

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform. A little known Democratic Senator from Minnesota, he represented the Democratic party in the 1968 presidential election. He was a devout Catholic and a soft-spoken, sometimes poet. He used a group of antiwar college students as his campaign workers. He, with the help of his "Children's Crusade", got 42% of the democratic votes and 20 out of 24 convention delegates.

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic presidential candidate who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon B. Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Kent State Shooting

1970 - 'secret war' protestors at kent state university in ohio were shot by national guardsmen

Clean Air Act

1970- law that established national standards for states, strict auto emissions guidelines, and regulations, which set air pollution standards for private industry.

Phyllis Schlafty

1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s

Nicaragua

1979--Socialist revolution against corrupt brutal dictator, Anastasio Somoza. U.S. trained and equipped his supporters to fight back against the socialist rebels

Ronald Reagan

1980 and 1984; Republican; "Reagan Revolution": reduce reliance on government; Reagonomics: supply-side, laissez-faire, send troops to Grenada, escalated the Cold War: "rollback" of communism, Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars); War on Drugs, Iran-Contra affair, second term-ended cold war ("tear down this wall" (Berlin Wall))

Monica Lewinsky Scandal

1990s; had affair with Clinton who denied it under oath, but there was physical evidence; he was impeached for perjury and his resulting political battles kept him from being productive in his final term paving way for the seemingly moral Bush in 2000 a political sex scandal emerging from a sexual relationship between United States President Bill Clinton and a 22-year-old White House intern; eventually led to the impeachment of President Clinton in 1998 by the U.S. House of Representatives

Planned Parenthood

1992 abortion case that applied new flexible test (instead of rigid trimester framework of Roe v Wade): Does state regulation of abortion place "undue burden" on women's right to an abortion? Court used test to uphold some regulations like waiting periods and parental notification for minors.

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Contact With America

1994 Newt Gingrich designed this to capture control of congress from democrats, specific legislations that the republicans pledged to pass if the voters sent a majority to Washington. Reform plans included real welfare reform, family tax cuts, job creation and limited tern for congressmen

Social Darwinism

19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Siege of Vicksburg

2 and a half month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

2 houses: house of reps & senate, written by Roger Sherman

James Garfield

20th U.S. President. 1881-1881 (Assassinated). Republican Remembered as one of the four "lost presidents" after the civil war. Elected to the Ohio Senate in 1859 as a Republican. During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union. As President, he strengthened Federal authority over the New York Customs House. Fewer than four months of taking office in 1881, he was assassinated by an embittered political rival. His assassination led to the Pendleton Civil Service Reform of 1883.

Chester A. Arthur

21st U.S. President. 1881-1885. Republican Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - was corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was VP but became the 21st president when Garfield was shot. Pushed for lower tariffs, (which went against his party's usual stance) Fought for African American woman, Lizzie Jennings, to be allowed to ride NYC streetcar, BUT he also signed a law banning Chinese immigration to US for 10 years.

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Warren G Harding

29th President of the United States (1921-1923). A Republican from Ohio. promised return to normality after WW1 used efforts of make no enemies during his presdiency. scandals affected his presidency such as the Ohio Gang that had to do with financial jobs that he offered his friends. Died into his presidency.

Warren Harding

29th president of the US; Republican; "Return to Normalcy" (life as it had been before WWI-peace, isolation); presidency was marred by scandal

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963 1960-63 U.S. pres, lack of ability to discuss with soviet led to Cuban Missile Crisis.

Richard M. Nixon

37th Republican President of the United States, 1969 to 1974. He rose to national prominence as a "communist hunter" and member of HUAC in the 1950s. He was Vice President under Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961 and defended American capitalism in the 1959 Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev. He ran unsuccessfully for president against John F. Kennedy in 1960, but was elected to the presidency in 1968 and 1972. He resigned the presidency amid the Watergate scandal in 1974.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents

William Jefferson ("Bill") Clinton

42nd President of the United States. A former Arkansas governor and founding member of the Democratic Leadership Council, Clinton promoted "third way" politics and distanced his policies from traditional Democratic programs. He signed the Welfare Reform Act in 1996 to fulfill a campaign promise to "end welfare as we know it." Clinton was the first Democrat to be reelected since Franklin Roosevelt and first president to be impeached since Andrew Johnson.

George W. Bush

43rd President of the United States. The son of former president George H. W. Bush and former governor of Texas, he emerged victorious from the contested election of 2000, where he lost the popular vote. As President, he pursued changes in social security, immigration, and education laws, and appointed two conservative justices to the Supreme Court. Launching and leading the "war on terror" in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Bush was the architect of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Pullman Strike (1894)

A 1894 strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

National Labor Relations Act (1935)

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Domino theory

A 20th Century Foreign Policytheory, promoted by the government of the United States that speculated if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino

Erie Canal

A 363 mile canal that connected the Great Lakes region to New York City; creating a dominant port of the city. Brought about the creation of new towns along the waterway (Buffalo, Rochester) Inspired the building of many other canals across the US and sparked an interest in major waterway transportation.

Charles Darwin

A British naturalist whose 1859 book On the Origin of Species outlined a theory of evolution based on natural selection, whereby the strongest individuals of a particular species survived and reproduced while weaker individuals died out. This theory had an enormous impact not just on science but on religion and society too, as people wrestled with the challenge evolutionary theory posed to Biblical notions of divine creation and applied the ideas of natural selection to human society.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) (1933)

A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. It was based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft.

Horace Greeley

A New York newspaper editor, he ran for President in 1872 under the mantles of the Liberal Republican and Democratic Parties.

Andrew Johnson

A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia. Soviet Union leader in 1959 who had gained power a few years after Stalin died in 1953.

Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois

A Supreme Court decision that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power ti regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their attention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry.

Schneck v. United States

A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

J.P. Morgan

A banker who became a national symbol of power of the banks during the Gilded Age, he helped all the big businesses of the era consolidate their holdings and ultimately bought Carnegie's steel empire for more than $400 million in 1900. He also helped to bail the US government out of a currency crunch in 1895 when he organized a loan to the government of $65 million in gold. In 1902 his Northern Securities Company became one of the first targets of Teddy Roosevelt's trust busting crusades, but Roosevelt's 1907 decision to allow a steel merger under his watch showed the limits of Roosevelt's efforts

Federal Trade Commission Act

A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

Wounded Knee, Battle of (1890)

A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which several hundred Native Americans and 29 U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

McCarthyism

A brand of vitriolic, fear-mongering anticommunism associated with the career of Senator Joseph McCarthy. In the early 1950s, Senator McCarthy used his position in Congress to baselessly accuse high-ranking government officials and other Americans of conspiracy with communism. The term named after hum refers to the dangerous forces of unfairness and fear wrought by anticommunist paranoia.

Students for a Democratic Society

A campus-based political organization founded in 1961 by Tom Haden that became an iconic representation of the New Left.

Most Favored Nation (MFN) Trade Status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories

Union Party

A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats.

Crédit Mobilier scandal (1872)

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices - and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the Crédit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.

Critics of Reform

An example of these would be Catholics, who were heavy critics of the reform movement because they saw it as a way to enforce Protestant morality upon the masses.

Abstract Expressionism

An experimental style of mid-twentieth-century modern art exemplified by Jackson Pollock's spontaneous "action paintings," created by flinging paint on canvases stretched across the studio floor.

Neo-Conservatism

An ideology which brings together a belief in fiscal conservatism, that is a return to classical liberalism (increase the free market, decrease the size of government), with a social conservatism, that is a call to return to traditional notions of social and political morality, with state as moral authoritarian figure a group that championed free-market capitalism liberated from government restraints, anti-Soviet positions in foreign policy, questioned liberal welfare programs, and called for the reassertion of traditional values of individualism and the centrality of the family

Quarantine Speech

An important speech delivered by Franklin Roosevelt in which he called for "positive endeavours" to "quarantine" land-hungry dictators, presumably through economic embargoes. The speech flew in the face of the isolationist politicians.

Naturalism

An offshoot of mainstream realism, this late-nineteenth century literary movement purported to apply detached scientific objectivity to the study of human characters shaped by degenerate heredity and extreme or sordid social environments.Impact of environment on people

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to demand the vote for women. NAWSA argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process. During WWI, NAWSA supported the war effort and lauded women's role in the Allied victory, which helped to finally achieve nationwide woman suffrage in the 19th Amendment.

exposition and protest

Anonymous essay published by John C. Calhoun in 1828 which advocated two doctrines--that of Interposition (or the right of a state to nullify a federal law) and that of the Concurrent Majority as a means by which the people in the minority (as slave-holding southerners) could protect themselves from harmful federal action. These ideas would contribute to the coming of the secession crisis of 1832-1833 and ultimately to the Civil War in 1861.

Anti-Federalists

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Condoleezza Rice

Argued that the US should refrain from nation building and focus on Chinese and Russian relations. This focus on great power politics regardless of regime type rather than assuming propped up democratic governments will take care of business how we want them to.

Leisler's Rebellion (1689-1691)

Armed conflict between aspiring merchants led by Jacob Leisler and the ruling elite of NY; one of many uprisings that erupted across the colonies when wealthy colonists attempted to re-create European social structures in the New World

Paxton Boys (1764)

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scots-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans

Shay's Rebellion

Armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures. Though quickly put down, the insurrection inspired fears of "mob rule" among leading Revolutionaries.

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Authorized the President to set aside public forests as National Parks and other reserves

Lend-Lease Bill

Based on the motto, "Send guns, not sons," this law abandoned former pretences of neutrality by allowing Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms to any nation defending itself against the Axis Powers. Patriotically numbered 1776, the bill was praised as a device for keeping the nation out of World War II.

Libertarianism

Belief in as much freedom and as little government as possible (tolerates some government to provide stability & security). Supports free market economy, no government regulation of morality, low taxes.

Arminianism

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God's grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-19th century expansionism.

Christian Fundamentalism

Believe that the statements in the Bible are word for word factually true

Congregationalists

Believed the Anglican Church retained too many Catholic ideas and sought to purify the Church of England; the Puritans believed in predestination (man saved or damned at birth) and also held that God was watchful and granted salvation only to those who adhered to His goodness as interpreted by the church. The Puritans were strong in New England and very intolerant of other religious groups.

Social Darwinists

Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won by a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some social Darwinists also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for US imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war.

Malcolm X

Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality.

Delany, Martin (1812-1885)

Black abolitionist and advocate of relocating freed blacks to Africa, even visiting West Africa's Niger Valley in search of a suitable location in 1859.

Walker, David (1796-1830)

Black abolitionist and author of the incendiary Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, which advocated a bloody end to white supremacy.

David Walker

Black abolitionist freed slave and writer who called for a bloody end to slavery in an appeal of 1829

Truth, Sojourner (1799-1883)

Black abolitionist, preacher and women's rights activist, who worked tirelessly on behalf of slaves and freed blacks.

Turner, Nat (1800-1831)

Black slave who led an ill-fated rebellion in Virginia in 1831. The deeply-religious Turner sought a violent overthrow to the sinful institution of slavery. Before they were apprehended, Turner and his followers murdered more than sixty whites, sending a shockwave throughout the South.

Dred Scott (1800-1858)

Black slave who sued his master for freedom, triggering the landmark Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection for slavery in the territories. Backed by abolitionists, he based his case on the five years he spent with his master in free soil Illinois and Wisconsin.

Zora Neale Hurston

Black writer who wanted to save African American folklore. She traveled all across the South collecting folk tales, songs & prayers of Black southerners. Her book was called Mules and Men.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center. religious motivaiton Timothy McVeigh destroyed the Oklahoma City Federal Building with a fertilizer bomb. McVeigh said he was upset with the government about the Branch Davidian fiasco and the event at Rudy Ridge. McVeigh was killed by lethal injection in 2001

Bosnia Conflict

Bosnian Serbs claimed >70% of territory and Muslim and Croatian forces unable to prevent Serb bombardment of capital-Sarajevo. Clinton went back to using US air power to protect UN peacekeeping efforts when the Serbs rejected his plan to divide this into ten ethnic provinces. Serb troops abusive. Clinton forced to allow American air strikes on Serb forces while Croatian and Muslim forces mounted a counterattack. Cease-fire in '95. Dayton plan enacted FFF

Samuel Adams (1722-1803)

Boston revolutionary who organized Massachusetts' committees of correspondence to help sustain opposition to British policies. A delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses, Adams continued to play a key role throughout the revolutionary and early national periods, later serving as governor of his home state.

John Hancock (1737-1793)

Boston smuggler and prominent leader of the colonial resistance, who served as president of the Second Continental Congress. In 1780 Hancock became the first governor of Massachusetts, a post he held with only a brief intermission until his death.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1803-1882)

Boston-born scholar and leading American transcendentalist, whose essays, most notably "Self-Reliance" stressed individualism, self-improvement, optimism and freedom.

Peninsular Campaign

Botched Union attempt to capture the capital Richmond by circumventing the Confederate army by sea, McClellan responsible for Union failure, also Seven Days Battle

Nonimportation Agreements

Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend an Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.

Muckrakers

Bright young reporters at the turn of the 20th century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt, but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society.

West Africa Squadron

British Royal Navy force formed to enforce the abolition of the slave trade in 1807. It intercepted hundreds of slave ships and freed thousands of Africans.

John Maynard Keynes

British economist who argued that for a nation to recovery fully from a depression, the government had to spend money to encourage investment and consumption

Canning, George (1770-1827)

British foreign secretary who proposed what would later become the Monroe Doctrine—a declaration issued by James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from acquiring new territories in the Americas.

Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805)

British general during the Revolutionary War who, having failed to crush Greene's forces in South Carolina, retreated to Virginia, where his defeat at Yorktown marked the beginning of the end for Britain's efforts to suppress the colonial rebellion.

Brock, Isaac (1769-1812)

British general who helped stave off an American invasion of Upper Canada during the War of 1812. Brock successfully captured Detroit from American forces in August of 1812, but was killed in battle later that year.

John ("Gentleman Johnny") Burgoyne (1722-1792)

British general who led an ill-fated invasion of upstate New York, suffering a crushing defeat by George Washington at Saratoga.

William Howe (1729-1814)

British general who, despite victories on the battle field, failed to deal a crushing blow to Washington's Continental army. By attacking Philadelphia instead of reinforcing General Burgoyne at Saratoga, Howe also inadvertently contributed to that crucial American victory.

Battle of Concord

British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston.

George III (1738-1820)

British monarch during the run-up to the American Revolution, George III contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged insistence on asserting Britain's power over her colonial possessions.

Sinking of The Lusitania

British passenger ship, the Lusitania, was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915, killing 1,198 people, including 128 Americans and pushing the US closer to WWI

Wilberforce, William (1759-1833)

British politician who championed the abolition of the slave trade, and later slavery itself. An evangelical Christian, Wilberforce delivered rousing speeches on the floor of the Commons, galvanizing public support for the abolitionist cause.

Boston Massacre

British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

Oregon Treaty

British were tired of fighting for Oregon, proposed 49 degree line to Polk. Senate accepted. (1846)

Slater, Samuel (1768-1835)

British-born mechanic and father of the American "Factory System," establishing textile mills through-out New Eng land.

Thomas Paine (1737-1809)

British-born pamphleteer and author of Common Sense, a fiery tract that laid out the case for American independence. Later an ardent supporter of the French Revolution, Paine became increasingly radical in his views, publishing the anticlerical The Age of Reason in 1794, which cost him the support of his American allies.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

Built dams for flood control and hydroelectric power in the Tennessee valley, created projects to combat erosion and deforestation.

Dick Cheney

Bush's Vice President and a Wyoming representative who was attacked numerous times for his considerable power given to him by the President and his policy-making.

Robert S. McNamara

Businessman turned Secretary of Defense from 1961 to 1968. McNamara was the author of the "flexible response" doctrine, which created a variety of military options and avoided a stark choice between nuclear warfare and none at all. As Defense Secretary, he was the chief architect of the Vietnam War.

Responsorial

Call and response style of preaching that melded Christian and African traditions. Practiced by African slaves in the South.

Shakers

Called "Shakers" for their lively dance worship, they emphasized simple, communal living and were all expected to practice celibacy. First transplanted to America from England by Mother Ann Lee, the Shakers counted six thousand members by 1840, though by the 1840s the movement had largely died out.

Marshall, John (1755-1835)

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 until his death in 1835, Marshall strengthened the role of the courts by establishing the principle of judicial review. During his tenure, the court also expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of decisions that established federal supremacy over the states.

Roger B. Taney (1777-1864)

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1836-1864, he overturned Marshall's strict emphasis on contract rights, ruling in favor of community interest in the famous Charles River Bridge case in 1837. Maryland-born, he also presided over the landmark Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress had no power to restrict slavery in the territories.

Chief Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace.

Martin Luther King Jr

Civil Rights Leader. Born in Atlanta. Developed a non-violent approach to social change after studying others like Gandhi. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Gave the "I have a Dream Speech" at the March of Washington U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.

Battle of Gettysburg

Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines.

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Civil rights leader and Baptist preacher who rose to prominence with the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 and founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957. He was an outspoken advocate for black rights throughout the 1960s, most famously during the 1963 March on Washington where he delivered the "I Have a Dream" speech. He was assassinated in Memphis in 1968 while supporting a sanitation workers' strike.

Bleeding Kansas

Civil war in Kansas over the issue of slavery in the territory, fought intermittently until 1861, when it merged with the national Civil War.

Powhatan Confederacy

Collaboration of Native Americans in the north next to the Virginia Settlement when Jamestown was founded, in 1607. The Powhatan Confederacy was initially far larger than the settlement. In 1622, they organized a attack in which resulted in the death of about 350 Virginia settlers, frustrations were sustained until their final defeat in 1644 when their leader was captured and killed resulting in the scattering of the remaining confederacy where they were mixed in with the settlers and all remembrance of the confederacy was lost.

The Federalist

Collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton and published during the ratification debate in New York to lay out the Federalists' arguments in favor of the new Constitution. Since their new publication, these influential essays have served as an important source for constitutional interpretation.

Land-Grant Colleges

Colleges and universities created from allocations of public land through the Morrell Act of 1962 and the Hatch Act of 1887. These grants helped fuel the boom in higher education in the late 19th century, and many of the today's public universities derive from these grants.

Royal Colonies

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic

Patriots

Colonists who support the American Revolution; they were known as "Whigs."

George Dewey

Commander of the American Asiatic Squadron who boldly captured Manila Bay and the Philippines at the launch of the Spanish American War. His actions ultimately led to fierce debates about the propriety of American imperialism.

Committees of Correspondence

Committees of Correspondence were intercolonial standing provincial governments. ... The Committees of Correspondence rallied colonial opposition against British policy and established a political union among the Thirteen Colonies.

New Harmony

Communal society of around one thousand members, established in New Harmony, Indiana by Robert Owen. The community attracted a hodgepodge of individuals, from scholars to crooks, and fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just 2 years.

Ho Chi Minh

Communist leader of North Vietnam who orchestrated the defeat of US and South Vietnam who orchestrated the defeat of US and South Vietnamese forces. The North will conquer South Vietnam and become one unified The leader of the North Vietnamese army when war broke out with America. He was well educated. Vietnamese nationalist and communist whose defeat of the French led to calls for American military intervention in Vietnam

Olive Branch Petition

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and proclaimed the colonies in rebellion.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general in command of first, the Army of the Potomac, and later, the entire Confederate army during the civil War. A bold tactician, Lee kept his army on the offensive throughout most of the war, skillfully outmaneuvering Union armies in key battles. His fortunes reversed after his defeat at Gettysburg, though he continued to battle Union forces throughout Virginia until his surrender at Appomattox. After the war Lee was indicted for treason but never charged, and he actively worked to bring about a peaceful reunion of North and South.

Pan-American Conference (1889)

Conference called by James Blaine that created an organization of cooperation between the US and Latin American countries

Chesapeake Affair

Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.

Nullification Crisis

Conflict that resulted when South Carolina legislature voided federal tariffs and threatened to secede if federal government tried to collect duties (resolved by compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833)

Army-McCarthy Hearings

Congressional hearings called by Senator Joseph McCarthy to accuse members of the army of communist ties. In this widely televised spectacle, McCarthy finally went too far for public approval. The hearings exposed the senator's extremism and led to his eventual disgrace.

Interstate Commerce Act

Congressional legislation that established the Interstate Commerce Commission, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

Railroads

Connected the Western frontier to the other cities in the US; influenced trade, and stimulated the mining of coal for fuel and manufacturing of iron for materials to build trains.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)

Connecticut born abolitionist and author of best-selling Uncle Tom's Cabin, a novel that awakened millions of Northerners to the cruelty of slavery.

Separation of Power

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Hartford Convention

Convention of Federalists from five New England states who opposed the War of 1812 and resented the strength of Southern and Western interests in Congress and in the White House.

Malcom X

Converted to a Black Muslim while in prison. At first urged Blacks to seize their freedom by any means necessary, but later changed position and advocated racial harmony. He was assassinated in February, 1965.

Presidential Cabinet

Created by George Washington, a group of advisors that helped him run the government. Each is given a "department" and is referred to as the "secretary of..." (except for the Attorney General).

Freedmen's Bureau (1865-1872)

Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927) Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such international affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US.

Saratoga, Battle of

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York, which helped secure French support for the Revolutionary cause.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Decisive victory in Virginia for Confederate Robert E. Lee, who successfully repelled a Union attack on his lines.

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)

Declared full constitutional equality for women.

Freeport Doctrine

Declared that since slavery could not exist without laws to protect it, territorial legislatures, not the Supreme Court, would have the final say on the slavery question.

Gideon v. Wainwright

Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right.

Franklin Pierce

Democrat who won the election of 1852 over the Whigs and the Free Soilers. Devoted himself to avoid offending either of the sections of the nation, the slavery issue in particular. Instead, he was committed to expanding American interests with hawaii and Cuba, although this offended many northerners for fear that slavery would spread to those islands.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Democratic 36th President of the United States, 1963 to 1969. A Texas Democrat who rose to tremendous power in the Senate during the New Deal, he was tapped to be John F. Kennedy's running mate in 1960. Chosen largely to help solidify support for the Democratic ticket in the anti-Catholic South, he assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assassination in 1963. As president, he was responsible for liberal programs such as the Great Society, War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation, as well as the escalation of the Vietnam War. After a series challenges from within his party, he chose not to run for reelection in 1968.

John F. Kennedy

Democratic 36th President of the United States. He was the youngest president ever elected, as well as the only Catholic to take office. He represented the Democratic Party with his "New Frontier" platform in the 1960 election. He was a major contributor to the space program and to the civil rights movement. He was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963.

Nancy Pelosi

Democratic Congresswoman from California who became, in 2007, the first female Speaker of the House of Representatives. Representing a liberal district, Pelosi as Speaker sought to strike a more moderate, yet still Democratic, tone.

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Democratic Senator from New York who, in 2008, became the first highly competitive female candidate for president. A lawyer and political activist, Clinton was First Lady from 1993 to 2001, and then became the first former First Lady to serve in elected office when she was elected to the Senate. She tried unsuccessfully to win the Democratic nomination for President in 2008

Clement L. Vallandigham

Democratic congressman from Ohio who led the Copperhead faction of the party in opposition to the Civil War. Convicted by a military tribunal for his treasonous outbursts, Vallandigham was banished to the South though he later made his way to Canada and made an unsuccessful bid for the Ohio governorship.

War Hawks

Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare was on Britain. Largely drawn from the South and West, the war hawks resented British constraints on American trade and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

Scalawags

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare.

XYZ Affair

Diplomatic conflict between France and the United States when American envoys to France were asked to pay a hefty bribe for the privilege of meeting with the French foreign minister. Many in the U.S. called for war against France, while American sailors and privateers waged an undeclared war against French merchants in the Caribbean.

Trent affair

Diplomatic row that threatened to bring the British into the Civil War on the side of the Confederacy, after a Union warship stopped a British steamer and arrested two Confederate diplomats on board.

Interventionism

Direct involvement by one country in another country's affairs

Medgar Evers

Director of the NAACP in Mississippi and a lawyer who defended accused Blacks, he was murdered in his driveway by a member of the Ku Klux Klan. A civil rights leader and a secretary for the NAACP, who was assassinated outside his home only hours after Kennedy's speech promoting civil rights and his support for integration. This man's murder created enormous amounts of controversy, with the government taking immediate action for anti-discrimination principles soon after, with this attack serving as the reasoning.

Election of 1840

Displayed two major shifts in American politics: triumph of populist democratic style and the formation of the two-party system. Race between Martin Van Buren, second term, and William Henry Harrison. Harrison won due to how Van Buren handled the Panic of 1837.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Pontiac's Rebellion

English victory in Seven Years' War = raised prices of goods + stopped paying rent → Ottawa war chief Pontiac attacked groups along Ohio Valley

War Production Board (WPB)

Established in 1942 by executive order to direct all war production, including procuring and allocating raw materials, to maximize the nation's war machine.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history Standard Oil Company, ruthless business tactics (survival of the fittest)

Triangular Trade

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade

Townshend Acts

External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.

John Brown

Extreme abolitionist who believed he was doing God's work In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek, Kansas and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. He was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region

Yalta

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War

Fair Labor Standards Act

FLSA, Federal Law that established certain minimum requirements for employee's hours, wages, premium overtime, and payroll records.

Operation Dixie

Failed effort by the CIO after WWII to unionize southern workers, especially in the textile factories.

Tallmadge Amendment

Failed proposal to prohibit the importation of slaves into Missouri territory and pave he way for gradual emancipation. Southerners vehemently opposed the amendment, which they perceived as a threat to the sectional balance between North and South.

"A House Divided"

Famous speech by Lincoln before the Civil War about the economy. "This country cannot be half slave and half free...."

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: a federally sponsored corporation that insures accounts in national banks and other qualified institutions

Harper's Ferry, West Virgina

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by John Brown in 1859, escalating the southern vehemence against abolitionists.

Patent Office

Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting excluding rights to the inventor for a period of years.

Midnight Judges

Federal justices appointed by John Adams during the lasts days of his presidency. Their positions were revoked when the newly elected Republican Congress repealed the Judiciary Act.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.

Chase, Samuel (1741-1811)

Federalist Supreme Court Justice who drew the ire of Jeffersonian Republicans for his biting criticism of Republican policies. In 1804, the House of Representatives brought charges of impeachment against him but failed to make the case that his unrestrained partisanship qualified as "high crimes and misdemeanors." Acquitted by the Senate, he served on the court until his death.

James Buchanan (1791-1868)

Fifteenth president of the United States, and a Pennsylvania-born Democrat, he sympathized with the South and opposed any federal interference with its "peculiar institution." As president, he supported Kansas' Lecompton Constitution and opposed the Homestead Act, antagonizing northern Democrats and hopelessly splitting the Democratic Party.

Panic of 1857

Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over-speculation, and excess grain production. Raised calls in the North for higher tariffs and for free homesteads on western public lands.

Articles of Confederation

First American constitution that established the United States as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress, which was not granted the power to regulate commerce or collect taxes. The Articles were replaced by a more efficient Constitution in 1789.

James Meredith

First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966

Calvinist

Following the beliefs of John Calvin of Geneva who argued that God was all powerful and all good, while humans are weak and wicked because of the corrupting effect of original sin. He also argued that God was all knowing and that he knew who was and wasn't going to hell. He believed that since the first moment of creation, some souls had been predestined for either eternal bliss or eternal torment and those who were meant to go to hell could not save themselves with good-doing. A follower of the teachings of John Calvin, a leader of the Protestant Reformation.

Interstate Commerce Commision

Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies. After his election in 1904, Theodore Roosevelt demonstrated support of progressive reforms by strengthening this.

Harriet Tubman

Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad

Sojourner Truth

Former slave, abolitionist, and feminist who spoke against slavery and for the rights of women.

Aaron Burr

Former vice-president, killed of Alexander Hamilton in a duel, and plotted mysterious secessionist schemes

Berlin Wall

Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on the orders from Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West.

Alamo

Fortress in Texas where four hundred American volunteers were slain by Santa Anna in 1836. "Remember the Alamo" became a battle cry in support of Texan independence.

War of 1812

Fought between Britain and the United States largely over the issues of trade and impressment. Though the war ended in a relative draw, it demonstrated America's willingness to defend its interests militarily, earning the young nation newfound respect from European powers.

American Suffrage Association

Fought for women's suffrage amendments to state constitutions

Bunker Hill, Battle of

Fought on the outskirts of Boston, on Breed's Hill, the battle ended in the colonial militia's retreat, through at a heavy cost to the British

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists. Garrison burned the Constitution as a proslavery document. Argued for "no Union with slaveholders" until they repented for their sins by freeing their slaves.

Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Founded in 1874, this organization advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's supposedly greater purity and morality as a rallying point. Advocated of prohibition in the US found common sense with activists elsewhere, especially in Britain, and in the 1880s they founded the World Women's Christian Temperance Union, which sent missionaries around the world to spread the gospel of temperance.

Students for a Democratic Society

Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s.

American Temperance Society

Founded in Boston in 1826 as part of a growing effort of 19th century reformers to limit alcohol consumption.

U.S. Sanitary Commission

Founded with the help of Elizabeth Blackwell, the government agency trained nurses, collected medical supplies and equipped hospitals in an effort to help the Union Army. The commission helped professionalize nursing and gave many women the confidence and organizational skills to propel the women's movement in the postwar years.

North American Free Trade Agreement

Free trade-zone encompassing Mexico, Canada, and the US. A symbol of the increased reality of a globalized marketplace, the treaty passed despite opposition from protectionists and labor leaders

Huguenots

French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America.

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crevecoeur (1735-1813)

French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures

Samuel de Champlain (c.1567-1635)

French soldier and explorer, dubbed the "Father of New France" for establishing the city of Quebec and fighting alongside the Huron Indians to repel the Iroquois.

Jack Kerouac

Frenetic novelist and progenitor of the bohemian Beat Generation (a term he coined). He gained celebrity after publishing the group's unofficial bible, On the Road.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

From 1993 to 2010, the policy affecting homosexuals in the military. It emerged as a compromise between the standing prohibition against homosexuals in the armed forces and President Clinton's push to allow all citizens to serve regardless of sexual orientation. Military authorities were forbidden to ask about a service member's orientation, and gay service personnel could be discharged if they publicly revealed their homosexuality. At President Obama's urging, Congress repealed DADT in 2010, permitting gays to serve openly in uniform

Postdam conference

From July 17 to August 2, 1945, President Harry S Truman met with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and British leaders Winston Churchill and later Clement Attlee near Berlin to deliver an ultimatum to Japan: surrender of be destroyed.

Spanish Mission System

From the early seventeenth century to the early nineteenth century, Franciscan, Dominican, and Jesuit orders of the Roman Catholic Church built missions throughout what is now northern Mexico and the southwestern United States. The northern frontier contained the gold, silver, and other resources desired by the Spanish government. The Church, together with military and secular officials, established European order in the region. The missionaries were the first to enter these frontier areas in an attempt to convert native populations to Christianity. The missions were usually connected to presidios or fortified military settlements. The missions also served as a vanguard for the expansion of Spanish settlements and mining operations . Summary: The Spanish network of missions in the New World established to bring Christianity to Native Americans who were required to learn the Spanish language, as well as Christian teachings.

Meuse-Argonne Offensive

General John J. "Black Jack: Pershing led American troops in this effort to cut the German railroad lines by supplying the western front

Comte de Rochambeau (1725-1807)

General in command of French forces during the American Revolution, he fought alongside George Washington at Yorktown.

Nathanael Greene (1742-1786)

General in command of the Continental army in the Carolina campaign of 1781, the "Fighting Quaker" successfully cleared most of Georgia and South Carolina of British troops despite loosing a string of minor battles.

Yorktown, Battle of

George Washington, with the aid of the French Army, besieged Cornwallis at Yorktown, while the French naval fleet prevented British reinforcements from coming ashore. Cornwallis surrendered, dealing a heavy blow to the British war effort and paving the way for an eventual peace.

Kristallnacht

German for "night of broken glass," it refers to the murderous pogrom that destroyed Jewish businesses and synagogues and sent thousands to concentrations camps on the night of November 9, 1938. Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the United States, but were ultimately turned away due to restrictive immigration laws.

Zimmerman note

German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican Alliance against the US. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1917, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war.

Hessians

German troops hired from their princes by George III to aid in putting down the colonial insurrection. This hardened the resolve of American colonists, who resented the use of paid foreign fighters.

Astor, John Jacob (1763-1848)

German-born fur trader and New York real estate speculator, who amassed an estate of $30 million by the time of his death.

Baron von Steuben (1730-1794)

German-born inspector general of the Continental army, who helped train the novice colonial militia in the art of warfare.

Albert Einstein

German-born scientist who immigrated to the United States in 1933 to escape the Nazis. He helped to persuade FDR to push ahead with preparations for developing the atomic bomb, but later ruefully declared that "annihilation of any life on earth has been brought within the range of technical possibilities."

German immigration

Germans came America and were seen as mostly skilled craftsmen and settled in tightly knit communities (German triangle of St. Louis, Milwaukee, and Cincinnati) Vibrant German culture emerges in America (Kleindeutschland in NYC)

Central Powers

Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in WWI.

Confederate States of America

Government established after seven Southern states seceded from the Union. Later joined by four more states from the Upper South.

Clinton, DeWitt (1769-1828)

Governor of New York state and pro-moter of the Erie Canal, which linked the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. "Clinton's Big Ditch", as the canal was called, transformed upstate New York into a center of industry and gave rise to the Midwestern cities of Cleveland, Detroit and Chicago.

Vicksburg

Grant defeated two Confederate armies and destroyed the city, this was across the river near Vicksburg, Mississippi. Five days later they had complete control of the Mississippi.

Reform Bill of 1867

Granted suffrage to all male British citizens, dramatically expanding the electorate. The success of the American democratic experiment, reinforced by the Union victory in the Civil War, was used as one of the arguments in favor of the Bill.

Whitney, Eli (1765-1825)

Great American inventor, best known for his Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the Southern economy. Whitney also pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in the pro-duction of muskets.

Allies

Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the US, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in WWI.

Visual Representation

Grenville's theory: claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even Americans who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Dust Bowl

Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies."

Hoovervilles

Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depressions slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents.

Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

rise of the populist party

Growing agrarian discontent in the South and West in 1890 grew membership in Farmer's Alliances, which elected US senators, representatives, and governors. The Alliance movement provided the foundation of a new party, the "People's" or ______. This party drafted their platform in Omaha, NE. it advocated an unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, public ownership of railroads, gov't operated telegraph and phone systems, loans and federal warehouses for farmers, and an 8-hour workday.

Robert M. ("Fighting Bob") La Follette

Hailing from Wisconsin, "Fighting Bob" La Follette was one of the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. He served in the Senate and in the Wisconsin governor's seat, and was a perennial contender for the presidency, keeping the spirit of progressivism alive into the 1920s.

L'Ouverture, Toussaint (1743-1803)

Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising and helped establish an ind e pen dent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, L'Ouverture was captured by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia in 1803.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

George Whitefield

He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.

John Lewis

He was a miner known for creating the United Mine Workers. He helped found the CIO and was responsible for the Fair Labor Standards Act. Organize unions and was encouraged by the Wagner Act. the boss for United Mine Workers and founded the CIO within AFL in 1935. The CIO eventually broke away from the AFL after going against General Motors and US Steel

Eugene O'Neill

He was the first American to receive (1930) a Nobel Prize for literature. Eugene O'Neill. America's great playwright of tragedy; author of "The Iceman Cometh," "Long Day's Journey into Night," and "Moon for the Misbegotten' Red Scare. a period of general fear of communists.

William Randolph Hearst

He was the leader of the yellow press who wrote "Journal". He Inflamed the Cuba dispute by sending artist Remington to depict Spanish outrages and by publicizing a private letter from the Spanish minister describing McKinley in unflattering terms

World's Columbian Exposition

Held in Chicago, Americans saw this World's Fair as their opportunity to claim a place among the world's most "civilized" societies, by which they meant the countries of western Europe. The Fair honored art, architecture, and science, and its promoters built a mini-city in which to hist the fair that reflected all the ideals of city planning popular at the time. For many, this was the high point of the "City Beautiful" movement.

"Cross of Gold" Speech

Helped convince an undecided Democratic Convention to nominate William Jennings Bryan for president "You shall not crucify us on a cross of gold" Pro-silver sentiments Delivered by William Bryan to tell people the poor should stop suffering to benefit the rich

Henry Cabot Lodge

Henry Cabot Lodge was a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty, and who was the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He mostly disagreed with the section that called for the League to protect a member who was being threatened.

American System

Henry Clay's three-pronged system to promote American industry. Clay advocated a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network.

Nuremberg war crimes trial

Highly publicized proceedings against former Nazi leaders for war crimes and crimes against humanity as part of the Allies denazificaiton program in postwar Germany. The trials led to several executions and long prison sentences.

King Philip's War

In 1675, a series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

East Indian Tea Company

In 1773, the British East India Company was overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Therefore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts, Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.

Annapolis Convention

In 1786, Congress's inability to control commerce was causing issues. Interstate squabbling was becoming more and more frequent, and so Virginia called for a convention at Annapolis, MD. Unfortunately, while 9 states appointed delegates, only 5 were actually represented. Alexander Hamilton saved the convention from total failure by drafting a report that called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the following year.

infant industries

In Alexander Hamilton's Financial Program, these newly developing businesses needed to be protected from foreign competition in the form of tariffs on imported goods

XYZ Affair

Incident in which French agents demanded a bribe and loan from the U.S. diplomats in exchange for discussing an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; led to an undeclared war between U.S. and France

Middle Colonies

Included Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware. Composed of many different faiths with no dominant one. Important distribution center in mercantilism. Fertile land for crops and intelligent thinkers like Ben Franklin.

Underground Railroad

Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escape from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

Carpetbaggers

Insulting tern used to describe a northerner who moved to be involved in governing the South during Reconstruction a political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections.

McCormick, Cyrus (1809-1885)

Inventor of the McCormick mower-reaper, a horse-drawn contraption that fueled the develop-ment of large-scale agriculture in the trans-Allegheny West.

Deere, John (1804-1886)

Inventor of the steel plow, which revolu-tionized farming in the Midwest, where fragile wooden plows had failed to break through the thick soil.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)

Investigatory body established in 1938 to root out "subversion." Sought to expose communist influence in American government and society, in particular through the trial of Alger Hiss.

Neutrality Proclamation

Issued by George Washington, it proclaimed America's formal neutrality in the escalating conflict between England and France, a statement that enraged pro-French Jeffersonians.

Nicola Sacco

Italian anarchists convicted in 1921 of the murder of a paymaster and a security guard at a Massachusetts shoe factory. Despite a worldwide public outcry, they were electrocuted in 1927.

Standard Oil Company

John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 Standard Oil Controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the US. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the U.S. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

Wendall L. Willkie

Known as the "rich man's Roosevelt," Willkie was a novice politician and Republican businessman who lost to Franklin Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential campaign. Although Willkie won more votes than any previous GOP candidate, Roosevelt still beat him by a landslide.

GI Bill

Known officially as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act and ,ore informally as the GI Bill of Rights, this law helped returning WWII soldiers reintegrate into civilian life by securing loans to buy houses and farms and set up small business and by making tuition and stipends available for them to attend college and job training programs.

North West Ordinance

Law passed by Congress in 1787 that set up a government for the north west territory to guarantee basic rights to settlers, no slavery called for the establishment of 3 to 5 states north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

War Powers Act

Law passed by Congress in 1973 limiting the President's ability to wage war without Congress approval.

Elkins Act

Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites

Black Codes

Laws or "codes" passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom of former slaves.

Black Codes (1865-1866)

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerner's criticisms of President Andrew Jackson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

League of Women Voters

League formed in 1920 advocating for women's rights, among them the right for women to serve on juries and equal pay laws

Limited Liability

Legal principle that facilitates capital investment by offering protection for individual investors, who, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, cannot be help responsible for more than the value of their individual shares.

USA Patriotic Act

Legislation passed shortly after 9/11 that granted broad surveillance and detention authority to the government.

Election of 1864

Lincoln vs. McClellan, Lincoln wants to unite North and South, McClellan wants war to end if he's elected, citizens of North are sick of war so many vote for McClellan, Lincoln wins

10% Plan

Lincoln's 1863 program for a rapid Reconstruction of the South that called for leniency and forgiveness of the South.

Fundamentalism

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

Transcendentalism

Literary and intellectual movement that emphasized individualism and self-reliance, predicated upon a belief that each person possessed an "inner light" that can point the way to truth and direct contact with God.

Committees of Correspondence

Local communities established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the 13 colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

Armed Neutrality

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia.s Catherine the Great, to protect neutral trading rights during the war for American independence.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law-"THE POWER TO TAX IS THE POWER TO DESTROY".

John Wilkes Booth

Maryland-born actor and Confederate sympathizer who assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865. He died of a gunshot wound a week later after refusing to surrender to federal troops, though it is unclear if the fatal bullet came from one of the soldiers or his own revolver.

Charles Sumner (1811-1874)

Massachusetts senator and abolitionist, he opposed the extension of slavery, speaking out passionately on the civil war in Kansas. He is best known for the caning he received at the hands of Preston Brooks on the Senate floor in 1856. After his recovery he returned to the Senate, leading the Radical Republican coalition in the Senate against Andrew Johnson during Reconstruction.

New England

Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire. Longer lives, emphasized family, rocky soil.

John Singleton Copley (1738-1815)

Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere; loyalist during the Revolutionary war, Copley spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history

Barton, Clara (1821-1912)

Massachusetts-born teacher and philanthropist who served as a nurse with the Union Army during the Civil War. After the war she became involved with the newly-formed International Red Cross, serving as the first president of the American branch from 1882 to 1904.

Yalta conference

Meeting of FDR, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin, in February 1945 at an old Tsarist resort on the Black Sea, where the Big Three leaders laid the foundations for the postwar division of power in Europe, including a divided Germany an territorial concessions to the Soviet Union.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Bretton Woods Conference

Meeting of western allies to establish a postwar international economic order to avoid crises like the one that spawned WWII.

Atlantic Charter

Meeting on a warship off the coast of Newfoundland in August 1941, Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Wilson Churchill signed this covenant outlining the future path toward disarmament, peace, and a permanent system of general security. Its spirit would animate the founding of the United Nations and raise awareness of the human rights of individuals after World War II.

Little Turtle (1752-1812)

Miami Indian chief whose warriors routed American forces in 1790 and 1791 along the Ohio frontier. In 1794, Little Turtle and his braves were defeated by General Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, and were forced to cede vast tracts of the Old Northwest under the Treaty of Greenville.

Realism

Mid-nineteenth century literary movement in European and American literature and the arts that sought to depict contemporary life and society as it actually was, in all its unvarnished detail. Adherents eschewed the idealism and nostalgia of the earlier romantic sensibility.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Military alliance of Western European powers and the US and Canada established in 1949 to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism.

My Lai Massacre

Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children.

Six-Day war

Military conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors, including Syria, Egypt, and Jordan.

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Military engagement in French colonial Vietnam in which French forces were defeated by Viet Minh nationalists loyal to Ho Chi Minh.

Winfield Scott (1786-1866)

Military officer and presidential candidate, Scott first made a name for himself as a hero of the War of 1812. During the war with Mexico, he led the American campaign against Mexico City, overcoming tremendous handicaps to lead his men to victory. He later made an unsuccessful bid for the presidency in 1852 as the Whig candidate.

Vietnamization

Military strategy launched by Nixon in 1969. The plan reduced the number of American combat troops in Vietnam and left more fighting to the South Vietnamese, who were supplied with American armor, tanks, and weaponry.

New Lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening

F. Scott Fitzgerald

Minnesota-born and Princeton-educated novelist who captured the glamour and spiritual emptiness of the 1920s jazz age in novels such as This Side of Paradise and The Great Gatsby.

William Faulkner

Mississippi novelist who explored the South's collective memory of racism and conservatism in his fictional chronicle of "Yoknapatawpha" County. His many modernist novels inspired a twentieth-century southern literary renaissance.

Total War

Mobilized all of a society's resources--eco, pol, cultural--in support of the military effort. Armies grew dramatically in size and were composed of civilians rather than professional soldiers. The civilians and industries that supported the war effort increasingly became the object of enemy attack. i.e. Sherman's march through GA

West Virginia

Mountainous region that broke away from Virginia in 1861 to form its own state after Virginia seceded from the Union. Most of the residents of West Virginia were independent farmers and miners who did not own slaves and thus opposed the Confederate cause.

Great Migration

Movement of 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the urban North in 2 waves: 1st wave- from WWI until Great Depression 1.5 million migrants 2nd wave from 1940-1970, 5 million more African-Americans moved north due to need fore jobs after the mechanization of cotton farming; lured by possibilities for work and greater political participation (vs. "Great English Migration" 1630-42, when 70,000 "refugees" from England moved to N.America and Caribbean) in hopes of religious freedom

Occupy Wall Street

Name of the original protest that launched in the populist, anti-Wall Street "Occupy" movement in the late 2010 and early 2011. Youthful radicals pitched tents and occupied Zuccotti Park in New York's financial district beginning in September 2010 to protest inequality and corporate political power. This demonstration inspired similar occupations in many other cities.

John Hay

Named U.S. ambassador to England in 1897, when William McKinley became President. He later served as McKinley's Secretary of State. He was author of the Open Door Notes, which called for free eco- nomic competition in China.

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Henry Kissinger

National Security Advisor and Secretary of State during the Nixon Administration, he was responsible for negotiating an end to the Yom Kippur War as well as the Treaty of Paris that led to a ceasefire in Vietnam in 1973 Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and fascism from spreading throughout South America .

National Security Council Memorandum Number 68 (NSC-68)

National Security Council recommendation to quadruple defense spending and rapidly expand peace-time armed forces to address Cold War tensions.

Continental Army

National army under Washington that fought against British troops.

Checkers Speech

Nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon.

Metacomet

Native American also known as Prince Phillip who fought against European settlers

Navajo code talkers

Native American men who served in the military by transmitting radio messages in their native languages, which were undecipherable by German and Japanese spies.

Know-Nothing Party

Nativist political party, also known as the American party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics.

Jay's Treaty

Negotiated by Chief Justice John Jay in an effort to avoid war with Britain, the treaty included a British promise to evacuate outposts on U.S. soil and pay damages for seized American vessels, in exchange for which Jay bound the United States to repay pre-Revolutionary was debts and to abide by Britain's restrictive trading policies toward France.

Napoleon III (1808-1873)

Nephew of Napoleon I and president of the Second Republic of France, Napoleon III declared himself emperor of the French in 1852. Hoping to capitalize on America's preoccupation with the Civil War, he sent a French army to occupy Mexico in 1863, installing Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico. Under threat from a newly-unified United States, he withdrew his support for his puppet in 1867.

National Banking System

Network of member banks that could issue currency against purchased government bonds. Created during the Civil War to establish a stable national currency and stimulate the sale of war bonds.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

New Deal agency established to provide a public watchdog against deception and fraud in stock trading.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.

Alcott, Louisa May (1832-1888)

New England born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women.

Dix, Dorothea (1802-1887)

New England teacher-author and champion of mental health reform, Dix assembled damning reports on insane asylums and petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to improve conditions.

Salmon Chase

New England-born abolitionist who, as Secretary of the Treasury, pushed Lincoln to take a tougher stance on slavery during the Civil War. In 1864, Radical Republicans unsuccessfully tried to replace Lincoln with Chase on the Republican ticket. Later that year, Lincoln appointed Chase as chief justice of the Supreme Court, where Chase served until his death.

American Socialist Party

New political party formed during gilded age by Eugene V. Debs Not major political influence, theoretical and dogmatic Led by Daniel De Leon and they believed that monopolists were responsible for the problems.

Cotton Kingdom

Nickname given to the American South after Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin allowed it to produce massive amounts of cotton (and become wholly reliant on slave labor)

Biddle's Bank

Nickname of the Bank of the United States after Nicholas Biddle who was the head of the 2nd Bank of the United States. During Andrew Jacksons first term as President, Biddle wanted a 20 year extension of the banks charter. Jackson felt that he was being blackmailed because if he didn't approve the extension, Biddle would use his resources to see that Jackson was not re-elected. Pres. Jackson vetoed the extension and killed the 2nd Bank of the US.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army (five star general) in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States (1953-1961).As President, he oversaw the cease-fire of the Korean War, kept up the pressure on the Soviet Union during the Cold War, made nuclear weapons a higher defense priority, launched the Space Race, enlarged the Social Security program, and began the Interstate Highway System. leader of the Allied forces in Europe during WW2--leader of troops in Africa and commander in D-Day invasion-elected president American general and 34th president of the United States. He was the principal architect of the successful Allied invasion of Europe during WORLD WAR II and of the subsequent defeat of Nazi Germany. As president, he ended the Korean War, but his two terms (1953-1961) produced few legislative landmarks or dramatic initiatives in foreign policy. His presidency is remembered as a period of relative calm in the United States.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti were Italian immigrants charged with murdering a guard and robbing a shoe factory in Braintree, Mass. The trial lasted from 1920-1927. Convicted on circumstantial evidence, many believed they had been framed for the crime because of their anarchist and pro-union activities.

Dow, Neal S. (1804-1897)

Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Main Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state.

Silent majority

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions.

The Silent Majority

Nixon Administration's term to describe generally content, law-abiding middle-class Americans who supported both the Vietnam War and America's institutions. As a political tool, the concept attempted to make a subtle distinction between believers in "traditional" values and the vocal minority of civil rights agitators, student protesters, counter-culturalists, and other seeming disruptors of the social fabric.

Southern strategy

Nixon reelection campaign strategy designed to appeal to conservative whites in the historically Democratic south.

Democratic Leadership Council

Nonprofit organization of centrist Democrats founded in the mid-1980s. The group attempted to push the Democratic party toward pro-growth, strong defense, and anti-crime policies. Among its most influential early members was Bill Clinton, whom it held up as an example of a "third way"

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Nonviolent civil rights organization founded in 1942 and committed to the "Double V"- victory over fascism and racism at home.

Hawthorne, Nathaniel (1804-1864)

Novelist and author of The Scarlet Letter, a tale exploring the psychological effects of sin in seventeenth century Puritan Boston.

Ernest Hemingway

Novelist and author of The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms. Former newspaper correspondent and wartime ambulance driver, he became an international celebrity for his searing war novels, clipped prose, and personal exploits.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Halfway Covenant

Offered partial membership rights to people who have not yet converted.

Bonus Army

Officially known as the Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF), this rag-tag group of 20,000 veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during WWI.

Populists

Officially known as the People's party, the Populists represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalizing the railroads, creating a graduated income tax, and most significantly the unlimited coinage of silver.

Ulysses S. Grant

Ohio born Union general and 18th president of the U.S. During the war, he won Lincoln's confidence for his boldness and his ability to stomach the steep casualties that victory required. First assigned to the West, he attained union victories at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg, seizing control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two. After taking command of the Union Army, he fought Lee in a series of bloody battles in Virginia, culminating in Lee's surrender at Appomattox. As president, he took a hard line against the South, but economic turmoil and waning support for Reconstruction undermined his efforts.

Ralph Ellison

Oklahoma-born and Tuskegee-educated novelist best known for writing Invisible Man, one of the great novels of the twentieth-century African-American experience.

Spoils System

Policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson. The practice was widely abused by unscrupulous office seekers, but it also helped cement party loyalty in the emerging two-party system.

Protectionism

Policy/practice of using trade barriers to shield domestic firms from foreign competition

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Political party organized by civil rights activists to challenge Mississippi's delegation to the Democratic National Convention, who opposed civil rights planks in the party's platform.

Lewinsky Affair

Political sex scandal that resulted in Bill Clinton's impeachment and trial by Congress. IN 1998, Clinton gave sworn testimony in a sexual harassment case that he had never engaged in sexual activity with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky. When prosecutors discovered evidence that the President had lied under oath about the affair, to which Clinton admitted, Republicans in Congress began impeachment proceedings. Although Clinton was ultimately not convicted by the Senate, the scandal put a lasting blemish on his presidential legacy.

Nixon Doctrine

President Nixon's plan for "peace with honor" in Vietnam. The doctrine stated that the US would honor its existing defense commitments but, in the future, countries would have to fight their own wars.

Truman doctrine

President Truman's universal pledge of support for any people fighting any communist inspired threat.

Lyndon Johnson

President of the US who wanted to create a "Great Society" by waging a war on poverty The 36th US president. He privately wanted to stay out of Vietnam but sent soldiers because his goal was to stop the spread of communism. 1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably Medicare and Medicaid.

Gerald Ford

President of the United States who was appointed vice president when Spiro Agnew resigned in the fall of 1973. He succeeded to the presidency upon Nixon's resignation in August 1974 and focused his brief administration on containing inflation and reviving public faith in the presidency. He was defeated narrowly by Jimmy Carter in 1976 (1) became VP after Spiro Agnew resigned (bribery scandal) and became president after Watergate scandal forced Nixon in Aug. 1974; (2) he pardoned Nixon and pushed a conservative domestic policy, but was little more than a caretaker president when respect for government was at an all-time low

Bracero program

Program established by agreement with the Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the US to make up for wartime labor shortages in the Far West

Star Wars Missile Defense System

Program launched by Ronald Reagan against nuclear attack. Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

Apollo

Program of manned space flights run by America's NASA.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Progressive Soviet leader who negotiated with Reagan and instituted new policies that eventually contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the USSR. A new Soviet leader who rose to power. He believed that only major reforms would let the Soviet system survive. He backed the glasnost, which would lead citizens to find solutions to pressing economic and social problems. Progressive Soviet leader who negotiated with Reagan and instituted new policies that eventually contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the end of the USSR. Last leader of the Soviet Union

Gag Resolution

Prohibited debate or action on antislavery appeals. Driven through the House by pro-slavery Southerners, the gag resolution passed every year for 8 years, eventually overturned with the help of John Quincy Adams.

Fifteenth Amendment (ratified 1870)

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

Maine Law of 1851

Prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol. A dozen other states followed Maine's lead, though most statures proved ineffective and were repealed within a decade.

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, also known as the era of "Prohibition."

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

Protected farmers from price drops by providing crop subsidies to reduce production, educational programs to teach methods of preventing soil erosion.

Tariff of 1842

Protective measure passed by Congressional Whigs, raising tariffs to pre-Compromise of 1833 rates.

Social Gospel

Protestant Church Movement of the 1800's that urged Christians to social service to improve the conditions of cities

Proxy wars

Proxy war or proxy warfare is a war that results when opposing powers use third parties as substitutes for fighting each other directly. While powers have sometimes used governments as proxies, violent non-state actors, mercenaries, or other third parties are more often employed. It is hoped that these groups can strike an opponent without leading to full-scale war.

Lyceum

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy. Part of a broader flourishing of higher education in the mid-ninteenth century.

John Brown (1800-1859)

Radical abolitionist who launched an attack on a federal armory at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in an effort to lead slaves in a violent uprising against their owners. He, who first took up arms against slavery during the Kansas civil War, was captured shortly after he launched his ill-conceived raid on the armory and sentenced to hang.

Freeport Question

Raised during one of the Lincoln-Douglas debates by Abraham Lincoln, who asked whether the Court or the people should decide the future of slavery in the territories.

Supply Side Economics

Reaganomics policy based on the theory that allowing companies the opportunity to make profits, and encouraging investment, will stimulate the economy and lead to higher standards of living for everyone. Argued that tax cuts can be used stimulate economic growth. Move money into the hands of the people and they will invest, thus creating prosperity. The idea that the economy would grow by lowering taxes which would increase spending and investing

Shay's Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Union League

Reconstruction-Era African American organization that worked to educate Southern blacks about civic life, built black schools and churches, and represented African American interests before government and employers. It also campaigned on behalf of Republican candidates and recruited local militias to protect blacks from white intimidation.

Mormons

Religious followers of Joseph Smith, who founded a communal, oligarchic religious order in the 1830s, officially known as the Church of Jesus Chris of Latter-Day Saints. Mormons, facing dee[ hostility from their non-Mormon neighbors, eventually migrated west and established a flourishing settlement in the Utah desert.

Quakers

Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in PA in the 17th and 18th centuries

The Great Awakening

Religious revival in the 1730-40s, helped by Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield; inspired controversy over emotionalism/revivalism versus traditionalist Protestantism, nevertheless united the Americans as a people The colonist gained a sense of independence because they challenged church beliefs, they felt unified because of a common religion, ties between church and state weakened, a greater sense of equality because preachers stressed equality of all

Second Continental Congress

Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort

Edmond Genêt (1763-1834)

Representative of the French Republic who in 1793 tried to recruit Americans to invade Spanish and British territories in blatant disregard of Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.

Newt Gingrich

Republican Congressman from Georgia who served as Speaker of the House from 1995 to 1999. As the author of the "Contract with America," Gingrich led the Republican "revolution" of 1994.

John McCain

Republican Senator from Arizona who lost the 2008 Presidential election to Democrat Barack Obama. A former Navy fighter pilot who spent five years as a prisoner of war in North Vietnam, McCain was known as a maverick senator, frequently departing from his own party to cosponsor moderate legislation with Democratic allies. Among his most notable legislative achievements were changes in campaign finance and efforts to reform immigration laws.

Robert Dole

Republican Senator from Kansas who ran unsuccessfully against Bill Clinton in 1996. Dole had previously been the Republican Vice Presidential nominee in 1976 and served as Senate Minority Leader during the 1980s and 1990s.

Taft-Harley Act

Republican-promoted, anti-union legislation passed over President Truman's vigorous veto that weakened many of labor's New Deal gains by banning the closed shop and other strategies that helped unions organize.

War Hawks

Republicans during Madison's presidency who pressed for war with Britain in 1810, after the Battle of Tippecanoe

Congressional Election of 1994

Republicans made "Contract with America"; Republicans won control of both the house and senate for first time since 1954

Suburbs

Residential areas surrounding a city. Shops and businesses moved to suburbia as well as people.

Battle of New Orleans

Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.

French Revolution

Revolution in France that US stayed neutral in.

Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804):

Revolutionary War soldier and first treasury secretary of the United States. A fierce proponent of a strong national government, Hamilton attended the Philadelphia convention and convincingly argued for the Constitution's ratification in The Federalist. As treasury secretary, he advocated the assumption of state debts to bolster the nation's credit and the establishment of a national bank to print sound currency and boost commerce. Hamilton died from a gunshot wound suffered during a duel with then-Vice President Aaron Burr.

Burr, Aaron (1756-1836)

Revolutionary War soldier and vice presi-dent under Thomas Jefferson, Burr is perhaps most famous for fatally wounding Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804. In 1806, Burr led a failed plot to separate the trans-Mississippi West from the United States. Narrowly acquitted of treason, Burr fled to France where he tried to convince Napoleon to ally with Britain against the United States.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

George Washington (1732-1799)

Revolutionary war general and first president of the United States. A Virginia-born planter, Washington established himself as a military hero during the French and Indian War. He served as commander in chief of the Continental Army during the War of Independence, securing key victories at Saratoga and Yorktown. Unanimously elected president under the new national Constitution in 1788, Washington served two terms, focusing primarily on strengthening the national government, establishing a sound financial system, and maintaining American neutrality amidst the escalating European conflict.

Benedict Arnold (1741-1801)

Revolutionary war general turned traitor, who valiantly held off a British invasion of upstate New York at Lake Champlain, but later switched sides, plotting to sell out the Continental stronghold at West Point to the redcoats. His scheme was discovered and the disgraced general fled to British lines.

Ethan Allen (1738-1789)

Revolutionary war officer who, along with Benedict Arnold, fought British and Indian forces in frontier New York and Vermont.

"Mad Anthony" Wayne (1745-1796)

Revolutionary war soldier and commander in chief of the U.S. Army from 1792-1796, he secured the Treaty of Greenville after soundly defeating the Miami Confederacy at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Monroe, James (1758-1831)

Revolutionary war soldier, statesman and fifth president of the United States. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a Jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements. Though Monroe sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisan and sectional conflicts.

Daniel Shays (1747-1825)

Revolutionary war veteran who led a group of debtors and impoverished backcountry farmers in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government in 1786, calling for paper money, lighter taxes, and an end to property seizures for debt. Though quickly put down, the rebellion raised the specter of mob rule, precipitating calls for a stronger national government.

Dorr War

Rhode Island was the only state the had not gotten rid of property requirements to vote; Thomas Dorr elected as RI governor led to him being imprisoned for treason; war demonstrated passions aroused by the continuing exclusion of any group of white men from voting.

William Berkeley (1606-1677)

Royal governor of VA with brief interruptions from 1641 until his death; a member of VA's seaboard elite, drew the ire of backwater settlers for refusing to protect them against Indian attacks; the friction eventually led to Bacon's Rebellion

Iraq War

Saddam Hussein was accused of having stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. President George W Bush convinced the congress to declare war on the dictator in 2003. Within a few weeks the dictator was overthrown but an insurgent war started that lasted until 2011.

Model Treaty

Sample treaty drafted by the Continental Congress as a guide for American diplomats. Reflected the Americans' desire to foster commercial partnerships rather than political or military entanglements.

Molly Maguires

Secret organization of Irish miners that campaigned, at times violently, against poor working conditions in the Pennsylvania mines.

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State under President Roosevelt and chief architect of the low-tariff reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers. Foreign trade increased appreciably under all the trade pacts that he negotiated. One of the chief architects behind the United Nations, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for "co-initiating the United Nations."

Edward M. Stanton

Secretary of War under Presidents Lincoln and Johnson, Stanton advocated for stronger measures against the South during Reconstruction, particularly after widespread violence against African Americans erupted in the region. In 1868, Johnson removed Stanton in violation of the 1867 Tenure of Office Act, giving pretence for Radical Republicans in the House to impeach him.

Clay, Henry (1777-1852)

Secretary of state and U.S. senator from Kentucky, Clay was known as the "Great Compromiser," helping to negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833 and the Compromise of 1850. As a National Republican, later Whig, Clay advocated a strong national agenda of internal improvements and protective tariffs, known as the American System.

Mann, Horace (1796-1859)

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a champion of public education, advocating more and better school houses, longer terms, better pay for teachers and an expanded curriculum.

Second Seminole War

Seminoles in Florida resisted the pressures to relocate. Cheif Osceola staged an uprising in 1835 to defend their land. Jackson kept sending troops into Florida but the indians were masters of guerrilla warfare. .Osceola was captured by white troops. The government gave up on the war by 1842. By then the Seminoles had either been killed or forced westward

Stephen Douglas

Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine

Joseph McCarthy

Senator from Wisconsin who rose to infamy by accusing the State Department of employing communists. McCarthy conducted high-profile red-baiting hearings that damaged countless careers before he finally over-reached in 1954 when he went after the U.S. Army. Following the Army-McCarthy hearings, he was censured by Senate and died of alcoholism shortly thereafter.

Aroostook War

Series of clashes between American and Canadian lumberjacks in the disputed territory of northern Maine, resolved when a permanent boundary was agreed upon in 1842.

Black Hawk War

Series of clashes in Illinois and Wisconsin between American forces and Indian chief Back Hawk of the Sauk and Fox tribes, who unsuccessfully tried to reclaim territory lost under the 1830 Indian Removal Act.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Series of debates between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas during the US Senate rare in Illinois. Douglass won the election but Lincoln gained national prominence and emerged as the leading candidate for the 1860 Republican nomination.

Al Gore

Served as the 45th Vice President of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. Ran for President in 2000 and won popular vote but lost Electoral College Clinton's vice president; presidential nominee in 2000

Articles of Confederation

Set up the 1st independent American government (1783-88). Nonbinding "league of friendship" among sovereign states with weak central government to help with common defense & cooperation (like the European Union). Replaced by our current constitution in 1788.

Panic of 1819

Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands. It disproportionately affected the poorer classes, especially in the West, sowing the seeds of Jacksonian Democracy.

Tenskwatawa ("the Prophet") (1775-1836)

Shawnee religious leader, also known as "the Prophet," who led a spiritual revival, emphasizing Indian unity and cultural renewal and urging Indians to limit contact with Americans. The Prophet lost his following in 1811, after he and a small army of followers were defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

California Bear Flag Republic

Short-lived California republic, established by local American settlers who revolted against Mexico. Once news of the war with Mexico reached the Americans, they abandoned the Republic in favor of joining the United States.

Pony Express

Short-lived, speedy mail service between Missouri and California that relied on lightweight riders galloping between closely placed outposts.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937

Short-sighted acts passed in 1935, 1936, and 1937 in order to prevent American participation in a European War. Among other restrictions, they prevented Americans from selling munitions to foreign belligerents.

Nullification Crisis

Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. It was resolved by a compromise negotiated by Henry Clay in 1833.

National Child Labor Commitee

Showed harsh working conditions of children with dramatic pictures and stats

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty

Signed by GB and the US, it provided that the two nations would jointly protect the neutrality of Central America and that neither power would seek to fortify or exclusively control any future isthmian waterway. Later revoked by the Hay-Pauncefot Treaty of 1901, which gave the US control of the Panama Canal.

Treaty of Wanghia

Signed by the US and China, it assured the same trading concessions granted to other powers, greatly expanding America's trade with the Chinese.

Pinckney's Treaty

Signed with Spain which, fearing an Anglo-American alliance, granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and the disputed territory of Florida.

Robert Smalls

Slave who stole and piloted a Confederate ship through the Union blockade to escape to the North First African American to command a navy ship, became a black representative in the United States House of Representatives

Compromise of 1850

Slavery becomes outlawed in Washington D.C., California is admitted as a free state, and Utah and New Mexico will determine whether slavery is allowed through popular sovereignty. Also, the Fugitive Slave Law is passed.

"Fifty-four forty or fight"

Slogan adopted by mid-19th century expansionists who advocated the occupation of Oregon territory, jointly help by Britain and the United States. Though President Polk had pledged to seize all of Oregon, to 54 40', he settled on the 49th parallel as a compromise with the British.

Labor Disputes Act

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act, also called War Labor Disputes Act, (June 25, 1943), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, over President Franklin D. Roosevelt's veto, giving the president power to seize and operate privately owned war plants when an actual or threatened strike or lockout interfered with war production. Subsequent strikes in such plants seized by the government were prohibited. In addition, war-industry unions failing to give 30 days' notice of intent to strike were held liable for damages.

Jane Adams

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English.

George W. Bush

Son of President George H.W. Bush and the 43rd president of the US. He was elected in 2000 after the closest election in US history and launched a war on terror following the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.

Adams, John Quincy (1767-1848)

Son of second president John Adams, John Quincy Adams served as secretary of State under James Monroe before becoming the sixth president of the United States. A strong advocate of national finance and improvement, Adams faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the South and West. His controversial election—the allegedly "corrupt bargain" of 1824—and his lack of political acumen further hampered his presidential agenda.

George McGovern

South Dakota senator who ran on the democratic ticket in 1972. His antiwar campaign was swamped by Nixon.

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Encomiendas

Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.

Brain Trust

Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.

Ghost Dance

Spiritual revival in 1890 by Indians that would lead to the massacre at Wounded Knee a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Foraker Act

Sponsored by Senator Joseph B. Foraker, a Republican from Ohio, this accorded Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. It was the first comprehensive congressional effort to provide for governance of territories acquired

"Stalwarts and Half-Breeds"

Stalwarts FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by Roscoe Conkling; favored machine politics; support patronage Half-Breeds FRACTION OF THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; led by James G Blaine; favored reform; against patronage

Cuban missile crisis

Standoff between JFK and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba.

"Pet" Banks

State banks where Andrew Jackson placed deposits removed from the federal National Bank as he attempted to dismantle it in 1833

New Nationalism

State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Theodore Roosevelt during his Bull Moose presidential campaign. Roosevelt did not object to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. Rather, he sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to insure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain.

Freeport Doctrine

Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. Stated by Stephen Douglass during the Lincoln-Douglass debates, eventually led to his loss in the 1860 presidential election

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.

Second Industrial Revolution

Steel, chemicals, electricity. This is the name for the new wave of more heavy industrialization starting around the 1860s.

Johnson Debt Default Act

Steeped in ugly memories of World War I, this spiteful act prevented debt-ridden nations from borrowing further from the United States.

Evangelicalism

Stresses the importance of personal conversion and faith as the means of salvation Worldwide Protestant movement maintaining that the essence of the Gospel consists in the doctrine of salvation by faith in Christ's atonement. The movement gained great momentum with the emergence of Methodism and the great awakenings in the British Isles and North America

Strict Contructionism

Strict construction requires a judge to apply the text only as it is written. Once the court has a clear meaning of the text, no further investigation is required. The use of the term strict construction in American politics is not new. The term was used regularly by members of the Democratic-Republican Party and Democrats during the antebellum period when they argued that powers of the federal government listed in Article I should be strictly construed. They embraced this approach in the hope that it would ensure that the bulk of governmental power would remain with the states and not be usurped by the federal government via novel interpretations of its powers.

Dwight D. "Ike" Eisenhower

Supreme Commander of U.S. Forces in Europe during World War II, Eisenhower the war hero later became the thirty-fourth president of the United States. During his two terms, from 1952 to 1960, Eisenhower presided over the economically prosperous 1950s. He was praised for his dignity and decency, though criticized for not being more assertive on civil rights.

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Johnson vs. M'Intosh

Supreme Court case of 1832 that stated Indians were not owners of their land but they were just the occupiers since they are nomads so they didn't need to own land.

Marbury v. Madison

Supreme Court case that established the principle of "judicial review"- the idea that the Supreme Court had the final authority to determine constitutionality.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Supreme Court case that stated how regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the Jim Crow system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theatres, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

Tariff

Tax levied on imports. Traditionally, manufacturers support tariffs as protective and revenue-raising measures, while agricultural interests, dependent of wood markets, oppose high tariffs.

Excise Tax

Tax on goods produced domestically. Excise taxes, particularly the 1791 tax on whiskey, were a highly controversial component of Alexander Hamilton's financial program.

Molasses Act (1737)

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling

Reign of Terror

Ten-month period of brutal repression when some 40,000 individuals were executed as enemies of the French Revolution. While many Jeffersonians maintained their faith in the French Republic, Federalists withdrew their already lukewarm support once the Reign ofTerror commenced.

John T. Scopes

Tennessee high-school biology teacher who was prosecuted in 1925 for teaching the theory of evolution. Former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan joined the prosecution. The talented Clarence Darrow served as defense attorney.

William Walker (1824-1860)

Tennessee-born adventurer who made several forays into Central America in the 1850s. After an unsuccessful ploy to take over Baja California in 1853, Walker ventured into Nicaragua, installing himself as president in 1856. His dream of establishing a planter aristocracy in the Central American nation faltered when neighboring Central American nations allied against him. Walker met his fate before a Honduran firing squad in 1860.

John Tyler (1790-1862)

Tenth president of the United States. A Whig in name only, Tyler opposed central tenets of the Whig platform, including tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank.

Praying towns

Term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be Christianized

"Hoovervilles"

Term for shantytowns constructed of scavenged materials by those left desperate and homeless by the Great Depression. Were named after president Herbert Hoover in order to mock his actions regarding the Great Depression.

Transportation Revolution

Term referring to a series of 19th century transportation innovations- turnpikes, steamboats, canals, and railroads- that linked local and regional markets, creating a national economy.

H. Ross Perot

Texas billionaire businessman who ran populist campaigns for the presidency in 1992 and 1996. In 1992, he garnered 19 percent of the popular vote, probably throwing the election to Bill Clinton. Perot's campaigns represented anti-establishment sentiment and desires for "common sense" governance.

Henry Ford

The "Father of the Traffic Jam," Ford developed the Model T Ford and pioneered its assembly-line production. As founder of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the wealthiest men in the world.

Roe v. Wade

The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester. Abortions are now legalized!

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy, including support from the British led by Captain Alexander McKillop, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory

Camp Davis accords

The Camp David Accords were the peace accords signed by Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat to finally end the Israeli-Egyptian disputes. The achievement by Carter is considered his greatest achievement in office.

Wampanoags

The East Woodland tribe that shared first Thanksgiving with the Pilgrims.

Election of 1828

The Election year that began the "Age of Jackson" where it was encouraged for men of all standings to participate in political affairs. Jackson ran his campaign around the idea of a "common man" party.

Puritans

The Puritans first came to America in 1620 on the Mayflower. The Pilgrims, as they were called, were separating from the Anglican church and escaping religious persecution in England by escaping to America. Other Puritans soon flocked to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican Church and develop a colony which would be a model to the world ("a city upon a hill")

Hundred Days (1933)

The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.

Douglas MacArthur

The flamboyant, vain, and brilliant American commander in the Philippines and mastermind of the "leapfrogging" strategy for bypassing strongly defended Japanese islands during World War II. MacArthur would go on to command American troops in the Korean War until he was relieved of his duties by President Harry S. Truman for insubordination in 1951.

Shakers

The followers of Mother Ann Lee, who preached a religion of strict celibacy and communal living. a communistic community (led by Mother Ann Lee); they couldn't marry so they became extinct

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the US, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading.

Alexander Graham Bell

The inventor of the telephone, patented in 1876.

Thomas Alva Edison

The inventor of, among other things, the electric light bulb, the phonograph, the mimeograph, the moving picture, and a machine capable of taking x-rays. Ultimately he held more than one thousand patents for his inventions.

Deleveraging

The inverse of "leveraging", whereby businesses increase their financial power by borrowing money in addition to their own assets (equity). In times of uncertainty or credit tightening, the same businesses seek to improve their debt-to-equity ratios by shedding debt through the sale of assets purchased with borrowed money.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.

Militia Movement

The militia movement is a political movement of paramilitary groups in the United States. Members of the movement typically refer to themselves as militia, "unorganized militia" right-wing extremist movement consisting of armed paramilitary groups that believed in anti government, conspiracy oriented ideology

War Industry Boards

The most powerful agency of the war, it had to satisfy the allied needs for goods and direct American industries in what to produce. Headed by Bernard Baruch

Appeasement

The policy followed by leaders of Britain and France at the 1938 conference in Munich. Their purpose was to avoid war, but they allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.

Horizontal Integration

The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts an alliances with competitors.

Samuel Gompers

The president of the American Federation of Labor nearly every year from its founding in 1886 until his death in 1924. Gompers was no foe of capitalism but wanted employers to offer workers a fair deal by paying high wages and providing job security.

Rendezvous

The principal marketplace of Northwest fur trade, which peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. Each summer, traders set up camps in the Rocky Mountains to exchange manufactured goods for beaver pelts.

Virginia Plan

The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that state's share of the U.S. population.

Reservation System

The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.

Trickle Down Economics

Theory that states that in order to create employment there MUST be a demand for products. Created gap, rich got richer and poverty worsened. Hoover's strategy battling the Great Depression in which the money is given to the big corporations and eventually they will pay their workers more, and then the workers will spend their money and save the economy. AKA increasing demand

Radical Republicans

These were a small group of people in 1865 who supported black suffrage and believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. They were led by Senator Charles Sumner and Congressman Thaddeus Stevens. They supported the abolition of slavery and a demanding reconstruction policy during the war and after.

National Industry Recovery Act (NIRA)

This act authorized the President of the United States to regulate industry and permit cartels and monopolies in an attempt to stimulate economic recovery, and established a national public works program.

Agricultural Marketing Act

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a leading bureau for hard-pressed farmers.

Civil Rights Act (1866)

This act pronounced all African Americans to be US citizens (repudiated the Dred Scott decision), and also attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of the southern states' Black Codes.

Brown v. Board of Education

Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren decided separate educational facilities were inherently unequal.

Lord North (1732-1792)

Tory prime minister and pliant aide to George III from 1770 to 1782. North's ineffective leadership and dogged insistence on colonial subordination contributed to the American Revolution.

Regulars

Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. During the French and Indian War, British generals, used to commanding experienced regulars, often showed contempt for ill-trained colonial militiamen.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846.

Assumption

Transfer of debt from one party to another. In order to strengthen the union, the federal government assumed states' Revolutionary War debts in 1790, thereby tying the interests of wealthy leaders with those of the national government.

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of

Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

Hitler-Stalin pact

Treaty signed on August 23, 1939 in which Germany and the Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other. The fateful agreement paved the way for German aggression against Poland and the Western democracies.

Oklahoma City Bombing

Truck-bomb explosion that killed 168 people in a federal office building on April 19, 1995. The attack was perpetrated by right-wing and anti government militant Timothy McVeigh, who was later executed by the US government for the crime

Davis, Jefferson (1808-1889)

U.S. Senator from Mississippi and president of the Confederate States of America. Jefferson Davis, a West Point graduate, staunchly defended slavery and Southern rights throughout his career, but initially opposed secession in 1860. As president of the Confederacy, Davis faced the formidable task of overcoming Southern localism in directing his war effort. After the war Davis was briefly imprisoned, but pardoned by Andrew Johnson in 1868.

Specie Circular

U.S. Treasury decree requiring that all public lands be purchased with "hard," or metallic currency. Issued after small state banks flooded the market with unreliable paper currency, fueling land speculation in the West.

Matthew Perry

U.S. naval commander who sailed a fleet into Tokyo Bay and opened trade with Japan in 1853; negotiated Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) ending 200 year period of Japanese isolationism

Stephen A. Douglas (1813-1861)

U.S. senator and Democratic presidential candidate, he played a key role in passing the Compromise of 1850, though he inadvertently reignited sectional tensions in 1854 by proposing the Kansas-Nebraska Act. In 1858, he famously sparred with Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln-Douglas debates, defeating Lincoln in the senate race that year but losing to the Illinois republican in the presidential election of 1860.

John Jordan Crittenden (1787-1863)

U.S. senator from Kentucky who introduced a compromise in 1860 in an effort to avoid a civil war. He proposed to amend the constitution, prohibiting slavery in territories north of 36° 30' but expending federal protection to slavery in territories to the south.

Florida Purchase Treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty)

Under the agreement, Spain ceded Florida to the United States, which, in exchange, abandoned its claims to Texas.

Treaty of Greenville

Under the terms of the treaty, the Miami Confederacy agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, and formal recognition if their sovereign status.

Dominion of Canada

Unified Canadian government created by Britain to bolster Canadians against potential attacks or overtures from the United States.

Peninsula Campaign

Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likely survived in the South for some time.

Sherman's March

Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war," purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate war effort.

Oliver O. Howard

Union General put in charge of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction. Howard later founded and served as president of Howard University, an institution aimed at educating African American students.

Joseph ("Fighting Joe") Hooker

Union army general, known as "Fighting Joe" for his bold attacks on Confederate lines during McClellan's peninsular campaign. He took command of the Army of the Potamac from A.E. Burnside in 1863, a post he lost just six months later after he led a failed attack on Lee's forces at Chancellorsville.

George G. Meade

Union general who led the Army of the Potomac to victory against Lee's forces at Gettysburg. He, unable to stomach the immense human costs of his victory refused to pursue Lee back across the Potomac, and thus lost his post to Ulysses S. Grant shortly thereafter.

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union general who led the destructive march through Georgia in 1864. A pioneer practitioner of "total war," he advocated bringing war to the civilian population to undercut morale and destroy supplies destined form Confederate troops.

A.E. Burnside

Union general who replaced George B. McClellan as commander of the Army of the Potomac in 1862. He lost his command after a foolhardy attack on Lee's forces at Fredricksburg, where more than ten thousand union soldiers were killed or wounded.

Joseph R. ("Joe") Biden

United States Senator from Delaware since 1973 and selected by Barack Obama in 2008 as the Democratic candidate for Vice President. Joe Biden had unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president in 1988 and 2008. As a longtime senator, former chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee, and current chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Biden brought experience and maturity to the Democratic ticket in 2008.

William Lloyd Garrison

United States abolitionist in Massachusetts published an anti-slavery journal, The LIberator (1805-1879)

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

Espionage Act (1917)

United States federal law passed shortly after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victory.

Mother Jones

United States labor leader who helped to found the Industrial Workers of the World - a leader in the Knights of Labor who campaigned for Illinois coal fields

John Muir

United States naturalist (born in England) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) progressive conservationist who started the Sierra Club California naturalist who advocated for the creation of Yosemite National Park Muir Woods, a redwood forest near San Francisco, is named for him

Henry Clay

United States politician responsible for the Missouri Compromise between free and slave states Speaker of the House of Representatives and political leader from Kentucky

F. Scott Fitzgerald

United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion (1895-1983) F. Scott Fitzgerald. a novelist and chronicler of the jazz age. his wife, zelda and he were the "couple" of the decade but hit bottom during the depression.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

United States suffragist and feminist Co-founded (w/ S.B. Anthony) the 1848 Women's Rights Convention held in Seneca Falls, New York

Ralph Waldo Emerson

United States writer and leading exponent of transcendentalism (1803-1882) Transcendentalism Self-Reliance

Stonewall Rebellion

Uprising in support of equal rights for gay people sparked by an assault by off-duty police officers at a gay bay in New York.

Bacon's Rebellion (1676)

Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathanial Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite

New York Slave Revolt (1712)

Uprising of approximately two dozen slaves that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks

New York draft riots

Uprising, mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.

tenements

Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded.

Simpson-Mazzoli Act

Used to slow illegal immigration by forcing employers to document the citizenship of their employees, only allowing citizens to work. It has failed due to the difficulty in proving employers knowing they've hired illegal immigrants due to false documentation.

Harry S. Truman

Vice President under Franklin Roosevelt in 1945, Truman assumed the office of the presidency in April of that year, when Roosevelt died from a brain hemorrhage while vacationing in Warm Springs, Georgia. Truman won another term in his own right in an historically close election in 1948 against Republican Thomas Dewey. As president, he chose to use nuclear weapons against Japan at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Hubert Humphrey

Vice president whose loyalty to LBJ's Vietnam policies sent him down to defeat in the 1968 presidential election The democratic nominee for the presidency in the election of 1968. He was LBJ's vice president, and was supportive of his Vietnam policies. This support split the Democratic party, allowing Nixon to win the election for the Republicans. Democratic candidate for President in 1968; had been Vice President under Johnson

Vietnam War

Vietnam War was a Cold War military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from November 1, 1955, to April 30, 1975 when Saigon fell. This war followed the First Indochina War and was fought between North Vietnam, supported by its communist allies, and the government of South Vietnam, supported by the United States and other capitalist nations.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

Virginia slave revolt that resulted in the deaths of sixty whites and raised fears among white Southerners of further uprisings.

Metacom (King Philip) (ca. 1638-1676)

Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676; he was eventually captured and killed and his wife and son sold into slavery which halted England's westward expansion for several decades

Massasoit (ca. 1590-1661)

Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621 and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving

assimilationists

Wanted to eradicate tribal life and assimilate Native Americans into white culture through education, land policy, and federal law.

Mexican Civil War

Wanting democracy to triumph there, Wilson refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president.

Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)

War incited by a slave uprising in French-controlled Saint Domingue, resulting in the creation of the first independent black republic in the Americas.

Lewis Cass (1782-1866)

War veteran, diplomat and U.S. senator, Cass ran as the Democratic candidate in the 1848 election, losing to Zachary Taylor. Cass is best known as the father of "popular sovereignty," the notion that the sovereign people of a territory should themselves decide the issue of slavery.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Miranda v. Arizona

Warren Court ruled that after arrest a suspect must be advised of their right to remain silent and consult with a lawyer (Miranda Rights) US Supreme Court decision (1966) holding that, prior to interrogation, the police must inform the suspect of his or her right to remain silent. FFF

Joesph McCarthy

Was a Republican U.S. Senator became the most visible public face of a period in which Cold War tensions fueled fears of widespread Communist subversion.[1] He was noted for making claims that there were large numbers of Communists and Soviet spies and sympathizers inside the United States federal government and elsewhere. Republican senator, accused many prominent figures of being communists "Mccarthyism"

Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886)

Whig politician and foreign minister to Great Britain during the Civil War. Adams intervened in 1863 to prevent a British firm from selling laird rams to the Confederacy.

Zachary Taylor

Whig slave holder. general that was a military leader in mexican-american war and 12th president of the united states. sent by president polk to lead the american army against mexico at rio grande, but defeated.

Payne-Aldrich Bill

While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports.

Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1758)

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

Fourteen Points

Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after WWI, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations.

Berlin airlift

Year-long mission of flying food and supplies to blockaded West Berliners, whom the Soviet Union cut off from access to the West in the first major crisis of the Cold War.

Nathaniel Bacon (1647-1676)

Young VA planter who led a rebellion against Governor William Berkeley in 1676 to protest Berkeley's refusal to protect frontier settlers from Indian attacks

Factory Girls

Young women employed in the growing factories of the early nineteenth century, they labored long hours in difficult conditions, living in socially new conditions away from farms and families.

Robert F. Kennedy

Younger brother of John F. Kennedy who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy administration. Later elected senator from New York, Robert Kennedy became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

a compromise law in 1854 that suspended the Missouri Compromise and left it to voters in Kansas and Nebraska to determine whether they would be slave or free states. the law exacerbated sectional tensions when voters can to blows over the question of slavery in Kansas. It was very controversial, supported by President Pierce and not supported by Douglass

Labor Strikes

a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal of employees to work employees refuse to work until there are better working conditions, wages, etc. 1926 UK Arthur Scargill organized some in 1973, 1984,1985

National Urban League

an interracial organization formed in 1910 to help solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities

Lend-Lease Act (1941)

authorized the president(FDR) to sell military supplies to any country whose security was important to the US

Winslow Homer

broke the old world traditions in art, and was vigorously american in his paintings of new england maritime life and other native subjects

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

created by Congress in 1947. The CIA functions under the direction of the National Security Council. It serves to: coordinate information-gathering activities of all federal agencies, especially those in the Departments of State and Defense; analyze and evaluate information collected; and keep the President and National Security Council updated on all the information obtained. The CIA also conducts intelligence operations across the world, in its efforts to obtain information. It is a very secretive organization, and even Congress is largely uninformed of most of its activities, except for a few key members of Congress.

Carpet Baggers

displaced veterans who quickly becoming a drag on society. They carried around everything they owned in cheap suitcases called carpetbags. They were union army vets who were skilled.

Reconstruction Act (1867)

divided the Confederate states except Tennessee into five military districts. Military commanders in the districts were appointed to oversee constitutional conventions in the districts and the creation of state constitutions. This military occupation would last until the states created new constitutions that included black suffrage, the permanent disfranchisement of Confederate leaders, and ratification of the 14th Amendment.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

document that has been called the first written constitution in America

Abraham Lincoln

honest frontiersman from IL; the "rail-splitter" officially joined politics after the KS-NE act; challenged Douglas for the IL senate seat and although he put up a good fight, lost; won the election of 1860 as 1st successful Republican -president thru civil war

Outlaw of the Atlantic Slave Trade

influenced more domestic slave trade. Slaves moved from Northern cities into Southern ones to support the Cotton Kingdom. Resulted in the disruption of families

Maryland Toleration Act

passed in 1649. It granted religious freedom to Christians living in Maryland

U.S Steel

powerful and wealthy 19th century steel corporation founded by Andrew Carnagie and JP Morgan

Immigration Act of 1882

prohibited immigration of criminals, paupers and the insane, in other words, those that might become dependent on the state. It levied a head tax of fifty cents on each new immigrant

Gangster

prohibition spawned these crimes; organized crime of bootlegging alcohol and bribing public officials to keep quiet; also got involved in prostitution and gambling

J. P. Morgan

purchased oil refinery in 1863 from John Rockfeller, nations most prominent banker

Standard Oil Trust

put together all the companies that Rockefeller owned

Fireside Chats

radio broadcasts made by FDR to the American people to explain his initiatives

Adams-Onis Treaty

remainder of Florida sold by Spain to US, boundary of Mexico defined

Wade-Davis Bill

required 50 percent of the voters in a state to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln pocket vetoed the bill.

poll taxes

required citizens of a state to pay a special tax in order to vote

Judicial Review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

squatters

settlers who claimed unoccupied lands and created farms for themselves.

Andrew Carnegie

shrewd business genius, used latest steel making technology, US Steel, immigrant from Scotland

Federalist Party

wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade

George III

• King George III, the king of England from 1760 to 1820, exercised a greater hand in the government of the American colonies than had many of his predecessors. Colonists were torn between loyalty to the king and resistance to acts carried out in his name. After King George III rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the colonists came to see him as a tyrant.

Rock 'n' roll

"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark piece of civil rights legislation in the United States that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and by facilities that served the general public (known as "public accommodations").

John Muir, Sierra Club

aimed to preserve natural areas form human interference

Know-Nothing Party

aka the American Party; major political force from 1854-1855; objective: to extend period of naturalization, undercut immigrant voting strengths, and keep aliens in their place

Battle of Little Big Horn

1876 battle in which the Sioux, led by Sitting Bull, and Crazy Horse surrounded and defeated the U.S. Army led by General Custer killing ALL Custer's men "Custer's last stand"

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate (between states) businesses.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners

Hiroshima, Nagasaki

nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

Coal Miner's Strike (1902)

the first labor episode in which the federal government intervened as a neutral arbitrator (TR)

Jamestown

(1607) First permanent English settlement in North America; founded by the Virginia Co.

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

1868 the first impeachment of American history- sparked when Johnson was charged with violating the Tenure in Office Act. Found not guilty by one vote, remained in office.

Richard Cheney

46th Vice President of the United States. A former White House staffer, Congressman, and Secretary of Defense during the first Persian Gulf War, Cheney joined the Bush ticket in 2000 to add experience and a link to the first Bush presidency. As vice president, he was more active in policy and politics than his predecessors, playing decisive roles especially in matters of foreign policy.

William Henry Harrison

9th President Whig 1841 American military leader first President to die in office, creating a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. "Old Tippecanoe."

John Winthrop (1588-1649)

First governor of MA Bay Colony; able administrator and devout Puritan; helped ensure the prosperity of the newly established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson

Battle of Bull Run

First major battle of the Civil War and a victory for the South, it dispelled Northern illusions of swift victory.

railroad strike of 1877

First major post-Civil War strike; employees of the Baltimore and Ohio struck when the company lowered their wages; turned violent; President Hayes called out the U.S. army to suppress the strike

Baltimore & Ohio

First major railroad of the US

Ngo Dinh Diem

First president of South Vietnam, where he took power following the Geneva Accords in 1954. Diem was propped up by the United States until he was overthrown and assassinated by a coup in 1963.

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

John Calvin (1509-1564)

French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and members of the Dutch Reformed Church; Calvin argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and he believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God who predestined select individuals for salvation

Bonaparte, Napoleon (1769-1821)

French emperor who waged a series of wars against his neighbors on the European continent from 1800 until his final defeat at Waterloo in 1815. In 1803, having failed to put down the Haitian rebellion, Napoleon relinquished France's remaining North American possessions by selling Louisiana Territory to the United States.

Charles Maurice de Talleyrand (1754-1838

French foreign minister whose attempts to solicit bribes from American envoys in the infamous XYZ Affair prompted widespread calls for war with France.

Alexis De Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture.

Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834)

French nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the American Revolution and aided the newly-independent colonies in securing French support.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.

Loose Construction

Legal doctrine which holds that the federal government can use powers not specifically granted or prohibited in the Constitution to carry out its constitutionally mandated responsibilities.

Civil Rights Cases of 1883

Legalized segregation with regard to private property

Employment Act of 1946

Legislation declaring that the government's economic policy should aim to promote maximum employment, production, and purchasing power, as well as to keep inflation low.

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Wilkinson, James (1757-1825)

Military governor of the Louisiana Territory who conspired with Aaron Burr to separate from the United States and ally with Spanish-controlled areas of the Americas.

Franklin Pierce (1804-1869)

Pro-southern Democrat from New Hampshire who became the fourteenth president of the United States on a platform of territorial expansion. As president, he tried to provoke war with Spain and seize Cuba, a plan he quickly abandoned once it was made public. Pierce emphatically supported the Compromise of 1850, vigorously enforced the Fugitive Slave Law, and threw his support behind the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.

Affirmative action

Program designed to redress historic racial and gender imbalances in jobs and education.

Underwood Tariff

Provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, gradual federal income tax.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and earmarked the proceeds toward repaying the national debt.

World War II

a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis. In a state of "total war", the major participants threw their entire economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities behind the war effort, erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources.

common school

a social reform effort, started by Horace Mann in the mid-1800s, that promoted the idea of having all children educated in a common place regardless of social class or background

Sharecropping

a system of work for freedmen who were employed in the cotton industry. This system traded a freedmen's labor for the use of a house, land, and sometimes further accommodations.They would usually give half or more of their grown crop to their landlords.

camp meetings

a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches

Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

J. Edgar Hoover

ambitious assistant of Palmer, he helped orchestrate a series of raids on alleged radical centers throughout the country and arrested 6,000 people. (500, non- Americans were deported)., put in charge to fight against radicals during the Red Scare after World War 1

Henry James

american writer who lived in england. wrote numerous novels around the theme of the conflict between american innocence and european sophistication/corruption, with an emphasis on the psychological motivations of the characters. famous for his novel washington square and his short story "the turn of the screw."

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty

Sedition Act (1918)

added to Espionage Act to cover "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces.

Missouri Compromise

an effort by Congress to defuse the sectional and political rivalries triggered by the request of Missouri late in 1819 for admission as a state in which slavery would be permitted. At the time, the United States contained twenty-two states, evenly divided between slave and free.

Second Continental Congress

assembly of delegates representing every colony that met in 1775 in Philadelphia and became America's political authority during the Revolutionary War, drafting the Declaration of Independence.

Tippecanoe, Battle of

Resulted in the defeat of Shawnee chief Tenskwatawa, "the Prophet" at the hands William Henry Harrison in the Indiana wilderness. After the battle, the Prophet's brother, Tecumseh, forged an alliance with the British against the United States.

Walker Tariff

Revenue-enhancing measure that lowered tariffs from 1842 levels thereby fueling trade and increasing Treasury receipts.

Amistad

Spanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial. Former president John Quincy Adams argued their case before the Supreme Court, securing their eventual release.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican forces in 1836. The incident, along with the slaughter at the Alamo, fueled support for Texan independence.

H.L. Mencken

The "Sage of Baltimore," he established himself as the nation's leading critic and literary stylist in the early twentieth century. Championing liberal, modernist causes, he led the assault on William Jennings Bryan's Fundamentalist crusade at the Scopes "Monkey Trial."

Richard Henry Lee (1733-1794)

Virginia planter and revolutionary, who served as a member of the Continental Congress. He first introduced the motion asserting America's independence from Britain, later supplanted by Thomas Jefferson's more formal and rhetorically-moving declaration. Lee went on to become the first U.S. Senator from Virginia under the new constitution.

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass

Vivid autobiography of the escaped slave and renowned abolitionist Frederick Douglass.

Great White Fleet

battleships sent by Roosevelt in 1907 on a "good will cruise" around the world

Olive Branch Petition

before the revolution the 2nd Continental Congress sent a letter sent by the Second Continental Congress to King George III in 1775 in an attempt to avoid war (failed)

Economies of Scale

the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

Segregation

the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

Indian Reservations

created an enclosed region in which Indians would live in isolation from white society

Second Bank of the United States

created in 1816 with a 20 year charter; destroyed by Andrew Jackson The "moneyed monster" that Clay tried to preserve and that Jackson killed with his veto in 1832

toll roads

created on highways built by private companies to generate profit but were heavily avoided by Americans. Before 1830 they were owned by corporations chartered by state governments. Enforced state power.

Panic of 1893

financial panic causing bankruptcy of a quarter of railroad companies, JP Morgan then took control of many of them

Bull Run / Manassas

first major battle of the war that happened outside of Washington; people went with picnic baskets to watch the South come out victorious against the North; frenzied retreat proved the war would be longer than everyone thought

realism, naturalism

focused on real human situations (harsh conditions, human flaws), naturalism focused on how emotions and experience shaped the human experience

Lochner v. New York

overturns new york law setting 8 hr maximum working hours for bakery workers- 1905

Steel Plow

invented by John Deere during the Industrial Revolution making it easier for farmers to till the land

Revivalists

preached a fundamentalist message but did so for the first time making full use of the radio. Sunday attacked drinking gambling, and dancing; McPherson condemned communism and jazz music.

Mckinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been (48%) . Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.

Johnson's Impeachment

result of Stanton's dismissal by the President, this was the last straw for the House Republicans. Johnson was just barely acquitted. As a result for the rest of his term he was powerless to alter the course of Reconstruction and the country.

Las Gorras Blancas

secret organization of Spanish-Americans attack Anglo ranchers in Vegas in defense of Mexican Americans' land rights targeted ranch owners by cutting holes in barbed-wire fences/burning houses

Communism

system of government in which there is no social ladder & goods/wages are distributed evenly among all -main philosophy of the USSR -contradicted democracy of US

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Virgina Plan

"Large state" proposal for new Constitution created by Edmund Randolph wherein the votes would be based on population in both houses of a bicameral Congress. Favored larger states and prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan.

Virginia Plan

"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress. The plan favored larger states and thus prompted smaller states to come back with their own plan for apportioning representation.

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939

John W. Davis

(1873-1955) The unsuccessful Democratic candidate for President in 1924. The wealthy, Wall Street-connected Davis was no less conservative than his opponent, Calvin Coolidge.

The Great Society

...

War Refugee Board

A United States agency formed to help rescue Jews from German-occupied territories and to provide relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps. The agency performed noble work, but it did not begin operations until very late in the war, after millions had already been murdered.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Office of Price Administration (OPA)

A critically important wartime agency charged with regulating the consumer economy through the rationing scarce supplies, such as automobiles, tires, fuel, nylon, and sugar, and by curbing inflation by setting ceilings on the price of goods.

Modernism

A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Meat Inspection Act

A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection.

Abu Ghraib prison

A detention facility near Baghdad, Iraq. Under Saddam Hussein, the prison was the site of infamous torturing and execution of political dissidents.

Tenement housing

A multifamily urban dwelling, usually overcrowded and unsanitary

William Randolph Hearst

A newspaper magnate who started by inheriting his father's San Francisco Examiner and ultimately owned newspapers and magazines published in cities across the United States. He was largely responsible for the spread of sensationalist journalism. The Hearst Corporation still owns dozens of newspapers, magazines, and other media outlets in the United States and around the world.

Al Capone

A notorious Chicago bootlegger and gangster during prohibition, Capone evaded conviction for murder but served most of an eleven-year sentence for tax evasion.

Manhattan Project

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Fourth Party System (1896-1932)

A term scholars have used to describe national politics from 1896-1932, when Republicans had a tight grip on the White House and issues like industrial regulation and labor concerns became paramount, replacing older concerns like civil service reform and monetary policy.

Panic of 1873

A world wide depression that began in the United States when one of the nation's largest banks abruptly declared bankruptcy, leading to the collapse of thousands of banks and businesses. The crisis intensified debtors' calls for inflationary measures such as the printing of more paper money and the unlimited coinage of silver. Conflicts over monetary policy greatly influenced politics in the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

A. Mitchell Palmer

A zealous prosecutor and anti-red, Palmer served as attorney general during the post-World War I "red scare," when thousands of foreign nationals were deported because of suspected subversive activities.

Abigail Adams

Abigail Adams was the wife of second president John Adams. She attempted to get rights for the "Ladies" from her husband who at the time was on the committee for designing the Declaration of Independence.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

Agreement wherein new trade barriers would be avoided by member nations, existing tariffs would be eliminated, and protective tariffs would be used only for emergency situations

Corrupt Bargain

Alleged deal between presidential candidates John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to throw the election, to be decided by the House of Representatives, in Adams' favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for supporters of Andrew Jackson, who had actually garnered a plurality of the popular vote in 1824.

Axis Powers

Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

16th Amendment

Allows the federal government to collect income tax

Lowell, Massachusetts

America's first large-scale planned manufacturing city, model of urbanization and industrialization well-known as employing young women to work in its textile factories Named after Francis Cabot Lowell

Creole

American ship captured by a group of rebelling Virginia slaves. The slaves successfully sought asylum in the Bahamas, raising fears among Southern planters that the British West Indies would become a safe haven for runaway slaves.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Among the earliest initiatives of the Obama administration to combat the Great Recession. It was based on the economic theories of John Maynard Keynes that called for increased government spending to offset decreased private spending in times of economic downturn. The act was controversial from the outset, passing with no Republican votes in the House and only three in the Senate, and helping to foster the "Tea Party" movement to curb government deficits, even while critics on the left argued that the act's 787 billion appropriation was not enough to turn the economy around.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Charles A. Lindbergh

An American aviator who made history as the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic. An instant international hero, Lindbergh's reputation was later tarnished by anti-Semitic views he voiced during World War II.

Gloria Steinem

An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s. An American journalist, who became the spokeswoman for the woman's liberation movement in the 1960s. She was the co founder of Ms. Magazine, which is an American feminist magazine. It was the first magazine to describe the issue of domestic violence.

Dawes Plan

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments.

Keynesianism

An economic theory based on he thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use defect spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

consumer economy

An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

National Security Council

An office created in 1947 to coordinate the president's foreign and military policy advisers. Its formal members are the president, vice president, secretary of state, and secretary of defense, and it is managed by the president's national security assistant. a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security

Anti-Federalist

Anti-Federalists rose up as the opponents of the Constitution during the period of ratification. They opposed the Constitution's powerful centralized government, arguing that the Constitution gave too much political, economic, and military control. They instead advocated a decentralized governmental structure that granted most power to the states

Anne Hutchinson

Anne Hutchinson was a dissenter in the Massachusetts Bay Colony who caused a schism in the Puritan community. Taught antinomianism. Eventually, Hutchinson's faction lost out in a power struggle for the governorship. She was expelled from the colony in 1673 and traveled southward with a number of her followers, establishing the settlement of Portsmouth, Rhode Island

Battle of Fort Sumter

April 12, 1861 First fired shots of the Civil War. Confederate Victory, fought in South Carolina when Confederates fired against the Union forces who were attempting to provision the fort.

Al Qaeda

Arabic for "The Base," an international alliance of anti-Western Islamic fundamentalist terrorist organizations founded in the late 1980s.

Maximilian (1832-1867)

Archduke of Austria, he became emperor of Mexico in 1864, installed by French Emperor Napoleon III. The well-intentioned but hapless Maximilian saw his government collapse in 1867 when the French withdrew their support under pressure from the United Statees

International Style

Archetypal, post-World War II modernist architectural style, best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises.

Garrison, William Lloyd (1805-1879)

Ardent abolitionist and publisher of The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper that advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves. In 1833, Garrison founded the American Anti-Slavery Society, the largest abolitionist organization in the North, counting more than 250,000 members by 1838.

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly (ex. Europe and U.S. in China)

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocoust.

Bank War

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Battle of Shiloh

Bloody Civil War battle on the Tennessee-Mississippi border that resulted in the deaths of more than 23,000 soldiers and ended in a marginal Union victory

Pontiac's Uprising

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Steamboats

Boats that could easily paddle upstream, became vital part of America's transportation system. Robert Fulton sailed his steamboat, the Clermont, up the Hudson River.

Civil Law

Body of written law enacted through legislative statues or constitutional provisions. In countries where civil law prevails, judges must apply the statues precisely as written.

Woman in the Nineteenth Century

Book by Margaret Fuller, published in 1845, that defined freedom for women as a quest for personal development.

Lusitania

British passenger liner torpedoed and sank by Germany on May 7, 1915.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835. Presided over cases such as Marbury V. Madison

US Steel

Carnegie's company, sold to JP Morgan for 400 million

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Cartel comprising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized in 1960.

Cohens v. Virginia

Case that reinforced federal supremacy by establishing the right of the Supreme Court to review decisions of state supreme courts in questions of involving the powers of the federal government.

Bank of the United States

Chartered by Congress as part of Alexander Hamilton's financial program, the bank printed paper money and served as a depository for Treasury funds. It drew opposition from Jeffersonian Republicans, who argued that the bank was unconstitutional.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice and former governor of California; brought originally taboo social issues, such as civil rights to African Americans, to the attention of Congress and the country. Known for the Brown v. Board of Education case of 1954.

Mormons

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT. Believed that Americans were descendants of Hebrew peoples who migrated here and became ancestors of the Native Americans.

Ex parte Milligan (1866)

Civil War Era case in which the Supreme Court ruled that military tribunals could not be used to try civilians if civil courts were open.

"Don't Ask, Don't Tell"

Clinton managed to gain support for a compromise measure under which homosexual servicemen and servicewomen could remain in the military if they did not openly declare their sexual orientation

Manhattan project

Code name for the American commission established in 1942 to develop the atomic bomb.

Colin Powell

Colin Powell was an American military general and leader during the Persian Gulf War. He played a crucial role in planning and attaining America's victory in the Persian Gulf and Panama.. He was also the first black four star general and chairman of the Joint Chief of Staff.

Decolonization

Collapse of colonial empires and creating of new countries freed from colonial rule. The reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of Asian and African peoples for national self-determination, racial equality, and personal dignity.

Market Revolution

Connected small farmers and traders to larger markets through the use of newly developed infrastructure. For example, the development of the Illinois Central Railroad shaped Chicago as a train-city and helped open areas of Illinois to commercial farming. Also shaped the way we work and labor today; affecting how we work for a wage and "around a clock"

Monopolies

Corporations that gain complete control of the production of a single good or service. markets, companies, or corporations in which there are many buyers but only one dominant seller

"Boss" Tweed

Corrupt New York politician in control of Tammany Hall. ran the corrupt NYC political machine in the 1870's and may have stolen more money from taxpayers than all the federal agencies combined.

Charles River Bridge case

Court case in 1837 that stated the interest of the community are above corporate rights.

Northwest Ordinance

Created a policy for administering the Northwest Territories. It included a path to statehood and forbade the expansion of slavery into the territories.

Insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Seventh of March Speech

Daniel Webster;s impassioned address urging the North to support the Compromise of 1850. Webster argued that topography and climate would keep slavery from becoming entrenched in Mexican Cession territory and urged Northerners to make all reasonable concessions to prevent disunion.

Jacob A. Riis

Danish-born police reporter and pioneering photographer who exposed the ills of tenement living in his 1890 book illustrated with powerful photographs, How the Other Half Lives. His work led to the establishment of "model tenements" in New York City.

Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson

Daring confederate general and brilliant tactician, who routinely took men on long marches to outflank Union lines. He led his troops to victory at the First Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) and protected Virginia's Shenandoah Valley from Northern invasion in the first year of the Civil War. Joining Lee at Richmond, he helped halt the Union's Peninsula Campaign in 1862. Jackson was killed by friendly fire at the battle of Chancellorsville in May of 1863.

William Jennings Bryan

Democratic and Populist candidate for President in 1896 who advocated a policy of free silver Cross of Gold Speech

Wounded Knee Massacre

December 29, 1890 mass killing by U.S. soldiers of as many as 300 unarmed Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota (soldiers were jittery over Indian "Ghost dance" ritual)

Battle of Fallen Timbers

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the audited States.

Caroline

Diplomatic row between the Unites States and Britain. Developed after British troops set fire to an American steamer carrying supplies across the Niagara River to Canadian insurgents, during Canada's short-lived insurrection.

Black Power

Doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965.

Constitution

Document outlining all rights of new American citizens.

Fair Deal

Domestic reform proposals of the second Truman administration (1949-53); included civil rights legislation and repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, but only extensions of some New Deal programs were enacted.

The Lower South

Dominated the farming of cotton; drew many prospective farmers hoping to join the planter class; consisted of South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.

Declaration of Independence

Drafted in 1776 by T. Jefferson declaring America's separation from Great Britain (3 parts-New theory of government, reasons for separation, formal declaration of war and independence)

Sugar Act

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.

Parkman, Francis (1823-1893)

Early American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America

Federal Style

Early national style of architecture that borrowed from neoclassical models and emphasized symmetry, balance, and restraint. Famous builders associated with this style included Charles Bulfinch and Benjamin Latrobe.

Romanticism

Early nineteenth-century movement in European and American literature and the arts that, in reaction to the hyper-rational Enlightenment, emphasized imagination over reason, nature over civilization, intuition over calculation, and the self over society.

panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of European demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

The Man Without a Country

Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys in exile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiring greater devotion to the Union.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's Sec. of State; harsh anti-Communist; called for more radical measures to roll back communism where it had already spread (containment too cautious) U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world.

9/11

Elaborate terrorist attack masterminded by Bin Laden directed at the world trade center , pentagon, and U.S. capital

Richard Nixon

Elected President in 1968 and 1972 representing the Republican party. He was responsible for getting the United States out of the Vietnam War by using "Vietnamization", which was the withdrawal of 540,000 troops from South Vietnam for an extended period. He was responsible for the Nixon Doctrine. Was the first President to ever resign, due to the Watergate scandal.

Nativism

Inspired in part by the rapid influx of immigrants, Americans began to feel close ties to their country, therefore displaying xenophobic traits towards foreigners who entered.

Embargo Act

Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port. The embargo placed great strains on the American economy while only marginally affecting is European targets, and was therefore repealed in 1809.

John Smith

English explorer who helped found the colony at Jamestown, Virginia

Austin, Stephen (1793-1836)

Established the first major Anglo settlements in Texas under an agreement with the Mexican government. Though loyal to Mexico, Austin advocated for local Texans' rights, particularly the right to bring slaves into the region. Briefly imprisoned by Santa Anna for inciting rebellion, Austin returned to Texas in 1836 to serve as secretary of state of the newly-independent republic until his death later that year.

Red Scare

Fear of Communism after WWI, caused by: Russian Revolution, labor strikes post WWI, nativism; led to a crackdown on immigrants and radicals (suppression of rights)

Yalta Conference

February 1945 Strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin in southern Russia -meeting at which the Allies agreed to form a United Nations organization - Britain wanted to make France a partner in postwar occupation of Germany

Weld, Theodore Dwight (1803-1895)

Fervent abolitionist and author of American Slavery as It Is, an antislavery tract that dramatized the horrors of slave life.

Korean War

First "hot war" of the Cold war. The Korean War began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the United States. The war ended in stalemate in 1953. (938)

Korean War

First "hot war" or the Cold War. Began in 1950 when the Soviet-backed North Koreans invaded South Korea before meeting a counter-offensive by UN Forces, dominated by the US, and the war ended in stalemate in 1953.

Hiram Revels

First African-American Senator, elected in 1870 to the Mississippi seat previously occupied by Jefferson Davis. Born to free black parents in North Carolina, Revels worked as a minister throughout the South before entering politics. After serving for just one year, he returned to Mississippi to head a college for African American males.

Trail of Tears

Forced marched 15,000 Cherokee Indians from their Georgia and Alabama homes to Indian Territory. Some 4,000 Cherokee died on the arduous journey.

Court-packing plan

Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to ass a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire.

Johnson, William T. (1809-1851)

Free New Orleans black, known as the "barber of Natchez", who eventually owned fifteen slaves.

Vesey, Denmark (c.1767-1822)

Free black who orchestrated an aborted slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. Vesey's plan was uncovered before he could put it in motion, and he and thirty-four accomplices were put to death.

European Economic Community (EEC)

Free trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957, often referred to as the "Common Market."

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Audubon, John J. (1785-1851)

French-born naturalist and author of the beautifully illustrated Birds of America.

Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls

Gathering of female activists in Seneca Falls, New York, where Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her "Declaration of Sentiments," stating that "all men and women are created equal."

19th Amendment

Gave women the right to vote over 70 years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls.

Trenton, Battle of

George Washington surprised and captured a garrison of sleeping German Hessians, raising the morale of his crestfallen army and setting the stage for his victory at Princeton a week later

Farewell Address

George Washington's address at the end of his presidency, warning against "permanent alliances" with other nations. Washington did not oppose all alliances, but believed that the young, fledging nation should forge alliances only on a temporary basis, in extraordinary circumstances.

U-boats

German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone.

Newt Gingrich

Gingrich was the Republican speaker in the House. He pushed for more conservative legislation during Clinton's presidency. Public opinion turned against him in 1995/96 when he and other republican leaders caused government to shut down because they refused to pass a continuing resolution during budget debates to put pressure on the president As the author of the "Contract with America", Gingrich led the Republican "revolution" of 1994.

Puerto Rico

Given to the US by Spain as a payment for the cost of the Spanish American War

National Recovery Administration

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

Harrison, William Henry (1773-1841)

Hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and ninth president of the United States. Harrison, a Whig, won the 1840 election on a "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, which played up his credentials as a backwoods westerner and Indian fighter. Harrison died of pneumonia just four weeks after his inauguration.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Important New Deal labor legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce.

Stono Uprising

In 1739, this was one of the first and most successful slave uprisings. 20 slaves stole guns and ammo, killed storekeepers and planters, liberated slaves, and fled to Florida. Colonial militia caught up and attacked, capturing and executing some. Leads to restrictive laws governing the behavior of slaves. Fear of slave rebellions increases and some slaves were executed.

Declaratory Act

In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It is important because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act.

John Brown's Raid

In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed.

Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Incendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.

Morrill Tariff Act

Increased duties back up to 1846 levels to raise revenue for the Civil War.

OPEC Oil Embargo

Iraq dominated OPEC placed an oil embargo on the U.S. as punishment for its support of Israel; as a result, oil prices skyrocketed, and reduced oil supplies produced long lines at the gas pump; this led to increased inflation and unemployment

Ancient Order of Hibernians

Irish semi-secret society that served as a benevolent organization for downtrodden Irish immigrants in the United States.

Richard Montgomery (1738-1775)

Irish-born British army veteran, who served as a general in the Continental army during the Revolution. He joined Benedict Arnold in a failed attempt to seize Quebec in 1775.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

The Sierra Club

John Miur, political group that lobbies and tries to get environmental laws passed

City Upon a Hill

John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers

Muckrakers

Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public

Potsdam Conference

July 1945 -- a meeting of Allied leaders near Berlin to address issues about the post-World War II Europe

Potsdam

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Battle of Buena Vista

Key American victory against Mexican forces in the Mexican-American War. Elevated General Zachary Taylor to national prominence and helped secure his success in the 1848 presidential election.

Susan B. Anthony

Key leader of woman suffrage movement and Temperance movement. Assisted in introducing the 19th Amendment to Congress.

Rosa Parks

Known as the "mother of the civil rights movement". In December of 1955, Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white rider. She was jailed and fined $14 for the offense. This led to Martin Luther King, Jr.'s Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Roe v. Wade

Landmark Supreme Court decision that forbade states from barring abortion by citing a woman's constitutional right to privacy.

Personal Liberty Laws

Laws passed in the north that forbade the imprisonment of runaway slaves and guaranteed that they would have jury trials; they also forbade state officials to assist in the capture and return of runaways. Many northern state legislatures passed these to get around the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Lengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act's list of practices. Exempted labor unions from being called trusts, legalized strikes and peaceful picketing by labor union members.

Loyalty Oath

Lincoln offered amnesty to all Southerners who pledged this to the United States.

Philippines

Manila a country in southeastern Asia made up of several thousand islands Much of the Spanish-American War was fought in the Philippines. After the war, the U.S. gained territory here. The people revolted, but were quickly put down. DIPLOMATIC.

Treaty of Versailles

Many of Wilson's 14 points rejected. 1) surrender of German Territory, 2) reparations to Britain and France, 3) occupation of Rhineland by Allies, 4) Germany had to admit guilt for starting war 5), League of Nations established with Article X, example of multilateralism

John Peter Zenger (1697-1746)

New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state's corrupt royal governor; his acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Measure enacted by the Virginia legislature prohibiting state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship. Served as a model for the religion clause of the first amendment to the Constitution.

Spot resolutions

Measures introduced by Illinois congressman Abraham Lincoln, questioning President James K. Polk's justification for war with Mexico. Lincoln requested that Polk clarify precisely where Mexican forces had attacked American troops.

McCormick Reaper

Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots. The introduction of the reaper in the 1830s fueled the establishment of large-scale commercial agriculture in the Midwest.

literacy tests

Method used to deny African-Americans the vote in the South that tested a person's ability to read and write - they were done very unfairly so even though most African-Americans could read and write by the 1950's they still failed.

Moral Majority

Moral Majority was a political group made up of fundamentalist Christians. Although not it did not accomplish much, it did show that Americans were starting to worry about the moral fabric of society. A movement begun in the early 1980's among religious conservatives that supported primarily conservative Republicans opposed to abortion, communism and liberalism.

The Liberator

Most influential abolitionist literary work by William Garrison

National Aeronautics Space Administration (NASA)

NASA, organization to direct an American space program to compete with that of the Soviets Created by Dwight Eisenhower. A federal agency dedicated to space exploration

Hemings, Sally (1773-1835)

One of Thomas Jefferson's slaves on his plantation in Monticello. DNA testing confirms that Thomas Jefferson fathered Sally Hemings' children.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality

Paris, Treaty of

Peace treaty signed by Britain and the United States ending the Revolutionary War. The British formally recognized American independence and ceded territory east of the Mississippi while the Americans, in turn, promised to restore Loyalist property and repay debts to British creditors.

Cult of Domesticity

Pervasive 19th century cultural creed that venerated the domestic role of women. It gave married women greater authority to shape home life but limited opportunities outside the domestic sphere.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Petition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.

The New South

Phrase coined by journalist, Henry W. Grady, which referenced industrialization in GA. He wanted racial harmony (but he advocated white supremacy)....and he wanted a less agrarian, more industrialized south It is the term used to describe the Southern United States after Reconstruction. (The change from agricultural economy to an industrial one).

Andy Warhol

Pioneering "Pop" artist known for his iconic portraits of Cold War America's material objects, including soup cans and soda bottles.

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the U.S. Bank; Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Whitewater Scandal

Political controversy that began with the real estate dealings of Bill and Hillary Clinton and their associates, in the Whitewater Development Corporation, a failed business venture. It was claimed that Clinton, while governor of AK, pressured an advisor to provide an illegal $300,000 loan. One of the many scandals surrounding Clinton's presidency, this involved a real estate company with questionable practices.

Foster, Stephen C. (1826-1864)

Popular American folk composer, Foster, a Pennsylvania-born white, popularized minstrel songs, which fused African rhythms with nostalgic melodies.

Great Society

President Lyndon Johnson's term for his domestic policy agenda.

George Grenville

Prime minister who, in 1763, ordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation laws. He also secured from parliament the Sugar Act of 1764, The Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act.

Buying on Margin

Purching stock with a little money down with the promise of paying the balance at sometime in the future

George C. Wallace

Racist governor of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever") runs for the presidency in 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order. He loses to Nixon and runs in 1972 but gets shot.

George H.W. Bush

Reagans VP, later becomes president, aided by the gulf war, hurt by the recession "Was just another Reagan with all the same idea"

Conservation of Public Lands

Roosevelt kept using the Forest Reserve Act of 1891 to set aside 150 million acres of federal land as a national reserve that could not be sold to private interests

Maroons

Runaway African slaves.

Crispus Attucks (1723-1770)

Runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the "Boston Massacre," in which Attucks was first to die.

Watergate

Series of scandals that resulted in Nixon's resignation in August 1974 amid calls for his impeachment.

Black Hawk (1767-1838)

Sauk war chief who led the Sauk and Fox resistance against eviction under the Indian Removal Act in Illinois and Wisconsin. Brutally crushed by American forces, he surrendered in 1832 and lived out his days on a reservation in Iowa.

Owen, Robert (1801-1877)

Scottish-born textile manufacturer and founder of New Harmony, a short-lived communal society of about a thousand people in Indiana.

Secession Winter

Secession winter was the winter of 1860-1861, when 7 southern states (South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas) seceded in rapid succession.

Selective Training and Service Act (1940)

Selective Training and Service Act of September 1940 provided for the registration of all American men between the ages of 21 and 35 (conscription) and for the training of 1.2 million troops in just one year.

Hungarian uprising

Series of demonstrations in Hungary against the Soviet Union

Andrew Johnson

Seventeenth president of the United States, North Carolina-born Johnson assumed the presidency after Lincoln's assassination in 1865. Much to the disgust of Radical Republicans in Congress, Johnson, a Democrat, took a conciliatory approach to the South during Reconstruction, granting sweeping pardons to former Confederates and supporting Southern Black Codes against freedmen. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives for breaching the Tenure of Office Act. Acquitted by the Senate, he remained in office to serve out his term.

McKinley Tariff

Shepherded through Congress by President William McKinley, this tariff raised duties on Hawaiian sugar and set off renewed efforts to secure the annexation of Hawaii to the US.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Sherman's march from Atlanta to South Carolina, he and his army applied a total warfare, scorched earth policy that led over a million dollars in damage and crushed the south

Industrial Revolution

Shift toward mass production and mechanization that included the creation of the modern factory system.

Appomattox Courthouse

Site where Lee surrendered to Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign."

Breakers

Slave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.

Haitian Revolution

Slave uprising in Haiti against France; success.

John Quincy Adams

Son of John Adams. Expansionist who authored the Monroe Doctrine on the grounds that the entire North America should be the US's to claim (manifest destiny). Electoral opponent of Jackson that was made fun of for his intellectual ability compared to Jackson's "rough and tough" posterior. He worked very hard on internal improvements, such as a naval academy and astronomical observatory through funds gained by steep tariffs.

Federalist

Supported a strong central government, advocated the ratification of the new constitution; included Alexander Hamilton

Federalists

Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

Henry A. Kissinger

Talented diplomatic negotiator and leading architect of détente with the Soviet Union during the Nixon and Ford administrations.

Tariffs

Taxes on imported items.

Corps of Discovery

Team of adventurers, led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore Louisiana Territory and find a water route to the Pacific. Louis and Clark brought back detailed accounts of the West's flora, fauna, and native populations, and their voyage demonstrated the viability of overland travel to the west.

Kitchen debate

Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and American Vice President Richard Nixon.

Military-Industrial Complex

Term popularized by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address, referring to the political and economic ties between arms manufacturers, elected officials, and the U.S. armed forces that created self-sustaining pressure for high military spending during the Cold War. Eisenhower also warned that this powerful combination left unchecked could "endanger our liberties or democratic process," favoring defense concerns over more peaceful goals that balanced security and liberty.

Bolshevik Revolution

The 2nd stage of the Russian Revolution in Nov. 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state.

Harry S Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Cold War

The 45 year diplomatic tension between the US and the Soviet Union that divided much of the world into polarized camps, capitalist against communist.

First Bank of the United States

The Bank of the United States was first chartered by the US Congress on February 25, 1791 after being proposed by Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury) in 1790. The purpose for the bank was to handle the financial needs and requirements of the new central government of the newly formed United States.

Tammany Hall

most notorious political machine; NY city; Marcy Tweed also know as Boss Tweed became head in 1863

Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall was a fortified wall made up of concrete and barbed wire made to prevent East Germans escaping to West Berlin. It was one of the most visible signs of the Cold War and the Iron Curtain.

Suez Canal

The British-and French-owned waterway whose nationalization by Egyptian President Nasser triggered a major Middle East crisis

Civil Rights movement

The Civil Rights Movement, also known as the American Civil Rights Movement and other names,[b] is a term that encompasses the strategies, groups, and social movements in the United States whose goals were to end racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans and to secure legal recognition and federal protection of the citizenship rights enumerated in the Constitution and federal law.

Adlai Stevenson

The Democratic candidate who ran against Eisenhower in 1952. His intellectual speeches earned him and his supporters the term "eggheads". Lost to Eisenhower.

Quota Laws of 1921 and 1924

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the United States in 1910. The Immigration Act of 1924 reduced that number to 2% of the 1890 population from a specific country

French and Indian War

The French and Indian War in North America (1754-1763) mirrored the Seven Years War in Europe (1756-1763). English colonists and soldiers fought the French and their Native American allies for dominance in North America. England's eventual victory brought England control of much disputed territory and eliminated the French as a threat to English dominance in the Americas.

French Alliance

The French entered the war in 1778, and assisted in the victory of the Americans seeking independence from Britain

Robert E. Lee

The General of the Confederate troops; he was prosperous in many battles; was defeated at Antietam in 1862 when he retreated across the Potomac; this halt of Lee's troops justified Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation; he was defeated at Gettysburg by General Mead's Union troops; surrendered to General Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865.

Industrial Workers of the World

The IWW, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

The hardnosed Arab nationalist president of Egypt during the Suez Canal crisis in 1956. He seized the Suez Canal from the English and French. England and France were willing to use force to get it back. Soviets try to interfere. Eisenhower made them back down when he put the Strategic Air Command on alert.

Middle Passage

The Middle Passage was a series of routes which slave ships used to transport slaves from West Africa to the Americas from 1500 to 1850.

Referendum

The practice of letting voters accept or reject measures proposed by the legislature

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded in 1909 in New York City by a group of bi-racial activists. Originally called the National Negro Committee, it is the nation's oldest civil rights organization.

Thomas B. Reed

The Republican Congressman from Maine who became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1889, then led the Billion-dollar Congress like a "Czar," making sure that his agenda dictated the business of the legislature

Nikita Khrushchev

The premier of Russia during the race to get satellites into space between Russia and the United States. He used many propaganda techniques to try to fool the world of Russia's intentions. President's Eisenhower and Kennedy dealt with his communist attitudes.

Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, also known as HUD, is a Cabinet department in the Executive branch of the United States federal government. Although its beginnings were in the House and Home Financing Agency, it was founded as a Cabinet department in 1965, as part of the "Great Society" program of President Lyndon Johnson, to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises.

Phillipines

The United States had to wage a prolonged military campaign during 1899-1902 to retain control of one of the territories it had taken in the Spanish-American War.

Upton Sinclair "The Jungle"

The author who wrote a book about the horrors of food productions in 1906, the bad quality of meat and the dangerous working conditions.

Glorious Revolution in England

The bloodless overthrow of James II and the Dominion of New England. Begins the reign of William and Mary. In 1691, Massachusetts became a royal colony under the new monarchs, and suffrage was extended to all Protestants, thus weakening Puritan primacy.

New Frontier

The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.

Hurricane Katrina

The costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes in US history, killing nearly 2,000 Americans.

Hetch Hetchy Valley

The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913.

Robert LaFollette

The most celebrated state-level reformer who was elected governor of Wisconsin in 1900. Under his leadership the progressives won approval of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums. He regulated railroads and utilities, passed laws to regulate the workplace and provided workers compensation, instituted graduated taxes on inherited fortunes, and nearly doubled state levies on railroads and other corporate interests. He greatly widened public awareness of progressive goals.

Richard Olney

The pugnacious successor to James G. Blaine as Secretary of State, serving from 1895 to 1897, Olney stirred up conflict with Great Britain during the Venezuelan Crisis of 1895-1896. He also insisted on the protection of American lives and property and on reparations for losses incurred during violent disturbances in Cuba, China, and Turkey.

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Women's Suffrage

The right of women to vote and to stand for electoral office. the right of women to vote W/ 19th amendment in 1920

Knights of Labor

The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid 1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including the Knights; participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.

Sun Belt

The sunbelt states included from Florida to California...warmer climates, lower taxes, and economic opportunities prompted families uprooted by the war to move to these areas.

The Chesapeake

The two colonies - Maryland and Virginia - around the Chesapeake Bay. Both exported tobacco and mainly used indentured servitude until after Bacon's Rebellion.

Separatist

Those who wanted to break all connections with the Church of England as opposed to most Puritans who believed it was possible to reform the church; the Pilgrims were Separatists.

U.S.S. Maine

U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor in 1898; Evidence suggests an internal explosion, however Spanish military was framed by Yellow Journalism; The incident was a catalyst for the Spanish American War

Chester W. Nimitz

U.S. Navy admiral who was Commander-in-chief of the Pacific Naval Forces for the United States and its allies during World War II. He strategized the important victories in the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea.

Spanish Flu

Unprecedentedly lethal influenza epidemic of 1918 that killed more than 22 -50 million people worldwide; contributed to the end of progressivism

Treaty of Versailles

WWI concluded with this vengeful document, which secured peace but imposed sharp terms on Germany and created a territorial mandate system to manage former colonies of the world powers.

Oil and Steel Embargo

When Japan joined axis powers in Sept. 1940, FDR prohibited export of steel + oil to Japan

Monica Lewinsky

White House intern with whom President Bill Clinton had an extra-marital affair in the late 1990s. Lewinsky was the center of a protracted scandal during the second Clinton term.

Act of Toleration

a 1649 Maryland law that provided religious freedom for all Christians

vertical integration

company controls every aspect of production, from raw goods to finished product

Ida Wells-Barnett

editor of black newspaper and spoke out against violence, wrote about lynching

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

gov inspections sent to meat plants to evaluate sanitary levels and health risks.

Trust-Busting

government activities seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies (especially under the United States antitrust laws)

transcontinental railroads

government supported railroads to connect CA with the rest of the Union

Slave coffles

groups of slaves chained together and forced to march into the South to the Cotton Kingdom

Social Security Act (1935)

guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Habeas Corpus

principle that a person cannot be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime

Universal Manhood Suffrage

principle that every man had the right to vote, regardless of whether he owned property.

politic machines

tightly organized groups of politicians

ratify

to approve, give formal approval to, confirm

Cornelius Vanderbilt

used millions from his steamboat company to connect local railroads and create New York Central Railroad

Alabama

British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

Fourteenth Amendment (ratified 1868)

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

Whitman, Walt (1819-1892)

Brooklyn-born poet and author of Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems, written largely in free verse, which exuberantly celebrated America's democratic spirit.

Emergency Banking Relief Bill

A relief effort for the unemployeed with immediate relief goals looked for immediate relief rather than long-term alleviation, and its Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was headed by the zealous Harry L. Hopkins.Qupte

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Overproduction

A condition in which production of goods exceeds the demand for them

Trust

A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.

Caucus System

A meeting of party members to select presidential candidates and propose policies through discussion and consensus.

Stephen W. Kearney (1794-1848)

American officer during the Mexican War who led a detachment of troops into New Mexico and captured Santa Fe.

Whigs

A party that emerged that largely represented many of the interests of the old Federalist party. Andrew Jackson initiated its creation.

Detente

A relaxation of tensions between the US and the USSR and China that was begun by President Nixon, as evidenced by his visits to both China and the USSR

Referendum

A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill or on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by legislature.

Louis D. Brandeis (1856-1941)

A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the first Jewish American to be appointed to the United States Supreme Court.

Grandfather Clause

A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.

Poe, Edgar Allan (1809-1849)

American poet and author of Gothic horror short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher," which reflected a distinctly morbid sensibility for Jacksonian America.

Underground Railroad

A secret, shifting, informal network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked 62 nations in the supposed "outlawry of war."

Guantánamo Detention Camp

Controversial prison facility constructed after the US led invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.

Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790)

American printer, inventor, statesman, and revolutionary. Franklin first established himself in Philadelphia as a leading newspaper printer, inventor, and author of Poor Richard's Almanac. Franklin later became a leading revolutionary and signatory of the Declaration of Independence. During the Revolutionary War, Franklin served as commissioner to France, securing the nation's support for the American cause.

Patrick Henry (1736-1799)

American revolutionary and champion of states' rights, Henry became a prominent antifederalist during the ratification debate, opposing what he saw as despotic tendencies in the new national constitution.

Homestead Strike (1892)

A strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, P.A., that ended in an armed battle between the strikers, three hundred armed "Pinkerton" detectives hired by Carnegie, and federal troops, which killed ten people and wounded more than sixty. The strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 that helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers.

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss Tweed was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Rationing

A system of allocating scarce goods and services using criteria other than price; rationing scarce goods in order to help supply the war effort

Closed Shop

A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating closed-shop agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Enhanced nationalism of Americans.

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Jacob S. Coxey

A wealthy Ohio Populist who led a 500-strong "army" to Washington, D.C. in 1894 to demand a public works program to create jobs for the unemployed in the midst of a devastating four-year depression.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

League of Nations

A world organization of national governments proposed by Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. It worked to facilitate peaceful international cooperation.

Stone, Lucy (1818-1893)

Abolitionist and women's rights activist, who kept her maiden name after marriage inspiring other women—"Lucy Stoners"—to follow her example. Though she campaigned to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, she did not join Stanton and Anthony in denouncing the amendments when it became clear the changes would not be made. In 1869 she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, which lobbied for suffrage primarily at the state level.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, who advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.

9/11

Common shorthand for the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, in which 19 militant Islamist men hijacked and crashed four commercial aircraft.

21st Amendment

Amendment which ended the Prohibition of alcohol in the US, repealing the 18th amendment

Vietcong

Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973)

settlement houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants

George Pickett

Confederate general who led the bold but ill-fated charge against union forces at Gettysburg.

Proclamation of 1763

Decree issued by Parliament in the wake of Pontiac's uprising, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians Contributed to rising resentment of British rule in the American colonies.

Harpers Ferry

Federal arsenal in Virginia seized by abolitionist John Brown in 1859. Though Brown was later captured and executed, his raid alarmed Southerners who believed that Northerners shared in Brown's extremism.

Society of the Cincinnati

Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army. Many resented the pretentiousness of the order, viewing it as a vestige of pre-Revolutionary traditions.

Federal Highway Act of 1956

Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense

Ten Percent Plan

Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated.

Détente

From the French for "reduced tension," the period of Cold War thawing when the US and the USSR negotiated reduced armament treaties under Presidents Nixon, Ford, and Carter.

Timothy McVeigh

In 1995, the Murrow Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was attacked by a large bomb that killed 168 people. The bombing was the act of this right-wing extremist. A Gulf War veteran who was arrested and charged with the Oklahoma City bombing. A jury convicted him of mass murder and terrorism, and he was executed in June 2001.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Irreconcilables

Led by Senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, this was a hard-core group of militant isolationists who opposed the Wilsonian dream of international cooperation in the League of Nations after WWI.

Charles G. Finney

Influential evangelical revivalist of the Second Great Awakening urged people to abandon sin and lead good lives in dramatic sermons at religious revivals

Political Bosses

Influential politicians who demanded payoffs from business and helped the poor to try to win votes.

Brook Farm

Intellectual commune in Massachusetts based on "plain living and high thinking" fell into debt and then dissolved when communal home burned to ground in 1846

Morse, Samuel F. B. (1791-1872)

Inventor of the telegraph and the telegraphic code that bears his name. He led the effort to connect Washington and Baltimore by telegraph and transmitted the first long-distance message—"What hath God wrought"—in May of 1844.

Woodward and Bernstein

Investigative reporters for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation

Battle of Antietam

Landmark battle in the Civil War that essentially ended in a draw but demonstrated the prowess of the Union army, forestalling foreign intervention and giving Lincoln the "victory" he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.

Jiang Jieshi

Leader of Chinese Nationalists, also known as Chang Kai-shek. He was defeated by Mao Zedong's communist revolutionaries in 1949 and was forced to flee to the island of Taiwan, where, with the support of the United States, he became president of the Republic of China.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Zachary Taylor (1784-1850)

Military general and twelfth U.S. president, Taylor emerged as a popular war hero after defeating Santa Anna's forces at Buena Vista in the war with Mexico. As president, Taylor, a Louisiana slave owner, sought to avoid a sectional confrontation over slavery, though he opposed the Compromise of 1850.

Caleb Cushling (1800-1879)

Massachusetts born Congressman and diplomat who "opened" China to U.S. trade, negotiating the Treaty of Wanghia in 1844.

Dickinson, Emily (1830-1886)

Massachusetts born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death and immortality. Refusing to publish during her lifetime, she left behind nearly two thousand poems, which were published after her death.

Warren E. Burger

Nixon appointee as Chief Justice of the Supreme Court in place of Earl Warren. He failed to overturn earlier liberal court decisions as Nixon hoped. He presided over major cases involving abortion, affirmative action, the death penalty, and school desegregation

The Association

Non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods.

Finney, Charles Grandison (1792-1875)

One of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, Finney presided over mass camp meetings throughout New York state, championing temperance and abolition, and urging women to play a greater role in religious life.

Oneida Community

One of the more radical utopian communities established in the 19th century, it advocated "free love," birth control, and eugenics. Utopian communities reflected the reformist spirit of the age.

Fulton, Robert (1765-1815)

Pennsylvania-born painter-engineer, who constructed the first operating steam boat, the Clermont, in 1807.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

One of the most revolutionary of the New Deal public works projects, the TVA brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley

Muckrackers

One who seeks to expose corruption of businesses or government to the public. The term originates with writers of the Progressive movement within the United States who wanted to expose corruption and scandals in government and business.

Samuel Slater

Opens first American factory in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

Antifederalists

Opponents of the 1787 Constitution, they cast the document as antidemocratic, objected to the subordination of the states to the central government, and feared encroachment on individuals' liberties in the absence of a bill or rights.

W.E.B. Dubois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

Executive Order No. 9066

Order of FDR authorizing the War Department to remove Japanese "enemy aliens" to isolated internment camps.

Pontiac (c.1720-1769)

Ottawa chief who led an uprising against the British in the wake of the French and Indian war. Initially routing British forces at Detroit, Pontiac and his men succumbed after British troops distributed smallpox infected blankets among the Indians.

Proprietary Colony

Owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king; proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the property

Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887)

Preacher, reformer and abolitionist, he was the son of famed evangelist Lyman Beecher and brother of author Harriet Beecher Stowe. In the 1850s, he helped raise money to support the New England Emigrant Aid Company in its efforts to keep slavery out of Kansas territory. After the War, he emerged as perhaps the best known Protestant minister, in part because of his ability to adapt Christianity to fit the times, emphasizing the compatibility of religion, science and modernity.

Pentagon Papers

Secret US government report detailing early planning and policy decisions regarding the Vietnam War under Presidents Kennedy and Johnson.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal

Levittown

Suburban communities with a mass-produced tract houses built in the NY and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Suit over whether New York State could grant a monopoly to a ferry operating on interstate waters. The ruling reasserted that Congress had the cole power to regulate interstate commerce.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case that sustained Dartmouth University's original charter against changes proposed by the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby protecting corporations from domination by state governments.

Wabash v. Illinois

Supreme court ruling that states could not regulate interstate commerce

Stagflation

Term referring to the simultaneous occurrence of low employment growth and high inflation in the national economy. The phenomenon characterized the economic troubles of the 1970s and posed both an intellectual challenge to economists and a policymaking challenge to government officials.

Old Northwest

Territories acquired by the federal government from the states, encompassing land northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. The well-organized management and sale of the land in the territories under the land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 established a precedent for handling future land acquisitions.

Sunbelt

The 15 state crescent through the American South and Southwest that experienced terrific population and productivity expansion during WWII and particularly in the decades after the war, eclipsing the old industrial Northeast.

Puritanism

The Puritans first came to America in 1620 on the Mayflower. The Pilgrims, as they were called, were separating from the Anglican church and escaping religious persecution in England by escaping to America. Other Puritans soon flocked to America hoping to "purify" the Anglican Church and develop a colony which would be a model to the world ("a city upon a hill")

Dupuy de Lome

The Spanish minister to the United States who found himself at the center of a scandal when his private letter maligning President McKinley was made public in 1898.

Tories

The Tories were colonists who disagreed with the move for independence and did not support the Revolution. (aka Loyalists)

Domino Theory

The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then their neighbors--- and eventually all--- would.

Battle of Lexington

The battles of Lexington and Concord initiated the Revolutionary War between the American colonists and the British. British governor Thomas Gage sent troops to Concord to stop the colonists who were loading arms. The next day, on April 19, 1775, the first shots were fired in Lexington, starting the war. The battles resulted in a British retreat to Boston

Loose Constructionism

The federal government is given implied powers in the constitution, i.e. it is not restricted to the powers explicitly stated.

Neutrality Act of 1939

This act stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions, but only if they could pay in cash and transport them in their own ships. The terms were known as "Cash-and-Carry." It represented an effort to avoid war debts and protect American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. He was the first African-American baseball player to play professionally in 1947. He was able to break the color barrier and seemed to successfully overcome the racism so prevalent in his sport. He was also was able to contribute to the winning of the pennant and Rookie of the Year in his first year of playing

Rutherford B. Hayes

The former Republican governor Ohio, he became President after the contested 1876 election. By 1880 he had lost the support of his party and was not renominated for office

John D. Rockefeller

The founder of the Standard Oil Company, he developed the technique of horizontal integration and compelled other oil companies to join the Standard Oil "trust." He became the richest person in the world and the U.S.'s first billionaire. He later became known for his philanthropic support of universities and medical research.

Nation-building

The name given to the government process in regards to the Peace Corps actions in Third World countries. Their mission was to provide teachers and specialists in agriculture, health care, transportation, and communications to the Third World, in the hopes of starting these fledgling communities down the road to American-style progress.

Interlocking Directorates

The practice of having executives or directors from one company serve on the Board of Directors of another company. JP Morgan introduced this practice to eliminate banking competition in the 1890s.

Paxton Boys

They were a group of Scots-Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764. They protested the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

13th Amendment

This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slave owners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States.

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

This law banned "yellow dog," or anti-union, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts.

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

National War Labor Board

This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an 8 hour day.

Coureurs de Bois

Translated as "runners of the woods," they were French fur-trappers, also known as "voyageurs" (travelers), who established trading posts throughout North America. The fur trade wreaked havoc on the health and folkways of their Native American trading partners.

George B. McClellan

Union general in command of the Army of the Potomac from 1861 to 1862, he led the failed Peninsular Campaign in 1861 and later fought Lee to a virtual stalemate at Antietam. He boosted the morale and confidence of his troops, but tested Lincoln's patience by routinely hesitating to send men into battle. In 1864, he ran against Lincoln as the Democratic nominee, campaigning against emancipation and the harsh treatment of the South while repudiating the antiwar stance of the Copperheads.

John Pope

Union general whose army suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of Robert E. Lee in the Second Battle of Bull Run (Manassas).

Indentured Servitude

a poor person obligated to a fixed term of unpaid labor, often in exchange for a benefit such as transportation, protection, or training.

Credit Mobiler Scandal

a scandal that formed when a group of union pacific railroad insiders formed the credit mobilier construction company and then hired themselves to build the railroad with inflated wages. they bribed several congressmen and the vice president to keep the scandal from going public.

Flappers

carefree young women with short, "bobbed" hair, heavy makeup, and short skirts. The flapper symbolized the new "liberated" woman of the 1920s. ... Though hardly typical of American women, the flapper image reinforced the idea that women now had more freedom.

Bad v. Good Trusts

bad- harmed public and stifled competition good- dominated market through efficiency and low prices

horizontal integration

competitors are brought under a single corporate umbrella

Marbury v. Madison

establishes the right to Judicial Review by the Supreme Court; right to declare laws unconstitutional.

Scalawags

ex-confederates who supported reconstruction. They were also former slaves, whigs, and democrats, who liked republicanism.

NYC Draft Riots

were a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War

Executive Order 9981

Order issued by President Truman to desegregate the armed forces. The president's action resulted from a combination of pressure from civil rights advocates, election-year political calculations, and the new geopolitical context of the Cold War.

Hydrogen bomb

Ordered by Truman, the first U.S. H-bomb was exploded in 1952. The Soviets exploded their first H-bomb in 1953, and the nuclear arms race entered a dangerously competitive cycle

Indian Removal Act

Ordered the removal of Indian Tribes still residing east of the Mississippi to newly established Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri. Tribes resisting eviction were forcibly removed by American forces, often after prolonged legal of military battles.

New England Emigrant Company

Organization created to facilitate the migration of free laborers to Kansas in order to prevent the establishment of slavery in the territory.

Black Panther party

Organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights.

Rough Riders

Organized by Theodore Roosevelt, this was a colorful, motley regimen of Cuban war volunteers consisting of western cowboys, ex-convicts, and effete Ivy Leaguers. Roosevelt emphasized his experience with the regiment in subsequent campaigns for Governor of New York and Vice-President under William McKinley.

Freedom Riders

Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention and to protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the attorney general.

Mason-Dixon Line

Originally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.

Guam

Pacific island that was acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War

Tripartite Pact

Pact between Japan, Germany, and Italy signed in September 1940, by which each pledged to declare war on any nation that attacked any of them

36°30'

Parallel line which , via the Missouri Compromise in 1820) divided the slave and free areas of the Louisiana Purchase(1804).

Lord Sheffield (1725-1831)

Parliamentarian who persuaded Britain to take a hard line in negotiations with the newly independent United States, closing off American trade with the West Indies, and continuing to enforce navigation laws. His approach prompted many Americans to call for a stronger central government, culminating in the 1787 Philadelphia convention.

Communist Party of America

Party critical of capitalism Instructed by Soviet Union to soften up to FDR as a potential ally

Democrat Party

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Non-Intercourse Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Embargo Act, it reopened trade with all but the two belligerent nations, Britain and France. The Act continued Jefferson's policy of economic coercion, still with little effect.

Declaratory Act

Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

Passed amidst worries about the effects that labor strikes wold have on war production, this law allowed the federal government to seize and operate plants threatened by labor disputes.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Passed as a measure to resolve the nullification crisis, it provided that tariffs be lowered gradually, over a period of ten years, to 1816 levels.

Fugitive Slave Law

Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

Force Bill

Passed by Congress alongside the Compromise Tariff, it authorized the president to use the military to collect federal tariff duties.

Force Acts (1870-1871)

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Indian Removal Act of 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Wade-Davis Bill

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

Criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the red scare, these laws outlawed the mere advocacy of violence to secure social change.

Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)

Passed by president Wilson in 1916. Was originally a reform wanted by the Populist party. It gave farmers the chance to get credit at low rates of interest.

Judiciary Act of 1801

Passed by the departing Federalist Congress, it created sixteen new federal judgeships ensuring a Federalist hold on the judiciary.

Reconstruction Act (1867)

Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write states constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

Civil Rights Bill (1866)

Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability.

Daughters of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

Sons of Liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements.

Minutemen

Patriots who were ready to shoot "in a minute".

Funding at Par

Payment of debts, such as government bonds, at face value. In 1790, Alexander Hamilton proposed that the federal government pay its Revolutionary war debts in full in order to bolster the nation's credit.

Benjamin Spock

Pediatrician and author of The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, which instructed parents on modern child-rearing, replacing traditional means of passing along such knowledge. "Spock" is often said to have been the bible of the baby boomer generation.

Carpetbaggers

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

David Wilmot (1814-1868)

Pennsylvania congressman best known for his "Wilmot Proviso," a failed amendment that would have prohibited slavery from any of the territories acquired from Mexico. He later went on to help organize the Free Soil and Republican parties, supporting Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

Thaddeus Stevens

Pennsylvania congressman who led the Radical Republican faction in the House of Representatives during and after the Civil War, advocating for abolition and later, the extension of civil rights to freed blacks. He also called for land redistribution as a means to break the power of the planter elite and provide African Americans with the economic means to sustain their newfound independence.

Racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence.

Forty-Niners

People who went to California looking for Gold (They left in 1849)

Valley Forge

Place where George Washington and the Continental Army set up camp during the winter of 1777-1778; Washington lost almost half of his army to disease and starvation

New Jersey Plan

Plan at Philadelphia Convention for equal representation in new Congress (1 state 1 vote). Also known as "small state plan." Opposite of the Virginia "big state" Plan. Becomes basis of representation in the Senate.

Anaconda Plan

Plan for civil war proposed by general-in-chief Winfield Scott, which emphasized the blockade of Southern ports and called for an advance down the Mississippi River the cut the South in two, the plan would suffocate the South

New Freedom

Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign, including stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts.

Republicanism

Political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. Influential in 18th century American political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule.

Herbert Croly

Political thinker and journalist whose book, The Promise of American Life (1910) influenced the New Nationalist reform platform of Theodore Roosevelt.

Burned-Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening.

Era of Good Feelings

Popular name for the period of one-party, Republican, rule during James Monroe's presidency. The term obscures bitter conflicts over internal improvements, slavery, and the national bank.

Seward's Folly (1867)

Popular term for Secretary of State William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia. The derisive term reflected the anti-expansionist sentiments of most Americans immediately after the Civil War.

Pet Banks

Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833.

Bill of Rights

Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.

Great Compromise

Popular term for the measure which reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate. The compromise broke the stalemate at the convention and paved the way for subsequent compromises over slavery and the Electoral College.

Whiskey Rebellion

Popular uprising of whiskey distillers in southwestern Pennsylvania in opposition to an excise tax of whiskey. In a show of strength and resolve by the new central government, Washington put down the rebellion with militia drawn from several states.

Tammany Hall

Powerful New York political machine that primarily drew support from the city's immigrants, who depended on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services.

Patronage

Practice of rewarding political support with special favors, often in the form of public office. Upon assuming office, Thomas Jefferson dismissed few Federalists employees, leaving scant openings to fill with political appointees.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher during the First Great Awakening; "Sinners in the hands of angry god"

New Frontier

President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of linking American business interests to diplomatic interests abroad

Fair Deal

President Truman's extensive social program introduced in his 1949 message to Congress. Republicans and Southern Democrats kept much of his vision from being enacted, except for raising the minimum wage, providing for more public housing, and extending old-age insurance to many more beneficiaries under the Social Security Act.

Grover Cleveland

President from 1885-1889 and again from 1893-1897, his first term was dominated by the issues of military pensions and tariff reforms. He lost the election of 1888, but he ran again and won in 1892. During his second term he faced one of the most serious economic depressions in the nation's history but failed to enact policies to reform the spoils system

Houston, Sam (1793-1863)

President of the Republic of Texas and U.S. senator, Houston led Texas to independence in 1836 as commander in chief of the Texas army. As President of the Republic, Houston unsuccessfully sought annexation into the United States. Once Texas officially joined the Union in 1845, Houston was elected to the U.S. Senate, later returning to serve as Governor of Texas until 1861, when he was removed from office for refusing to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy.

Madison, James (1751-1836)

Principal author of the Constitution, co-author of The Federalist, and fourth president of the United States. A leading advocate of a strong national government in the 1780s, Madison later joined Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans in advocating a more limited role for the federal state. As president, Madison inherited the conflict over trade with Britain and France, which eventually pushed him to declare war on Britain in 1812.

Benjamin Franklin

Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. He was instrumental in negotiating French support for the Revolution.

Turnpike

Privately funded, toll-based public road constructed in the early 19th century to facilitate commerce.

Privateers

Privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping during the Revolutionary War. Privateers, more numerous than the tiny American Navy, inflicted heavy damages on British shippers.

Philadelphia Plan

Program established by Nixon to require construction trade unions to work toward hiring more black apprentices.

Enforcement Acts

Prohibited radical anti-black groups and protected the voting rights of African Americans

18th Amendment (Prohibition)

Prohibited the non-medical sale of alcohol This amendment is the midpoint of a growing drive towards women's rights as well as showing the moral attitude of the era.

William Penn (1644-1718)

Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in 1681; established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration

Mott, Lucretia (1793-1880)

Prominent Quaker and abolitionist, Mott became a champion for women's rights after she and her fellow female delegates were not seated at the London antislavery convention of 1840. She, along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, held the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848.

Douglass, Frederick (1818-1895)

Prominent back abolitionist, whose autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, detailed his experience in bondage and his daring escape to the North. More practical than many of his fellow abolitionists, Douglass looked to politics to put an end to slavery. After the Civil War, he continued to write and speak on behalf of blacks, calling on the federal government to help ensure economic independence for newly freed slaves.

"Read my lips: No new taxes!"

Promise not to raise taxes but was forced to in order to reduce deficits spending What did Bush Sr say when campaigning for president in 1988 that came back to haunt him in the 1992 campaign for re-election after he broke this promise

Field, Cyrus (1819-1892)

Promoter of the first transatlantic cable which linked Ireland and Newfoundland in 1854. After the first cable went dead, Field lobbied for a heavier cable, which was finally laid in 1866.

Federalists

Proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong national government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.

Wilmot Proviso

Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War, but southern senators, led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, defeated the measure in 1846 and 1847. It Failed

Lecompton Constitution

Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by proslavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for a vote.

Crittenden Amendments

Proposed in an attempt to appease the South, the failed Constitutional amendments would have given federal protection for slavery in all territories south of 36 30' where slavery was supported by popular sovereignty.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Protest by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses, sparked by Rosa Parks's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus. The bus boycott lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the civil rights movement.

Josiah Strong

Protestant clergyman and author of Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885). He touted the superiority of Anglo-Saxon civilization and helped summon Americans to spread their religion abroad.

"The American Scholar"

Ralph Waldo Emerson's address at Harvard College, in which he declared an intellectual independence from Europe, urging American scholars to develop their own traditions.

"Self-Reliance"

Ralph Waldo Emerson's popular lecture-essay that reflected the spirit of individualism pervasive in American popular culture during the 1830s and 1840s.

"Smoking Gun" Tape

Recording made in the Oval Office in June 1972 that proved conclusively that Nixon knew about the Watergate break-in and endeavored to cover it up. When the tape's existence became public knowledge, Nixon's Congressional support evaporated and the Supreme Court ordered he hand the tape to investigators.

"Waving the bloody shirt"

Refers to the practice of politicians making reference to the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents.

Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)

Refers to weapons- nuclear, biological, and chemical- that can kill large numbers of people and do great damage to the built and natural environment. The term was used to refer to nuclear weapons during the Cold War.

American Colonization Society

Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.

Anthony, Susan B. (1820-1906)

Reformer and woman suffragist, Anthony, with long-time friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocated for temperance and women's rights in New York State, established the abolitionist Women's Loyal League during the Civil War, and founded the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 to lobby for a constitutional amendment giving women the vote.

Bloomer, Amelia (1818-1894)

Reformer and women's rights activist, who championed dress reform for women, wearing short skirts with Turkish trousers or "bloomers," as a healthier and more comfortable alternative to the tight corsets and voluminous skirts popular with women of her day.

3/5 Compromise

Regarded black people's votes as 3/5 of a person.

Black Belt

Region of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves. The "Black belt" emerged in the 19th century as cotton production became more profitable and slavery expanded south and west.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Second Great Awakening

Religious revival characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and widespread conversion. Brought about a democratization of religion as a multiplicity of denominations vied for members.

Sarah Palin

Republican Vice-Presidential candidate with John McCain in the 2008 election, the second woman to run for Vice President of a major party and the first Republican. Palin served on the city council and as mayor of her hometown of Wasilla, Alaska from 1996- 2002 and then in 2006 was elected governor of the state. Relatively unknown nationally, Palin's social conservatism made her popular among the evangelical wing of the Republican Party who had been distrustful of McCain.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

Temperance

Restraint or moderation, especially in regards to alcohol or food, a topic of political importance in the early 1800s

Battle of San Jacinto

Resulted in the capture of Mexican dictator Santa Anna, who was forced to withdraw his troops from Texas and recognize the Rio Grande as Texas's Southwestern border.

Owenites

Robert Owen, who was a British Factory owner In 1824, purchased and created New Harmony in Indiana, which was to be a new moral world. Members of the community followed the same laws and acted under the same social standards as other Utopian communities, however, they were able to purchase land; an idea refuted by communities like them. Owen's community didn't work because of disputes over the community's constitution and the distribution of property. But he had a profound impact on labor movements, education reformers, and women's rights. Owen's vision resonated with the widely held American belief that a community of equals could be created in the New World.

"Big-Stick Policy"

Roosevelt's policy when dealing in international affairs was to be genial and speak softly at first, but to have a strong military force to back up your words.

Theodore ("Teddy") Roosevelt

Rough Rider was a cowboy-hero of the Cuban campaign who rode his popularity into the governorship of New York state and then into the Vice President's office. He became president when McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won reelection as a Republican in 1904 and then lost to Democrat Woodrow Wilson in 1912, when he tried for another term as the Progressive Party candidate.

Boston Tea Party

Rowdy protest against British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.

Thomas Hutchinson (1711-1780)

Royal governor of Massachusetts during the run-up to the Revolution, Hutchinson misjudged colonial zeal during the Tea Act controversy and insisted that East India Company ships unload in Boston Harbor, thereby prompting the Boston Tea Party.

Lord Dunmore (c.1730-1809)

Royal governor of Virginia who, in 1775, promised freedom to runaway slaves who joined the British army.

Joesph Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953) (1878-1953) Premier of the USSR from 1941 to 1953, but secured power in 1922 by succeeding Vladimir Lenin and exiling and assassinating Leon Trotsky. Led the USSR through WWII, and worked closely with FDR and Winston Churchill during the conflict. Head of delegations during the Yalta and Potsdam Conference. Transformed the USSR from a largely agrarian society to an industrial one, via reforms known as Five-Year Plans. Ran a totalitarian society by a series of purges. Communist. Interestingly, he wanted to be an Orthodox priest in his early years.

Salem Witchcraft Trials

The Salem Witch Trials start in Massachusetts during the 1690's when 3 sick girls are said to be affected by witch craft. The first three women the girls blamed of witchcraft were Tituba, Sarah Goode, and Sarah Osborne. They start accusing more and more people and upstanding members of society of witchcraft. The Salem Witch trials are not just about religion, but also about land. People from the west side of town, with not so good soil would accuse people from the east side of town where the soil was good and they had access to the roads. The trials end when they accuse the governors wife of witchcraft. By the time the trials were over, 20 people were executed. The significance is that about 20 years later the government apologizes because there was never enough evidence to convict anyone and compensates the families of those convicted.

Panama Canal

The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Ho Chi Minh

The Vietnamese leader who believed in Asian nationalism and anti-colonialism in his country. He was trying to get rid of the French colonial rule in Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh's beliefs were discouraged by the Cold War and he became increasingly communist. He led the North Vietnamese against the U.S. and the South Vietnamese. He was the enemy in Vietnam.

Voting Rights Acts

The Voting Rights Act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson (1908-73) on August 6, 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote under the 15th Amendment (1870) to the Constitution of the United States. Federal law that increased government supervision of local election practices, suspended the use of literacy tests to prevent people (usually African Americans) from voting, and expanded government efforts to register voters. The Voting Rights Act of 1970 permanently banned literacy tests.

Stokley Carmichael

Stokely Carmichael was a U.S. civil-rights activist who in the 1960s originated the black nationalism rallying slogan, "black power." Born in Trinidad, he immigrated to New York City in 1952. While attending Howard University, he joined the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee and was jailed for his work with Freedom Riders. He moved away from MLK Jr's nonviolence approach to self-defense.

Compromise of 1877

The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only. Democratic-dominated electoral politics.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court case that strengthened federal authority and upheld the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States by establishing that the State of Maryland did not have power to tax the bank

Dred Scott v. Stanford

Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the US.

Dred Scott Decision

Supreme Court decision that stated three things: Blacks were not citizens and therefore could not sue in federal courts; Because a slave is their master's property, they can be taken into any territory and held there in slavery; Congress had no power to ban slavery from the territories

Juan de Oñate

Swept through the American Southwest to convert natives to Christian even by using violence. (Spanish Mission system)

Young, Brigham (1801-1877)

Second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Young led his Mormon followers to Salt Lake City, Utah after Joseph Smith's death. Under Young's discipline and guidance, the Utah settlement prospered, and the church expanded to include over 100,000 members by Young's death in 1877.

Ostend Manifesto

Secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, that failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

Donald Rumsfeld

Secretary of Defense under G.W.Bush, wanted the US to start the War in Iraq, headed the invasion of Afghanistan, coined the terms "War on Terror," and "Weapons of Mass Destruction", resigned on own power in 2006 after being displeased with US strategy in Iraq.

William H. Seward

Secretary of State (to LIncoln, 1861)purchased Alaska people called it "Seward's Folly" senator of NY; antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution

Gallatin, Albert (1761-1849)

Secretary of the treasury from 1801- 1813 under T homas Jefferson and James Madison, Gallatin sought to balance the federal budget and reduce the national debt.

Tecumseh

Shawnee leader who organized a major Indian confederation against U.S. expansion

Janet Reno

She was an attorney General of the United States from 1993-2001. Nominated by Clinton, was the first female Attorney General and second longest serving Attorney General. First Woman Attorney General. Her most controversial early decision, however, was her ordering agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to conduct the final raid on the compound of the Branch Davidian cult near Waco, Texas.

Sacajawea (1788-1812)

Shoshone guide who led Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on their exploration of the American west.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Signed by Britain and the United States, it established strict limits on naval armaments in the Great Lakes, a first stop in the full demilitalization of the U.S.-Canadian border, completed in the 1870's

Anglo-American Convention

Signed by Britain and the United States, the pact allowed New England fishermen access Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of the Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Welfare Reform Bill

Signed by Clinton in 1995 and it replaced a restriction under which you could collect welfare if you could prove that you were looking for a job. They also limited the months in which you could collect the welfare

Root-Takahira agreement

Signed on November 30, 1908, the US and Japan agreed to respect each other's territorial possessions in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door in China. The Agreement was credited with easing tensions between the two nations, but it also resulted in a weakened American influence over further Japanese hegemony in China.

Japanese Internment Camps

Similar to the Red Scare in WWI, many Americans feared Japanese Americans were a threat to American safety. 110,000 Japanese-Americans were forced into these camps because the US feared that they might act as saboteurs for Japan in case of invasion. The camps deprived the Japanese-Americans of basic rights, and the internees lost hundreds of millions of dollars in property. In the Supreme Court ruling in Korematsu v. U.S. (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the concentration camps.

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)

Sixteenth president of the United States. An Illinois lawyer and politician, he briefly served in Congress from 1847-1848, introducing the famous "spot" resolutions on the Mexican war. He gained national prominence in 1858 during the Lincoln-Douglas debates in the Illinois senate race and emerged as the leading contender for the Republican nomination in 1860. His election in 1860 drove South Carolina from the Union, eventually leading to the Civil War.

Clipper Ships

Small, swift vessels that gave American shippers an advantage in the carrying trade. Clipper ships were made largely obsolete by the advent of sturdier, roomier iron steamers on the eve of the Civil War.

War of Jenkins's Ear

Small-scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.

Election of 1824

"corrupt bargain" and backroom deal for JQ Adams to win over Jackson

Rock and roll

"crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and coutry; featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of 1950s youth culture

Martin Van Buren

"founder of the Democratic Party". Friend of Andrew Jackson. Became president in 1836. In the Panic of 1837, he put $37 million to the states but it didn't help. He spent his 4 years with bank failures, bankruptcies and massive unemployment. ("Little Magician")

Warren G. Harding

(1865-1923) Twenty-ninth President of the United States, from 1921 to his death in office in 1923. He began his career as a newspaper publisher before getting elected to the Ohio Senate, where he served from 1899 to 1903. He then served as lieutenant governor of Ohio (1903-1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915-1921) before winning the presidency. His time in office was beset with scandals, many of them the result of disloyalty of designing friends.

Francis E. Townsend

(1867-1960) A retired physician who had lost his savings in the Great Depression and promoted a plan, popular with senior citizens, to pay every person over sixty $200 a month, provided that the money was spent within the month. One estimate had the scheme costing one-half of the national income.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

(1882-1945) The thirty-second president of the United States, he was the only American president to be elected to four terms of office. He first won the presidency against Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in 1932 in the depths of the Great Depression and was credited with having developed a program, called the New Deal, that shepherded the nation out of crisis. When World War II broke out in Europe, he steered the United States into the war, which in the end proved more effective than the New Deal in helping the nation recover from difficult economic times. His gallant struggle against polio and his enormous talents as a politician helped made him a beloved leader for a dozen difficult years in the nation's history.

Frances Perkins

(1882-1965) The first woman cabinet member and secretary of labor under Roosevelt, she helped draw labor into the New Deal coalition.

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European World War, Allies v. Central Powers Woodrow Wilson

Dwight Eisenhower

(FDR) United States general who supervised the invasion of Normandy, Casablanca and the defeat of Nazi Germany

Peace Corps

(JFK) , volunteers who help third world nations and prevent the spread of communism by getting rid of poverty, Africa, Asia, and Latin America Federal program established to send volunteers to help developing nations

Battle of Gettysburg

(July 1863) Civil War battle in Penn. that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North.Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines.

American system of manufactures

-Large scale manufacture of standardized products with interchangeable parts in order to reduce manufacturing cost

Mao Zedong

... (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976. 1893-1976. Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. Heralded as an influential leader who transformed China into world power. Programs led to large unnecessary loss of life and damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations.

National Organization for Women.

... Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution.

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

2nd Continental Congress

1.Sent the "Olive Branch Petition" 2.Created a continental army with George Washington as the leader. 3. Agreed to write a formal letter declaring their independence from England.

Quebec Act

1744, law passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party, Expanded the borders of Canada, took land away from the colonies and gave it to Quebec, tried to take away colonies local self-rights

Pontiacs Rebellion

1763 - Indian rebellion led by chief Pontiac shortly after the end of the seven years war. Attacked British forts in the west

Seminole Wars

1814-1819, 1835-1842 The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops

Fredrick Douglas

1817-1894 former slave who was a writer, editor, and leading abolitionists African American abolitionist. Began publishing antislavery newspaper North Star in 1847.

Battle of the Alamo

1836 attack on the Alamo mission in San Antonio by Mexican forces under Santa Anna during the Texas revolution; loss of 200 American volunteers

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

1848 treaty ending the Mexican-American War and established the Mexico-Texas boundary at the Rio Grande

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 law meant to help slaveholders recapture runaway slaves, providing for harsh treatment for escaped slaves and for those who helped them

Millard Fillmore

1850-1853 13th President Whig Compromise of 1850

Civil War

1861-1865 The war that divides America in the 1860s. A war between citizens of the same country. slavery states' rights

Homestead Act

1862 law that gave 160 acres of land in Great Plains and farther west to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for five years

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

Sand Creek Massacre

1864 incident in which Colorado militia killed a camp of 200 Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians

15th Amendment

1870 Suffrage given to black males. Congress has the power to enforce this via legislation.

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893 23rd President Republican previously served as a senator from Indiana administration best known for McKinley Tariff and federal spending that reached one billion dollars. Democrats attacked the "Billion Dollar Congress" and defeated the GOP in the 1890 mid-term elections, as well as defeating Harrison's bid for reelection in 1892. He is to date the only president from Indiana.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

Homestead Strike

1892 Strike at Andrew Carnegie's steel plant in which Pinkerton detectives clashed with steel workers Homestead, Pennsylvania

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools

Scopes "Monkey" Trial

1925: Trial of John Scopes, Tennessee teacher accused of violating state law prohibiting teaching of the theory of evolution - Convicted, but only given a nominal fine - It became a nationally celebrated confrontation between religious fundamentalism and civil liberties - Many perceived it to be a deep conflict between science and religion

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

1930-highest tariff in U.S. history. It raised duties on agricultural and manufactured imports. It may have contributed to the spread of international economic depression

Bay of Pigs Invasion

1961 - kennedy - failed CIA invasion of cuba in an attempt to overthrow castro

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 - closes the cold war came to military/nuclear confrontation - soviets put missile sites in cuba - kennedy imposed a naval quarantine on cuba to prevent future weapons shipments from reaching the island - went on TV and demanded that the soviets withdraw their missiles

Voting Rights Act

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Barack Obama

44th President of the United States, and first African American elected to that office. A lawyer and community organizer in Chicago, Obama served in the Illinois State Senate before being elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004. After a protracted primary election campaign against Senator Hillary Clinton, Obama sealed the Democratic party's nomination and defeated Senator John McCain on November 4, 2008.

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Andrew Jackson

7th President 1829-1837

Seven Year's War (French and Indian War)

9 year war, Britain vs. France & Indian allies → as English settlers moved west into Ohio Valley, French tried to push them out = went to war for land → ending treaty gave US control of Canada & everything east of Mississippi River (led to major English debt)

Social Security Act

Social Security Act of 1935 created a federal insurance program based on the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. They would receive this money in a monthly pension when they reached the age of 65. The unemployed, disabled, and mothers with dependent children would also receive this money.

Boxer Rebellion

A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country.

Redcoats

A British soldier, especially one serving during the American Revolution.

Jacob Riis

A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. He wrote How The Other Half Lives in 1890.

William Jennings Bryan

A Democratic congressman from Nebraska who was an outspoken "free silver" advocate. His "Cross of Gold" speech at the Democratic convention in 1896 won him the party's nomination. The Populists also backed him in a "fusion" ticket with the Democrats. His eloquent advocacy for free silver and farmer's interests earned him millions of devoted followers, but never quite enough to win the presidency, for which he ran 3 times (1896, 1900, 1908). Later in life, as Secretary of State, he led the resistance to American entry into World War I and in 1925, an ardent Fundamentalist, he gained fame from some quarters- and great disdain from others- for joining the prosecution of high-school biology teacher John T. Scopes for teaching evolution

W.E.B Du Bois

A Harvard-educated leader in the fight for racial equality, Du Bois believed that liberal arts education would provide the "talented tenth" of African Americans with the ability to lift their race into full participation in society. From New York, where he was a founder of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), he relentlessly brought attention to racism in America and demanded legal and cultural change. During his long life he published many important books of history, sociology, and poetry and provided intellectual leadership to those advocating civil rights. One of his deepest convictions was the necessity of American blacks connecting their freedom struggle with African independence and he died as a resident of the new nation of Ghana.

John Adams

A Massachusetts attorney and politician who was a strong believer in colonial independence. He argued against the Stamp Act and was involved in various patriot groups. As a delegate from Massachusetts, he urged the Second Continental Congress to declare independence. He helped draft and pass the Declaration of Independence. Adams later served as the first Vice President and the second President of the United States.

Haymarket Square

A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and 3 were pardoned in 1893.

Cahokia

A Mississippian settlement near present-day St. Louis, home to as many as twenty-five thousand Native Americans. This was a mound building settlement.

Tom Watson

A Populist leader who initially advocated interracial political mobilization but later became a symbol of the party's shift to white supremacy

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science.

American Colonization Society

A Society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country.

Liberalism

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity. belief in the value of social and political change in order to achieve progress

Jesse Jackson

A black candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1988 election who attempted to appeal to minorities, but eventually lost the nomination to Michael Dukakis African American Democratic candidate for the nomination in 1988 who was a rousing speechmaker; hoped to forge a "rainbow coalition" of minorities and the disadvantaged; campaigned energetically

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the US.

Roosevelt Corollary

A brazen policy of "preventive intervention" advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in his Annual Message to Congress in 1904. Adding ballast to the Monroe Doctrine, his corollary stipulated that the United States would retain a right to intervene in the domestic affairs of Latin American nations in order to restore military and financial order.

Los Angeles Riots (Rodney King)

A brief account of the six days of rioting which set Los Angeles aflame following the acquittal of four police officers who were filmed beating black motorist Rodney King. In 1992 the city of LA rioted after 4 police officers were aquitted after the beating of Rodney King

American plan

A business-oriented approach to worker relations popular among firms in the 1920s to defeat unionization.

Francisco ("Pancho") Villa (1877-1923)

A combination of bandit and Robin Hood, Villa emerged as a chief rival to Mexican President Carranza and tried to provoke the United States into war by going on a killing spree north of the border in New Mexico. President Wilson dispatched General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing in an attempt to capture Villa, but the expedition ended in defeat for American forces.

National Bank

A commercial bank chartered by the federal government; part of Hamilton's plan to save federal surplus until it was needed, it was hated by Jackson as a "monster" that favored the rich

Joint-Stock Company

A company made up of a group of shareholders (investors). Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Holding companies

A company that owns part or all of the other companies' stock in order to extend monopoly control.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

Washington Naval Conference

A conference hosted by the US which called for US and British de-fortification of Far East possessions (though Japan could fortify all it wanted). Also called for general naval disarmament.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted eachother on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

Phyllis Schlafly

A conservative female political activist. She stopped the ERA from being passed, seeing that it would hinder women more than it would help them. Anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the American family a leader of the conservative movement against the ERA, she spoke out against the forces of feminism that emerged in the 1970s

Haymarket Square Riot

A demonstration of striking laborers in Chicago in 1886 that turned violent, killing a dozen people 3,000 people who gathered in Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. Mob outburst at a labor protest in Chicago, killing 8 policemen. Turned public against unions, esp Knights of Labor Grover Cleveland

Good Neighbor policy

A departure from the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, the Good Neighbor Policy stressed nonintervention in Latin America. It was begun by Herbert Hoover but associated with Franklin D. Roosevelt.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A farm-relief bill that was championed throughout the 1920s and aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad.

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the 18th amendment

Peace Corps

A federal agency created by JFK in 1961 to promote voluntary service in Americans in foreign countries.

Federal Housing Administration

A federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.

Freedman's Bureau

A federal agency set up in 1865 to help former slaves after the Civil War, it provided: food, clothing, jobs, medical care, SCHOOLS for former slaves and the poor whites

Containment

A foreign policy developed by diplomat George Kennan that claimed that the only way to stop Russia's expansionist ways was to contain it. It was the basis of US foreign policy after WWII designed to stop the spread of communism.

Big Sister policy

A foreign policy of Secretary of State James G. Blaine aimed at rallying Latin American nations behind American leadership and opening Latin American markets to Yankee traders. The policy bore fruit in 1889, when Blaine presided over the First International Conference of American States.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington (1793), declaring the U.S. a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Benjamin Wade

A founder of the Republican Party and Senator from Ohio from 1851 to 1869. A passionate abolitionist, he pressured President Lincoln throughout the Civil War to pursue harsher policies toward the South. He co-sponsored the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864, which required 50 percent of the registered voters of a southern state to take a loyalty oath as a precondition for restoration to the Union, rather than the 10 percent proposed by Lincoln. As President Pro Tem of the Senate in 1868, he was next in line for the presidency should Andrew Johnson be impeached, and the prospect that someone of such radical views might become president may have contributed to the failure of the effort to impeach Johnson.

Gifford Pinchot

A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, like forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion, on the Republican ticket.

Ulysses S. Grant

A general and political leader of the nineteenth century. He became commanding general of the Union army during the Civil War. He accepted the unconditional surrender of the commanding general of the main Confederate army, Robert E. Lee, at Appomattox Court House. A Republican, he later became president.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government leading agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments.

Committee on Public Information

A government office during WWI known popularly as the Creel Committee for its Chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) (1933)

A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining National Parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement.

Operation Wetback

A government program to roundup and deport as many as one million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the US.

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

A governmental organization signed into law by Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment.

Tea Party

A grassroots conservative political movement mobilized in opposition to Barack Obama's fiscal, economic, and health care policies. Named after the Boston Tea Party of the Revolutionary Era, Tea Party protesters first demonstrated in early 2009, and they grew steadily in visibility, and power as a pressuring force within the Republican Party through the 2010 midterm elections and beyond.

Battle of Château-Thierry

The 1st significant engagement of American troops in WWI.

Huron Confederacy

A group of four Indian tribes who first came in contact with the French in the 16th century. Many perished because of disease the French brought over from Europe. Another reason why they dispersed was because the Haudenosaunee burned their villages since the French has sided with them. The Huron people fled across the land. Seven Years' War. Colonists felt they are attacked constantly by American Indians and those allied with the French. A group of Native American tribes similar to the Iroquois. The French joined them in the fight against the Iroquois. The development of firearms-French resisted selling their guns to them (their allies) so now the Iroquois had an advantage. So, the Iroquois devastated them. Most were incorporated into their own population. Increased Iroquois power, and Iroquois became feared throughout Europe. The Dutch formed an alliance with the Iroquois, which kept other Native Americans from attacking them.

Beatniks

A group of rebellious writers and intellectuals. They advocated spontaneity, use of drugs, and rebellion against social standards.

Oneida

A group of socio-religious perfectionists founded by John Noyes who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. Were very exclusive; members were monitored closely for mistakes. Had a committee to elect which members could have children (eugenics)

cyrus mccormick reaper

A horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest. It lead to more large-scale farming.

Dominion of England

A huge colony formed by the King of England, which included land from southern Maine to New Jersey

Virgina Company

A joint-stock company: based in Virginia in 1607: founded to find gold and a water way to the Indies: confirmed all Englishmen that they would have the same life in the New World, as they had in England, with the same rights: 3 of their ships transported the people that would found Jamestown in 1607. A group of 144 men and boys landed near a river named the James River, built a settlement named JamesTown ( after king James) Paid travelers expenses to work on tobacco fields. Was Canceled by King James 1 because the Powhatan were fighting back

Muller v. Oregon

A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

A landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregan, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act (1933)

A law creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.

Pure Food and Drug Act

A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption.

Espionage Act

A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty."

John Dewey

A leader of the pragmatist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Dewey applied the philosophy to education and social reform, advocating "learning by doing" as well as the application of knowledge to solving real life problems. He became an outspoken promoter of social and political reforms that broadened American democracy.

Carrie Chapman Catt

A leader of the revived women's suffrage movement, Catt served as president of the National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA) from 1900-1904 and again from 1915-1920. She was also active internationally, helping women in other countries gain suffrage and advocating for international peace.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Declaration of the Causes and Necessities of Taking Up Arms

A letter to the world explaining why the colonies were rebelling and that it was necessary

Reinhold Niebuhr

A liberal Protestant theologian whose teachings and writings aimed to relate Christian faith to the realities of modern politics. A socialist and pacifist as a young man, he came out of World War II committed to the doctrine of the "just war" and the necessity of resisting dark forces of evil like Hitler and Stalin, while remaining outspoken in defense of progressive social causes.

Florence Kelley

A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the National Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor.

Blacklisting

A list of names specifically in Hollywood, of people who should not be hired because of their reputations politically.

Southern Renaissance

A literary outpouring among mid-twentieth-century southern writers, begun by William Faulkner and marked by a new critical appreciation of the region's burdens of history, racism, and conservatism.

land ordinance of 1785

A major success of the Articles of Confederation. Provided for the orderly surveying and distribution of land belonging to the U.S.

D-Day

A massive military operation led by American forces in Normandy beginning on June 6, 1944. The pivotal battle led to the liberation of France and brought on the final phases of WWII in Europe.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Henry Demarest Lloyd

A muckraking journalist and reform leader whose book, Wealth Against Commonweath (1894), excoriated the sins of the Standard Oil Company. Lloyd became one of the leading intellectuals behind the progressive movement, influencing such figures as Clarence Darrow, Florence Kelley, and John Dewey.

Red scare

A period of intense anti-communism lasting from 1919-1920.

Battle of Midway

A pivotal naval battle fought near the island of Midway on June 3- 6, 1942. The victory halted Japanese advances in the pacific.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. (1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry. openness to end political repression & move toward a greater political freedom for soviet citizens

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a"Common Man" theme.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

Consumerism

A preoccupation with the purchasing of material goods.

Head Start

A program funded by the federal government and designed to prepare children to start school; provides locally run child care to lower-income and disadvantaged children from birth to five years old A program funded by the federal government and designed to prepare children to start school; provides locally run child care to lower-income and disadvantaged children from birth to five years old

Recall

A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

Initiative

A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot.

Sussex Pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad magnate who made millions in steamboating before beginning a business consolidating railroads and eliminating competition in the industry.

Municipal Reform

A reform introduced by Republican Mayor Samuel M. Jones that included free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds.

Mark Twain

A satirist and writer, Twain is best known for his books The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884). His work critiqued American politics and society, especially the racial and economic injustice that he saw in the South and West. Twain traveled abroad extensively and his work was read and loved around the world.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. One of the two won these debates, but the other's position in these debates helped him win in the 1860 presidential election.

spoils system

A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends.

Australian Ballot

A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices.

Teapot Dome scandal

A tawdry affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming and Elk Hills, California.

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S., one of the reasons for US entry into war

Gilded Age (1877-1896)

A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.

Grenada

A tiny Caribbean island seized by a radical military council in 1983, which Reagan ordered the U.S. military to reclaim-a quick action that made him appear decisive and gained much popular support from both Americans and Grenadans.

Florence Kelley

A tireless crusader for women's and labor rights, Kelley was Illinois's first chief factory inspector and a leader of the National Consumer's League, an organization dedicated to improving working conditions for women and children. Kelley also went on to help found the NAACP.

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

A treated signed between the US and Great Britain, giving Americans a free hand to build a canal in Central America. The treaty nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850, which prohibited the British or US from acquiring territory in Central America.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815-1902)

Abolitionist and woman suffragist, Stanton organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. After the Civil War, Stanton urged Congress to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, despite urgings from Frederick Douglass to let freedmen have their hour. In 1869, she, along with Susan B. Anthony, founded the National Woman Suffrage Association to lobby for a constitutional amendment granting women the vote.

American Expeditionary Force

About 2 million Americans went to France as members of this under General John J. Pershing. Included the regular army, the National Guard, and the new larger force of volunteers and draftees and they served as individuals

Gadsden Purchase

Acquired additional land from Mexico for $10 million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Louisiana Purchase

Acquisition of Louisiana territory from France. The purchase more than doubled the territory of the United States, opening vast tracts for settlement.

Impressment

Act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, employed by the British navy against American seamen in times of war against France, 1793-1815. Impressment was a continual source of conflict between Britain and the United States in the early national period.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period) a 1947 law giving the president power to halt major strikes by seeking a court injunction and permitting states to forbid requirements in labor contracts that force workers to join a union.

Embargo Act

Act put into law by Thomas Jefferson in 1807 that was the lowpoint of his presidency. Outlawed the sailing of American ships to foreign ports. This law was intended to protect American ships from the impressment of foreign forces, but ended up simply decimating the economies of port cities and reminded many Americans of the British Navigation Acts.

Dorothea Dix

Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

Langston Hughes

African American poet and leading literary voice of the Harlem Renaissance. His modernist poems incorporated colloquial black speech and gave poetic expression to the twentieth-century African American condition.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Phillis Wheatley (ca. 1753-1784)

African-American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems; as a young girl, Wheatley lived in Boston, and was later taken to England where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work

Battle of Saratoga

After Burgoyne had captured Fort Ticonderoga in July 1777 his troops ran into trouble and became exhausted, supplies ran short, etc. He then sent an expedition to Bennington to capture American supplies but a force of New England militia met them and defeated them. his men were surrounded near Saratoga by the Continental Army, he surrendered. This battle was the turning point of the war and convinced France to aid the American cause.

Montgomery bus boycott

After Rosa Parks is arrested, MLK rallies the black community to do this. This seriously hurt the bus companies. This lasted more than a year, and ended in 1956 when the Supreme Court declared segregated buses unconstitutional.

Great Rapprochement

After decades of occasionally "twisting the lion's tail," American diplomats began to cultivate close, cordial relations with Great Britain at the end of the 19th century- a relationship that would intensify further during WWI.

Mining Industry

After gold and silver strikes in Colorado, Nevada, and other Western territories in the second half of the nineteenth century, fortune seekers by the thousands rushed to the West to dig. These metals were essential to U.S. industrial growth and were also sold into world markets. After surface metals were removed, people sought ways to extract ore from underground, leading to the development of heavy mining machinery. This, in turn, led to the consolidation of the mining industry, because only big companies could afford to buy and build the necessary machines.

Bank Failures

After the stock market crash, many Americans proceeded to remove their money from the bank causing many banks to close.

Baby boom

After the war, families had tons of babies, creating this. Led to a 20 % population growth during the 50s and led to increasing consumer demand.

Emancipation Proclamation

After victory of Antietam Lincoln announces on the first of 1863 all slaves in the rebelling states would be free. AIM: injure confederacy, threaten its property, heighten its dread, hurt its morale.

Convention of 1800

Agreement to formally dissolve the United States' treaty with France, originally signed during the Revolutionary War. The difficulties posed by America's peacetime alliance with France contributed to Americans' longstanding opposition to entangling alliances with foreign powers.

Macon's Bill No. 2

Aimed at resuming peaceful trade with Britain and France, the act stipulated that if either Britain or France repealed its trade restrictions, the United States would reinstate the embargo against the nonrepealing nation. When Napoleon offered to lift his restrictions on British ports, the United States was forced to declare an embargo on Britain, thereby pushing the two nations closer toward war.

George Wallace

Alabama governor best known for his pro-segregation attitudes during the Civil Rights Movement. "The most influential loser" - ran for president 4 times Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Immigration Act of 1924

Also known as the "National Origins Act," this law established quotas for immigration to the US.

Cooper, James Fenimore (1789-1851)

American novelist and a member of New York's Knickerbocker Group, Cooper wrote adventure tales, including The Last of the Mohicans, which won acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic.

John Adams (1735-1826)

American revolutionary, statesman, and second president of the United States. One of the more radical patriots on the eve of the Revolution, Massachusetts-born Adams helped guide the Continental Congress toward a declaration of independence from Britain. From 1778 to 1788, Adams involved himself with international diplomacy, serving as minister to France, Britain and the Netherlands. After serving as Washington's vice president, he was elected president in his own right in 1796. Adams' administration suffered from Federalist infighting, international turmoil, and domestic uproar over the Alien and Sedition Acts, all of which contributed to his defeat in the election of 1800.

Lewis, Meriwether (1744-1809)

American soldier and explorer who led the famous expedition through Louisiana territory from 1804- 1806. After briefly serving as governor of Upper Louisiana territory, Lewis died in an apparent suicide in 1809.

Livingston, Robert R. (1746-1813)

American statesman who served as minister to France from 1801-1804 and negotiated the purchase of Louisiana Territory in 1803.

Pearl Harbor

An American naval base in Hawaii where Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships and caused 3,000 casualties on December 7, 1941 - a day that, in President Roosevelt's words, was to "live in infant." The attack brought the United States into World War II.

Sigmund Freiud

An Austrian physician who led the way in developing the field of psychoanalysis. One of the most influential minds of the twentieth century, Freud was known for his argument that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional ills.

Federal Reserve Act

An act establishing 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector.

Bland-Allison Act of 1878

An act passed by Congress that had congress buy up silver and sell it as silver dollars; this eventually became a problem as silver in Nevada was discovered and silver became massively devalued, which led to devalued currency

ABC-1 agreement

An agreement between Britain and the US developed at a conference in DC that should the US enter WWII, the two nations and their allies would coordinate their military planing, making a priority of protecting the British Commonwealth.

Sharecropping

An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantations.

Equal Rights Amendment

An amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups.

telegraph

An apparatus that used electric signals to transmit a message via a wire; use of Morse Code (a series of dots and dashes representing letters of the alphabet). Allowed people to communicate ideas and the price of goods across the country.

Democratic-Republican Party

An early political party headed by Thomas Jefferson; stood for less centralized government

Thorstein Veblen

An eccentric Norwegian-American economist who savagely attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in his most important book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

Panic of 1857

An economic crash that arose due to the inflation caused by inpouring California gold. The demands of the Crimean War over-stimulated grain growth and land speculation, and when the collapse came over five thousand businesses failed. Northern farmers were hard-hit by the panic, while the South basically went untouched. Also the panic created a clamor of higher tariff rates.

Freedman

An emancipated slave.

Ku Klux Klan

An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

"Am I Not A Man and a Brother?"

An image of a slave on his knees, raising up chained hands as if begging or pleading; the most common abolitionist depiction of a slave.

Labor Unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Boxer Rebellion

An uprising in China directed against foreign influence. It was suppressed by an international force of some 18,000 soldiers, including several thousand Americans. The Boxer Rebellion paved the way for the revolution of 1911, which led to the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912.

Haymarket Bombing

Anarchist threw a bomb at the police during a worker meeting, resulted in end of Knights of Labor

Stock Market Crash

Another leading component to the start of the Great Depression. The stock became very popular in the 1920's, then in 1929 in took a steep downturn and many lost their money and hope they had put in to the stock.

Free Soil Party

Antislavery [arty in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

The Liberator

Antislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.

Liberty Party

Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party. Supporters of the Liberty party sought the eventual abolition of slavery, but in the short term hoped to halt the expansion of slavery into the territories and abolish the domestic slave trade.

The Impending Crisis of the South

Antislavery tract, written by white Southerner Hinton R. Helper, arguing that non-slaveholding whites actually suffered most in a slave economy.

November 11, 1918

Armistice Day

Booker T. Washington

As head of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, Washington advocated for vocational education for African-Americans so that they could gain economic security. Believing that southern whites were not yet ready for social equality, he instead concentrated on gaining economic power for blacks without directly challenging the southern racial order.

Stamp Act Congress

Assembly of delegates from nine colonies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote intercolonial unity.

Charles II (1630-1685)

Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660; sought to establish firm control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland

Court-Packing

Attempt by Roosevelt to add more members to the Supreme Court to pass his programs (1937) didn't happen

V-J (Victory in Japan) Day

August 15, 1945 heralded the surrender of Japan and the final end to WWII

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

August 6 and 9, 1945 Truman gave the orders, atomic bombs dropped on major cities 150,000 people (approx) killed forcing Japan to surrender

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Author of the 1893 The Significance of the Frontier in American History (America needed a frontier) Developed the Frontier Thesis

Jefferson, Thomas (1743-1826)

Author of the Declaration of Independence, ambassador to France, and third president of the United States. As one of the leaders of the Democratic-Republican Party, Jefferson advocated a limited role for the national government, particularly in the area of finance. As president, however, Jefferson oversaw significant expansion of the federal state through the purchase of Louisiana Territory and the enactment of the Embargo of 1807.

Frederick Jackson Turner

Author of the famous "frontier thesis," in which Turner argued that the taming of the West had shaped the nation's character. The experience of molding wilderness into civilization, he argued, encouraged Americans' characteristic embrace of individualism and democracy. Although Turner is now criticized for, among other things, entirely ignoring the role of Native Americans in the West, his argument remains a keystone of thought about the West in American history.

Panic of 1819

Bank of US tightened loan policies to curb overspeculation on western lands; depression rose throughout the country, hurt poor western farmers greatly and sowed seeds of Jacksonian Deocracy

J.P Morgan

Banker Headed US Steel, largest company ever at the time.

Biddle, Nicholas (1786-1844)

Banker, financier, and President of the Second Bank of the United States from 1822 until the bank's charter expired in 1836.

Long Island, Battle of

Battle for the control of New York. British troops overwhelmed the colonial militias and retained control of the city for most of the war.

Saratoga

Battle won by the Americans in 1777 which helped convince the French to support the revolution.

Harry S. Truman

Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Calvin Coolidge

Became president when Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

Farmers' Alliances in South and West

Became the populist party, wanted no tariffs and financial reform

Insular Cases

Beginning in 1901, a badly divided Supreme Court decreed in these cases that the Constitution did not follow the flag. In other words, Puerto Ricans and Filipinos would not necessarily enjoy all American rights.

Manifest Destiny

Belief (1840's and 1850's) that the U.S. was meant to expand its "empire of liberty" from coast to coast; used to justify US mid-19th century expansionism

The Feminine Mystique

Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism.

Volstead Act (1919)

Bill passed by Congress to enforce the language of the 18th Amendment. This bill made the manufacture and distribution of alcohol illegal within the borders of the United States.

Tuskegee Institute

Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves and prosper

George Grenville (1712-1770)

British prime minister who fueled tensions between Britain and her North American colonies through his strict enforcement of navigation laws and his support for the Sugar and Stamp Acts.

Bay of Pigs invasion

CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American air power.

Department of Homeland Security

Cabinet-level agency created in 2003 to unify and coordinate public safety and anti-terrorism operations within the federal government.

Duke of York (1633-1701)

Catholic English monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed during the Glorious Revolution in 1689; when the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they renamed it in the duke's honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture

Irish immigration

Caused largely by the potato famine in Ireland. Irish immigrants came and received much discrimination due to their Catholic faith as well as exploitation in factories due to their limited skills. Archbishop John Hughes urges them to maintain their identity, which leads to the development of Catholic schools.

Earl Warren

Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes. United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1891-1974) Chief Justice on the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, presided over the Brown V. Board of Education case

Second Battle of Bull Run

Civil War battle that ended in a decisive victory for Confederate General Robert E. Lee, who was emboldened to push further into the North.

Proprietary Colonies

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors

Loyalist

Colonists loyal to the British administration.

Merrimack and Monitor

Confederate and Union ironclads, respectively, whose success against wooden ships signaled an end to wooden warships. They fought an historic, tough inconsequential battle in 1862

Pendleton Act (1883)

Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations instead of political patronage, this reigning in the spoils system.

Minstrel Shows

Consisted of white actors in blackface. Consisted of comedy routines, dances, and instrumental solos making fun of blacks and portraying them as incompetent and stupid

13th Amendment

Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union.

First Continental Congress

Convention of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Congress of Vienna

Convention of major European powers to redraw the boundaries of continental Europe after the defeat of Napoleonic France.

Northern Cities

Created in resemblance to European cities; small, crowded streets with apartment buildings and narrow walkways.

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Immigration Act of 1924

Cut quotas for foreigners from 3% to 2%. Varying countries were only allowed to send a certain number of its citizens to America each year

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Declaration of rights adopted during the French Revolution. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence.

Emancipation Proclamation

Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.

Copperheads

Democrats who opposed the civil war

Baby boom

Demographic explosion from births to returning soldiers and others who had put off starting families during the war.

Boston Tea Party

Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor as a protest to taxes on tea

John Calhoun

South Carolina Senator/ VP to Jackson - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Fort Sumter

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

Greenbacks

South Carolina location where Confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

Confederate States

South Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia, the southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 Southeastern states of VA, NC, SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX, AR, and TN.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

John Breckenridge

Southern democratic candidate for president in 1860 Won the most Southern states in the Election of 1860, but did not have enough electoral votes Won 1/3 of popular vote and 11 northern states

Joseph Stalin

Soviet dictator from Lenin's death in 1922 until his own death in 1953. He led the Soveit Union through World War II and shaped Soviet policies in the early years of the Cold War and secured protectice "satellite states" in Eastern Europe at Yalta Conference while pushing Soviet scientists to develop atomic weapons, escalating an arms race with the United States

Sputnik

Soviet satellite first launched into Earth orbit on October 4, 1957. This scientific achievement pushed the USSR ahead of the US in the Space Race

Francisco Franco

Spanish general who became head of state after his fascistic troops prevailed over the republican Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War. He remained head of the Spanish state until his death in 1975.

Dread Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott v. Stanford (1857) ruled he [slave Dred Scott] was property and not a citizen and thus could not sue; also ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory

War Production Board

During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers

Iran-Contra Affair

During the second term of the Reagan administration, government officials sold missiles to Iran (hoping that this would help free American hostages held in Lebanon); money from this sale was used to aid anti-communist Contra forces in Nicaragua. Iran was a country that was supposed to be on the American "no trade" list because of their taking of American hostages, and congressional legislation had been enacted making it illegal to give money to the Contras. A major scandal for the Reagan administration.

Jacobus Arminius (1560-1609)

Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God's grace and was open to all, not just the elect

William III (1650-1702)

Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689; William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War

Randolph Bourne

Early twentieth-century commentators who wrote against the grain of "one-hundred-per-cent" Americanism, celebrating ethnic diversity and cultural pluralism. Their essays left behind an important legacy for later writers on pluralism and civil rights.

Horace Kallen

Early-twentieth-century commentators who wrote against the grain of "one-hundred-percent" Americanism, celebrating ethnic diversity and cultural pluralism. Their essays left behind an important legacy for later writers on pluralism and civil rights.

Panic of 1837

Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson's efforts to curb over-speculation on western lands and transportation improvements. In response, President Martin Van Buren proposed the "Divorce Bill," which pulled treasury funds out of the banking system altogether, contracting the credit supply.

Mercantilism

Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother Country; the colonies received manufactured goods in return.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach continued during his efforts to regulate the railroads and other businesses during his second term.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as me ants to increase exports.

Orders in Council

Edicts issued by the British Crown closing French-owned European ports to foreign shipping. The French responded by ordering the seizure of all vessels entering British ports, thereby cutting off American merchants from trade with both parties.

Voter Education Project

Effort by the SNCC and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population.

Hiram W. Johnson

Elected Republican Governor of California in 1910, Johnson oversaw numerous progressive reforms, including the passage of woman suffrage at the state level. In 1917 he entered the Senate, where he proved an isolationist in foreign affairs. He is famous for declaring that "the first casualty when war comes, is truth."

Chester Arthur

Elected as Vice President in 1880, he became President after Garfield's assassination. He was primarily known for his efforts at civil service reform, culminating in the Pendleton Act

James Garfield

Elected to the presidency in 1880, he served as president for only a few months before being assassinated bu Charles Guiteau, who claimed to have killed him because he was denied a job through patronage when Garfield was elected. The assassination fueled efforts to reform the spoils system

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic-Republicans over the Federalists, who lost their Congressional majority and the presidency. The peaceful transfer of power between rival parties solidified faith in America's political system.

James K. Polk (1795-1849)

Eleventh president of the United States. A North Carolina Democrat, largely unknown on the national stage, Polk campaigned on a platform of American expansion, advocating the annexation of Texas and the "reoccupation" of Oregon. As president, Polk provoked war with Mexico, which added vast tracts of land to the United States but led to a bitter sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery into newly acquired territories.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney's invention that sped up the process of harvesting cotton. The gin made cotton cultivation more profitable, revitalizing the Southern economy and increasing the importance of slavery in the South.

Sedition Act

Enacted by the Federalist Congress in an effort to clamp down on Jeffersonian opposition, the law made anyone convicted of defaming government officials of interfering with government policies liable to imprisonment and a heavy fine. The act drew heavy criticism for Republicans, who let the act expire in 1801.

Valley Forge

Encampment where George Washington's poorly equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter, Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army—a lack of stable supplies and munitions.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Ended Japan's 200 year period of economic isolation, establishing an American consulate in Japan and securing American coaling rights in Japanese ports.

Treaty of Ghent

Ended the War of 1812 in a virtual draw, restoring prewar borders but failing to address any of the grievances that first brought America into the war.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory in the Old Northwest to the United States in exchange for cash payment, hunting rights, an formal recognition of their sovereign status.

Tompkins, Sally (1833-1916)

Established an infirmary for wounded Confederate soldiers in Richmond, Virginia. When Confederate hospitals were brought under military control, Jefferson Davis commissioned Tompkins as an officer with the rank of captain, making her the first female military officer in American history.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on the issue of emancipation.

Fletcher v. Peck

Established firmer protection for private property and asserted the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws in conflict with the federal Constitution.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Established to preserve competition by preventing unfair business practices and investigate complaints against companies.

Regulator Movement (1768-1771)

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite

Colored Farmer' Alliance

Excluded on the basis of race from membership in the Southern Farmers' Alliance, the blacks formed a separate organization in Texas in 1886. The Colored Farmers' Alliance comprised both black farmers and farm workers. They were active in the publication of a weekly newspaper and a variety of educational programs. In 1891, a strike of cotton pickers was called, but coordination was poor and the strike failed. Also lost support when the populist party arose.

Utopian Communities

Experimental communities designed to be perfect societies. Brook Farm, Fruitlands, Oneida

John C. Frémont (1813-1890)

Explorer who helped overthrow the Mexican government in California after the outbreak of war with Mexico. He later ran for president as the Republican nominee in 1856 but lost the election to Democratic candidate James Buchanan.

Townshend Acts

External or indirect taxes that the British Parliament , in 1767, placed on white lead, glass, paper, paint and tea, Proceeds were used to pay colonial governors who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies; sparked another wave of protest.

Harriet Tubman (c.1820-1913)

Famed conductor on the Underground Railroad, Harriet Tubman helped rescue more than three hundred slaves from bondage. Born into slavery, Tubman fled to the North in 1849 but returned to the South nineteen times to guide fellow bondsman to freedom. After the Civil War, she worked to give freedmen access to education in North Carolina.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943. Mussolini launched Italy into World War II on the side of Axis Powers and became a close ally of Adolf Hitler.

Betty Friedan

Feminist author of The Feminine Mystique in 1960. Her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement.

Preston S. Brooks (1819-1857)

Fiery South Carolina congressman who senselessly caned Charles Sumner on the Senate floor in 1856. His violent temper flared in response to Sumner's "Crime Against Kansas" speech, in which the Massachusetts senator threw bitter insults at the Southern slaveocracy, singling out his South Carolina colleague, Senator Andrew Butler.

Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston.

Bartolomé de las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor for them.

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Anti-Masonic Party

First founded in New York, it gained considerable influence in New England and the mid-Atlantic during the 1832 election, campaigning against the politically influential Masonic order, a secret society. Anti-Masons opposed Andrew Jackson, a Mason, and drew much of their support from evangelical Protestants.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

Border States

Five slave states-Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia-that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.

Russo-American Treaty

Fixed the line of 54 degrees, 40' as the southernmost boundary of Russia holdings in North America.

20th Amendment

Fixes the dates of term commencements for Congress (January 3) and the President (January 20) to shorten the period between elction and inauguration; known as the "lame duck amendment"

Platt Amendment (1901)

Following its military occupation, the US successfully pressure the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the US could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

Platt Amendment

Following its military occupation, the US successfully pressured the Cuban government to write this amendment into its constitution. It limited Cuba's treaty-making abilities, controlled its debt, and stipulated that the US could intervene militarily to restore order when it saw fit.

U.S. vs Cruikshank

Following the Colfax Massacre, William Cruikshank argued that his conviction was unconstitutional because the his actions weren't under the authority of federal law. The Supreme Court overturned Cruikshank's conviction, saying that the federal government could only regulate the actions of states regarding civil rights, it was up to the states to regulate the actions of individuals. This limited the power of the 14th and 15th amendments, as well as the Civil Rights Acts.

James Buchanan

For popular sovereignty. the 15th president of the united states (1857-1861). he tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both north and south, and he was unable to forestall the secession of south carolina on december 20, 1860.

Policy of boldness

Foreign policy objective of Dwight Eisenhower's Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who believed in changing the containment strategy to one that more directly engaged the Soviet Union and attempted to roll back communist influence around the world.

Declaration of Independence

Formal pronouncement of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for foreign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary movements worldwide.

Constitutional Union Party

Formed by moderate Whigs and Know-Nothings in an effort to elect a compromise candidate and avert a sectional crisis.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Formed in 1960 by Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela, a worldwide association of nations that depend on oil sales for their national income and that sets oil prices

George C. Marshall

Former World War II general who became secretary of state under President Truman. He was the originator of the concept of the Marshall Plan to provide aid to reconstruct Western Europe in 1947

Smith, Joseph (1805-1844)

Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), the young Smith gained a following after an angel directed him to a set of golden plates which, when deciphered, became the Book of Mormon. Smith's communal, authoritarian church and his advocacy of plural marriage antagonized his neighbors in Ohio, Missouri and finally Illinois, where he was murdered by a mob in 1844.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

Free trade agreement among USA, Canada & Mexico. Goal = promote economic prosperity & cooperation. Easier perhaps to achieve at regional level than global level (World Trade Organization).

Admiral de Grasse (1722-1788)

French admiral whose fleet blocked British reinforcements, allowing Washington and Rochambeau to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819.

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg's cathedral in 1517

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1807-1882)

Harvard Professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry.

T.S. Eliot

Harvard-educated poet who became one of the twentieth century's most influential practitioners of "high modernism." His poetic masterpieces included The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock and The Waste Land.

Monroe Doctrine

Statement delivered by President James Monroe, warning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.

Fidel Castro

He engineered a revolution in Cuba in 1959. He denounced the imperialists and took valuable American property for a land-distribution program. When the U.S. cut off U.S. imports of Cuban sugar, Castro took more U.S. land and resulting from that his dictatorship became similar to Stalin's in Russia. (Communism in the Western Hemisphere)

Specie Circular

Statement issued by President Jackson in 1836 forbidding the purchase of federal lands with anything but specie- hard money, led to panic

Joseph Pulitzer

He used yellow journalism in competition with Hearst to sell more newspapers. He also achieved the goal of becoming a leading national figure of the Democratic Party. Publisher of "New York World"

Joseph McCarthy

He was a Republican senator who accused hundreds of Democrats as being Communists. His philosophy flourished in the seething Cold War atmosphere of suspicion and fear. He was the "Red-hunter" who was the most ruthless and did the most damage to American traditions of fair play and free speech. He was eventually removed from the Senate when he attacked the the US Army

"Butcher" Weyler

He was a Spanish general who arrived in Cuba in 1896 to put down the insurrection. He became notorious for herding many civilians into barbed-wire reconcentration camps.

War Industries Board

Headed by Bernard Baruch, this federal agency coordinated industrial production during WWI, setting production quotas, allowing raw materials, and pushing companies to increase efficiency and eliminate waste.

Headright System

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

Henry Thoreau

Heavily influential transcendentalist who critiques American market society in his novel Walden, where he declares that the economic drive of America leads to moral tyranny and inability to appreciate the true beauty of nature.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Hired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.

Ecological Imperialism

Historians' term for the spoliation of Western natural resources through excessive hunting, logging, mining, and grazing.

Battle of Québec

Historic British victory over French forces on the outskirts of Québec. The surrender of Québec marked the beginning of the end of French rule in North America.

Ida Tarbell

Ida Tarbell was a "Muckraker" who wrote in the magazine McClure's (1921). As a younger woman, in 1904, Tarbell made her reputation by publishing the history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts."

Republican Motherhood

Ideal of family organization and female behavior after the American Revolution that stressed the role of women in guiding family members toward republican virtue.

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

Idealistic American volunteers who served in the Spanish Civil War, defending Spanish republican forces from the Fascist General Francisco Franco's nationalist coup. Some 3,000 Americans served alongside volunteers from other countries.

Utopian communities

Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world.

Stephan Douglas

Illinois senator who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act ran against Lincoln in election of 1860, created popular sovereignty supported the idea of building a railroad to the Pacific Ocean.

New Immigrants

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the wave of immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help immigrants assimilate.

new immigrants

Immigrants who came to the United States during and after the 1880s; most were from southern and eastern Europe.

Hampton Road Conference

In 1865, Jefferson Davis sent VP Stephens to a conference with President Lincoln to possibly negotiate a peace. Davis demanded southern independence while Lincoln would only take a full surrender, thus nothing was achieved. SIGNIFICANCE: shows how difficult it was to achieve any compromise during the war

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

In 1867 this Act was passed which limited the President's power by prohibiting the President from removing civil officers w/o Senate consent. Goal was to bar Johnson from firing Secretary of War Stanton.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

James Meredith

In 1962 became the first black American to attend the University of Mississippi after being blocked several times by segregationist politicians. An icon of the Civil Rights Movement, Meredith receded from public view following his brave steps toward educational integration.

Military-industrial complex

In Dwight D. Eisenhower's farewell speech to the nation the retiring president warned of the dangers of allowing a Military-Industrial Complex to take control of the United States. The Military-Industrial Complex is a term that denotes a symbiotic relationship between a nation's military, economy, and politics. The idea being that if the military becomes the biggest client for manufacturers then the nation will begin to invest more of its economy into military contracts. Politically, this leads to national budgets being heavily weighed in the military's favor in order to support the economic stability that this relationship seems to create.

Iran Hostage Crisis

In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity. The 444 days in which American embassy workers were held captive by Iranian revolutionaries after young Muslim fundamentalists overthrew the oppressive regime of the American-backed shah, forcing him into exile. These revolutionaries triggered an energy crisis by cutting off Iranian oil. The crisis began when revolutionaries stormed the American embassy, demanding that the United States return the shah to Iran for trial. The episode was marked by botched diplomacy and failed rescue attempts by the Carter Administration. After permanently damaging relations between the two countries, the crisis ended with the hostage's release the day Ronald Reagan became president

Cuban Missle Crisis

In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) remove the 42 missiles he had secretly inserted in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.

Middle East oil crisis

In October, 1973 (eve of Yom Kippur) Egypt and Syria attack Israel which causesAmerica sends aid to Israel. The main reason the US got involved was due to the fact that Arabs cut off oil shipments to U.S.. This would cause oil prices soar. In 1974, the embargo wass lifted, but Arab nations now knew that restricting oil raises the price.

The "starving time"

In Winter of 1609-1610 in which 90% of Jamestown died and with some occurrences of cannibalism because of scarce resources. Many people tried to abandon the colony.

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, it blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

Republic of Texas

Independent nation that was created after Texans defeated Mexico in the Texas Revolution 1836-1845

Assembly Line Manufacturing

Industrialist Henry Ford installed the first assembly line while developing his Model T car in 1908, and perfected its use in the 1920s. Assembly line manufacturing allowed workers to remain in one place and master one repetitive action, maximizing output. It became the production method of choice by the 1930s.

California Gold Rush

Inflow of thousands of miners to Northern California after news reports of the discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in January of 1848 ha spread around the world by the end of that year. The onslaught of migrants prompted Californians to organize a government and apply for statehood in 1849.

"War on Terror"

Initiated by President George W. Bush after the attacks of September 11, 2001, the broadly defined "war on terror" aimed to weed out terrorist operatives and their supporters throughout the world After 9/11, President George W. Bush declared a worldwide "war on terrorism" aimed at defeating international terrorist organizations, destroying terrorist training camps, and bringing terrorists themselves to justice.

Greek Revival

Inspired by the contemporary Greek independence movement, this building style, popular between 1820 and 1850, imitated ancient Greek structural forms in search of a democratic architectural vernacular.

factory system

Intensification of all of the processes of production at a single site during the Industrial Revolution; involved greater organization of labor and increased discipline. Introduced the idea of "wages" and "working around the clock"

United Nations (U.N.)

International body formed in 1945 to bring nations into dialogue in hopes of preventing further world wars.

Suez Crisis

International crisis launched when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders.

Earth Day

International day of celebration and awareness of global environmental issues launched by conservationists on April 22, 1970.

Kyoto Treaty

International treaty to limit greenhouse gas emissions.

"10 percent" Reconstruction plan (1863)

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Hamilton's Financial Plan

It was created by Alexander Hamilton to stabilized the American economy. It consisted of federal assumption of all debts, including state and federal debts. Along with this, he proposed the chartering of the U.S. bank to help restore American credit

Antietam

It was fought at a creek in Maryland. It was the turning point of the war, which allowed President Lincoln to sign the Emancipation Proclamation. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties. Also, it prevented the British and French governments from a diplomatic mediation.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted in 1921 of the murder of a paymaster and a security guard at a Massachusetts shoe factory. Despite a worldwide public outcry, they were electrocuted in 1927.

George Whitefield (1714-1770)

Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening; Whitefield's emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice

Van Buren, Martin (1782-1862)

Jacksonian Democrat who became the eighth president of the United States after serving as vice president during Andrew Jackson's second term. As president, Van Buren presided over the "hard times" wrought by the Panic of 1837, clinging to Jackson's monetary policies and rejecting federal intervention in the economy.

Louis Armstrong

Jazz musician known for his virtuosic skills on the cornet and trumpet. Armstrong popularized the scat style of singing and remains one of jazz's most important and influential musicians. He was a member of King Oliver's band in the 1920s, and he formed several bands of his own, namely the Hot Fives and Sevens.

Jefferson Davis

Jefferson Davis was the President of the Southern Confederate States from 1860 to 1865 after their succession from the Union. During this time, Davis struggled to form a solid government for the states to be governed by. Jefferson Davis worked hard with solidating the civil government and carrying out military operations.

Election of 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President. (aka Revolution of 1800)

Clark, William (1770-1838)

Joined Meriwether Lewis in leading the expedition of Louisiana territory from 1804-1806. After the Expedition, Clark played a key role in shaping America's Indian policy, seeking to strengthen American relations with the Indians through trade.

Alaska

Juno (1867) purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million, instigated by William Steward. Was significant because it ridded the continent of another foreign power. At the time, thought to be a huge mistake but once gold and other natural resources were discovered, turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

Schenck v. United States

Justice Holmes' claim that Congress could restrict speech if the words "are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create and clear and present danger" when Schenck was convicted for mailing pamphlets urging potential army inductees to resist conscription.

Battle of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson

Key victory for Union General Ulysses S. Grant, it secured the North's hold on Kentucky and paved the way for Grant's attacks deeper into Tennessee.

Louis XVI (1754-1793)

King of France from 1774 to 1792, he, along with Queen Marie Antoinette, was beheaded during the French Revolution

National Recovery Administration (NRA) (1933)

Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and working hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were followed by all firms in any particular industrial sector.

Laissez-faire Economies

Laissez faire Capitalism. "Laissez Faire" is French for "leave alone" which means that the government leaves the people alone regarding all economic activities. It is the separation of economy and state. There are two ways that a government typically is tempted to interfere with the economy. (tariffs and government monopolies)

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

Landmark Supreme Court decision that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and abolished racial segregation in public schools.

Works Progress Administration (WPA)

Large federal employment program, established in 1935 under Harry Hopkins that provided jobs in areas from road building to art

Aswan Dam

Large infrastructure project laungched by Egypt's nationalist leader Gamal Nassar in 1955. U.S. initially offered aid but eventually backed off, aggravated by Nassar's Cold War neutrality.

Jones Act

Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints.

Common Law

Laws that originate from court rulings and customs, as opposed to legislative statues. The United States Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organizational framework for the new federal government.

Webster, Daniel (1782-1852)

Lawyer, congressman and secretary of state, Webster teamed up with Henry Clay in the Bank War against Andrew Jackson in 1832. Hoping to avoid sectional conflict, Webster opposed the annexation of Texas but later urged the North to support the Compromise of 1850.

Samuel Gompers

Leader of AFL and Cigar Makers Union

John Jay (1745-1829)

Leading American revolutionary and diplomat, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris and later, the much-criticized Jay Treaty of 1794, which averted war with Britain but failed to address key American grievances. Jay also served as the first chief justice of the Supreme Court from 1789-1795, a post he left to become governor of New York.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation pushed through Congress by Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literary tests and intimidation.

Election of 1860

Lincoln represented the Republicans. Stephen Douglas represented Northern Democrats, and John Breckinridge represented Southern Democrats. John Bell represented the Constitutional Party who wanted to heal the split between the North and South. Lincoln was not on the ballot in most southern states. It was primarily a sectional election (north v. south). Lincoln received the most popular votes (40%) and won the election with the electoral vote.

Tariff of 1857

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers.

Awful Disclosures

Maria Monk's sensational expose of alleged horrors in Catholic convents. Its popularity reflected nativist fears of Catholic influence.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th amendment Mrs. Griswold gave counsel to marital couples that wished to use birth control that was apparently against a Connecticut statute. Result: Marital couples have the right to privacy implied by a few amendments of the Bill of Rights. The statue therefore is unconstitutional. "right to privacy" = 1st, 3rd, 4th, 8th, and 14th

Howe, Elias (1819-1867)

Mass ac hus etts-born inventor of the sew-ing machine. Unable to convince American manufacturers to adopt his invention, he briefly moved to Eng land before returning to the United States to find his sewing machine popularized by Isaac Singer. Howe won a patent infringement suit against Singer in 1854 and continued to produce sewing machines until his death.

Commonwealth v. Hunt

Massachusetts Supreme Court decision that strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions.

Kent State University

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio.

Kent State Massacre

Massacre of four college students by National Guardsmen on May 4, 1970, in Ohio. In response to Nixon's announcement that he had expanded the Vietnam War into Cambodia, college campuses across the country exploded in violence.

March on Washington

Massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support of Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks.

Marshall Plan

Massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe, intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding property and rising to power.

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.

Liberal Protestants

Members of a branch of Protestantism that flourished from 1975 to 1925 and encouraged followers to use the Bible as a moral compass rather than to believe that the Bible represented scientific or historical truth. Many Liberal Protestants became active in the "social gospel" and other reform movements of the era.

Elvis Presley

Memphis-born singer whose youth, voice, and sex appeal helped popularize rock 'n' roll in the mid-1950s. Commonly known using only his first name, Elvis was an icon of popular culture, in both music and film.

Cartwright, Peter (1785-1872)

Methodist revivalist who traversed the frontier from Tennessee to Illinois in the first decades of the nineteenth century, preaching against slavery and alcohol, and calling on sinners to repent.

Anna, Santa (1794-1876)

Mexican general, president and dictator, who opposed Texas' independence and later led the Mexican army in the war against the United States.

Indentured Servants

Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years; their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement

Conscription

Military draft compulsory military service

Joseph Brant (1743-1807)

Mohawk chief and Anglican convert, who sided with the British during the Revolutionary war, believing that only a British victory could halt American westward expansion.

Settlement houses

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, settlement houses in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the US. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in NYC were two of the most prominent.

Contract with America

Multipoint program offered by Republican candidates and sitting politicians in the 19994 midterm election. The platform proposed smaller government, congressional ethics reform, term limits, greater emphasis on personal responsibility, and a general repudiation of the Democratic party. This articulation of dissent was a significant blow to the Clinton administration and led to the Republican party's takeover of both houses of Congress for the first time in half a century

Dollar diplomacy

Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad.

Exodusters

Name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880 because of racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery.

Rome-Berlin Axis

Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. The pact was signed after both countries had intervened on behalf of the fascist leader Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War.

Adolf Hitler

Nazi dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945, Hitler was the mastermind behind the Holocaust. His rapacious quest for power provoked World War II.

German Nazi Party

Nazi, rose in 20's in reaction to economic conditions after war + treaty of Versailles. Hitler -> bullied Jews, used Fascist ideology to increase membership. [unemployed German workers] Anti-Semetic, gained control in 1933

ethnic neighborhoods

Neighborhood, typically situated in a larger metropolitan city and constructed by or comprised of a local culture, in which a local culture can practice its customs

Allen Ginsberg

New Jersey-born poet who served as spokesman of the Beat Generation. The 1956 publication of his Howl and Other Poems sparked a San Francisco literary renaissance and a local obscenity trial that brought nationwide publicity to the bohemian Beat movement.

Millard Fillmore (1800-1874)

New York Congressman and vice president under Taylor, Fillmore took over the presidency after Taylor's death in 1850. Fillmore, a practical politician, threw his support behind the Compromise of 1850, ensuring its passage. He was passed over for the Whig nomination in 1852 when the party chose to select the legendary war hero, Winfield Scott.

Melville, Herman (1819-1891)

New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience which no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick.

Zenger Trial (1734-1735)

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel

Erie Canal

New York state canal that linked Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It dramatically lowered shipping costs, fueling an economic boom in upstate New York and increasing the profitability of farming in the Old Northwest.

Jackson Pollock

New York-based painter who became the father of abstract expressionism with his spontaneous "action paintings".

Arthur Miller

New York-born playwright who dramatized the pitfalls of postwar American materialism in Death of a Salesman and Cold War hysteria in The Crucible, among other plays.

King George's War

North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in he North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.

Copperheads

Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation.

Conscience Whigs

Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve the buttress the Southern "slave power."

"gentlemen of property and standing"

Northern men, often merchants, who led mobs to disrupt abolitionist meetings in Northern cities.

Tariff of Abominations

Noteworthy for its unprecedentedly high duties on imports. Southerners vehemently opposed the Tariff, arguing that it hurt Southern farmers, who did not enjoy the protection of tariffs, but were forced to pay higher prices for manufactures.

Popular Sovereignty

Notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

Lend-Lease Act

On 11th March 1941, Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act. The legislation gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the powers to sell, transfer, exchange, lend equipment to any country to help it defend itself against the Axis powers. A sum of $50 billion was appropriated by Congress for Lend-Lease.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

Berlin Blockade / Airlift

The blockade was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. In response, Truman moved to prevent the removal of US troops from Berlin, while also helping the troops to survive, with the Berlin Airlift. He ordered US planes to fly in supplies to the people of West Berlin, and also sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England.

William H. Taft,

The corpulent civil governor of the Philippines under William McKinley. He went on to become twenty-seventh president of the United States in 1909.

Black Tuesday

The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929 when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.

Mechanization of Agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

The driving force behind McKinley's rise to the presidency, Hanna was a former businessman who raised money and devised strategy for McKinley's winning bid for the White House in 1896.

New Deal

The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimulate economic recovery. The New Deal built on reforms of the progressive era to expand greatly an American-style welfare state.

moral suasion

The effort to move others to a particular course of action through appeals to moral values and beliefs, without the use of enticements or force.

National Labor Union

The first national labor organization in US history founded in 1866 and gained 600,000 members from many parts of the workforce, although it limited the participation of Chinese, women, and blacks. The organization devoted much of its energy to fighting for an 8 hour workday before it dissolved in 1872.

Liliuokalani

The last reigning queen of Hawaii, whose defense of native Hawaiian self-rule led to a revolt by white settlers and to her dethronement.

Iroquois

The most powerful native American group in the Ohio Valley since the 1640's, that was able to remain aloof from both the British and the French. This group consisted of five Indian nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida. These nations formed a defensive alliance in the fifteenth century. The Iroquois were able to maintain their autonomy by avoiding a close relationship with the English or the French. They traded successfully with both groups and played them against each other, as a direct result of this they maintained power in the Great Lakes region.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

The name given to the U.S. army force deployed to Europe in World War I commanded by General John J. Pershing and composed mostly of conscripts. because the United States entered the war so late, by the time the AEF was raised, trained, and deployed, the war was in its last year (1918). Units of the AEF fought at Cantigny in May and at Chateau Theirry and Belleau Wood in June; its major engagements were at Saint Mihiel (September 12-15) and the Meuse-Argonne (September 26-November 11).

Vertical Integration

The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production progress in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

Abigail Adams (1744-1818)

The wife of President John Adams. Abigail had her own opinions about the course of the American Revolution, and urged her husband to take the needs and rights of women into consideration in the construction of the new government.

WACs (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps)

The women's branch of the U.S. Army established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs. Women now participated in the armed services in ways that went beyond their traditional roles as nurses.

SPARs (U.S. Coast Guard Women's Reserve)

The women's branch of the U.S. Coast Guard established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs.

WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service)

The women's branch of the U.S. Navy established during WWII to employ women in noncombatant jobs.

Horatio Alger

The writer of dozens of novels for children, Alger popularized the notion of "rags to riches," that by hard work and a bit of a luck, even a poor boy could pull himself up into the middle class.

New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election; his plan to restore the government's trust-busting power and ability to regulate the economy without destroying big business

Nullification

Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected

laissez-faire economics

Theory that opposes governmental interference in economic affairs beyond what is necessary to protect life and property.

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency.

Federal Reserve Act (1914)

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934)

This act reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies by allowing the president to negotiate lower tariffs with trade partners, without Senate approval. Its chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull, who believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade.

Federal Deposit Insurance Act (FDIC)

This entity provided insurance to personal banking accounts up to $5,000. These assured people that their money was safe and secure. This agency still functions today.

Pueblo Revolt (Popé's Rebellion)

This event, which occurred on August 10, 1680, in modern-day Santa Fe, New Mexico, was the most successful uprising against Spanish authority led by Pope, in the New World. The Native Americans took over the governor's residence as their own and remained there to protect their land. Spain was unable to reclaim its New Mexico colony for over twelve years and made compromises with the Pueblos The most successful Indian revolt against the Europeans: Pueblo Indians in 1680, led by Pope, attacked Spanish settlers (Onante and his aggressive conlonisation) and killed some 400; maintained independence in New Mexico until ten years later. When the Spanish returned and reconquered the Indians..

The Shakers

This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding sexual relations. Become renowned for their furniture production

Adamson Act

This law established an 8 hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime.

John Muir

This noted naturalist split with conservationists like Gifford Pinchot by trying to protect natural "temples" like the Hetch Hetchy Valley from development. In 1892 he founded the Sierra Club, which is now one of the most influential conservation organizations in the United States. His writings and philosophy shaped the formation of the modern environmental movement.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

This organization was formed by MLK in 1957. It aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. It trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins"

Frances E. Willard

This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." Her ecumenical "do everything" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like woman suffrage, while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with temperance work.

Dawes Plan (1924)

This plan was made by Charles Dawes, and the purpose of it was to help Germany with the reparation problem it was facing. It proposed that the allies stop occupying the Ruhr, which was an an area of economic importance, which would help Germany with the reparations it faced.

Compromise of 1877

This settled the election of 1876, troops were removed from Louisiana and South Carolina and concessions for building a southern transcontinental railroad made

National War Labor Board (NWLB)

This wartime agency was chaired by former President Taft and aimed to prevent labor disputes by encouraging high wages and an 8 hour day.

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

This was an agency meant to be the Civilian intelligence to as a response to the Espionage Act. It increased its overall police and surveillance machinery.

The Age of Reason

Thomas Paine's anticlerical treatise that accused churches of seeking to acquire "power and profit" and to "enslave mankind."

Common Sense

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colonies to declare independence and establish a republican government. The widely read pamphlet helped convince colonists to suppose the Revolution.

Countee Cullen

Those states opposed to the Allies during the Second World War. The three major Axis Powers, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy and the Empire of Japan were part of an alliance. At their zenith, the Axis Powers ruled empires that dominated large parts of Europe, Asia, Africa and the Pacific Ocean, but the Second World War ended with their total defeat.

Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)

Threatened with a massive "Negro March on Washington" to demand equal job opportunities in war jobs and in the military, FDR's administration issued an executive order forbidding racial discrimination in all defense plants operating under contract with the federal government.

Relief, Recovery, Reform

Three components of the New Deal. The first "R" was the effort to help the one-third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression, & included social security and unemployment insurance. The second "R" was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health, achieved by 1937. Finally, the third "R" let government intervention stabilize the economy by balancing the interests of farmers, business and labor. There was no major anti-trust program.

Disestablished

To separate an official state church from its connection with the government. Following the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church, though some New England states maintained established Congregational Churches will into the 19th century.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist; civil disobedience; gov. that violates individual morality has no legit authority United States writer and social critic (1817-1862)

Voyageurs

Travelers also known as French fur-trappers who established trading posts throughout North America. (Coureurs de bois)

Laird rams

Two well-armed ironclad warships constructed for the Confederacy by a British firm. Seeking to avoid war with the United States, the British government purchased the two ships for its Royal Navy instead.

Royal Colony

Type of colony that was under the jurisdiction of the crown of a royal country. as in the case of England, each of these types of colonies was ruled by a royal governor who carried out the instructions of the crown, which were not exactly commands to the governor, more like strong suggestions. Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, North and South Carolina, and Georgia were all converted into this type of colonies under William and Mary.

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

William Seward

U.S. Senator and Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln. An avid opponent of slavery, Seward was a leading candidate for the Republican nomination in both 1856 and 1860. Later, as one of Lincoln's closest advisers, he helped handle the difficult tasks of keeping European nations out of the Civil War. He is best known, however, for negotiating the purchase of Alaska, dubbed "Seward's Folly" by expansion-weary opponents of the deal.

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

Eugene v. Debbs

United States labor organizer who ran for President as a socialist

Mill Girls

Unmarried women from New England cities who went to work in mills where they lived in boarding houses and were supervised very closely. Families were reluctant to allow their girls to leave for the first time into stranger's supervision, so much leisure time spent at these houses was centered around faith and God, and there were strict behavioral rules. Many of them left to get married and were soon widely replaced by immigrants (mostly Irish). Still, leaving to work in the mill gave women a sense of independence and allowed them to notice their responsibilities outside the home.

Salutary Neglect (1688-1763)

Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws; lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763

The Gold Standard

Value of money is directly related to amount of gold supplies a country has US money used to directly represent gold. We haven't used this since the Great Depression

Minstrel Shows

Variety shows performed by white actors in black-face. First popularized in the mid-nineteenth century.

Patroonships

Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property

Calhoun, John C. (1782-1850)

Vice president under Andrew Jackson, Calhoun became a U.S. senator from South Carolina after a public break with the administration. A fierce supporter of states' rights, Calhoun advocated South Carolina's position during the nullification crisis. In the 1840s and 1850s, he staunchly defended slavery, accusing free-state Northerners of conspiring to free the slaves.

John C. Breckinridge (1821-1875)

Vice president under James Buchanan, he ran as the candidate of the Southern wing of the Democratic party in 1860, losing the election to Abraham Lincoln. A Kentucky slave owner, he acknowledged the South's right to secede but worked tirelessly to hammer out a compromise in the weeks before Lincoln's inauguration. Once the Civil War began, he served as a Confederate General, briefly serving as Jefferson Davis's Secretary of War in 1865.

Allied Powers

WWII Allied Powers The Allied Powers consisted of France, Russia, and Great Britain during WWI. The alliance was created in 1907 and was called the Triple Entente. (later Japan and Italy ---and the US in 1917) Central Powers The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. They formed prior to the Triple Entente and were called the Triple Alliance. WWII Allied Powers Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II. Axis Powers Germany, Italy,and later Japan.

Opium War

War between Britain and China over trading rights, particularly Britain's desire to continue selling opium to Chinese traders. The resulting trade agreement prompted Americans to eek similar concessions from the Chinese.

King William's War

War fought largely between French trappers, British settlers, and their respective Indian allies from 1689-1697. The colonial theater of the larger War of the League of Augsburg in Europe.

Jackson, Andrew (1767-1845)

War hero, congressman and sixth president of the United States. A Democrat, Jackson ushered in a new era in American politics, advocating white manhood suffrage and cementing party loyalties through the spoils system. As president, he dismantled the Bank of the United States, asserted federal supremacy in the nullification crisis, and oversaw the harsh policy of Indian removal in the South.

Watergate scandal

Watergate is a name given to the scandal the Nixon administration committed during the 1972 presidential election where hired "goons" broke into Democrat HQ at Watergate hotel for any dirt. This scandal revealed several other dirty plays Nixon's administration did the years leading up to the election and forced him to resign and killed the faith the public had in the government.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Well-educated Filipino leader who first fought against Spain and later led the Philippine insurgency against United States colonial rule.

Kentucky and Virgina Resolutions

Were put into practice in 1798 by Jefferson and James Madison. These were secretly made to get the rights back taken away from the Alien and Sedition Acts. These also brought about the later compact theory which gave the states more power than the federal government.

Liberia

West-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, 15,000 of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s.

Pottawatomie Massacre

When John Brown (abolitionist) and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas.

Peculiar Institution

Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the South. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the South, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

"40 acres and a mule"

William T. Sherman's suggestion to help the freedmen Blacks were given 40 acres and a mule to move west Idea rejected by Andrew Johnson

Civic Virtue

Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self-interest for the public good. Deemed a necessary component of a successful republic.

Woman's Loyal League (1863-1865)

Women's organization formed to help bring about an end to the Civil War and encourage Congress to pass a constitutional amendment prohibiting slavery.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Geneva Accords

a 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Fannie Lou Hamer

a SNCC organizer and former sharecropper who had been evicted from her farm after registering to vote & thrown in jail for urging other African Americans to register to vote; helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

Whig Party

a U.S. political party formed by Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and other Jackson opponents active between 1832 and 1858 backed government support for the economy

Chinese Revolution

a civil war fought between the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party), the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China. Eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China(communist). (1927)

grandfather clauses

a clause that said the taxes and tests for voting did not apply to any man whose father or grandfather could vote on January 1, 1867. Since no blacks could vote on that date, the grandfather clause applied only to whites.

Space race

a competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. This investment led to great scientific advances, but also caused friction and insecurities

Mutually assured destruction (MAD)

a condition of mutual deterrence in which both sides possess the ability to survive a first strike with weapons of mass destruction and launch a devastating retaliatory attack

Xenophobia

a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers

Inflation

a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.

Little Rock 9

a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a novel published by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral

Gold Rush

a period from 1849 to 1856 when tens of thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. (after the largest discovery of gold east of the Mississippi, early 1828 at Sutter's Mill near Sacramento).

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation). Unemployment and increase in prices.

Mulattoes

a person of mixed white and black ancestry, especially a person with one white and one black parent.

Freedom Riders

a person who challenged racial laws in the American South in the 1960s, originally by refusing to abide by the laws designating that seating in buses be segregated by race. Civil Rights activists called Freedom Riders, rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia, (1960) 364 U.S. 454, which outlawed racial segregation in interstate transportation facilities, including bus stations and railroad terminals. A total of 436 Freedom Riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim Crow laws, etc. All but a very small number were sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) while the others belonged to the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

Free-Soil Party

a political party formed in 1848 to oppose the extension of slavery into U.S. territories

Socialism

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry An economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

a slave rebellion led by Nat Turner that took place in Virginia in 1831; resulted in death of 60 whites and increased fear of slave uprisings.

Mayflower Compact

agreement made by Pilgrims going to Plymouth, Massachusetts that created a legal authority & an assembly + asserted that gov'ts powers derives from the consent of those governed (not from God)

Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO)

an alliance formed to oppose Communism in Southeast Asia. Includes USA, UK, France, Pakistan, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, and New Zealand

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

an alliance of trade and craft unions, formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers focused on very specific workers' issues such as wages, working hours, and working conditions

Cajun

culture of the Southeast in Louisiana developed as a result of French/Spanish influence from trade and colonization, Caribbean influence from slave trade, and American values.

Frederick Law Olmsted

designed new york's central park in 1858. he viewed city parks as much more than recreational centers and he sought to create oases of culture that would promote social stability and cohesion. due to the congestion and disease associated with city life many people participated in outdoor recreation to improve health

Southern Cities

developed as plantation-style layouts that are spread out instead of crunched together due to late colonization once transportation was made easier.

Dawes Act of 1887

dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian family heads with 160 free acres. If the Indians behaved like "good white settlers" then they would get full title to their holdings as well as citizenship. The Dawes Act attempted to assimilate the Indians with the white men. The Dawes Act remained the basis of the government's official Indian policy until the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

Bunker Hill

early battle of the Revolution which showed that the colonist could stand next to the British forces; the Americans inflicted large casualties on the British but in the end lost the battle due to a shortage of ammunition

Black Power

emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values, and secure black autonomy. a range of political goals, from defense against racial oppression, to the establishment of separate social institutions and a self-sufficient economy (separatism help usher in black radical thought, and action against white supremacy. Black Power adherents believe in Black autonomy, with a variety of tendencies such as black nationalism, and black separatism. Often Black Power advocates are open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims, but this openness to violence was nearly always coupled with community organizing work. CONFLICTED with civil rights.

Alaska Purchase (1867)

ended Russian territorial presence and completed U.S. expansion on North American mainland. Put together by William Seward

Proclamation of 1763

forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

Ulysses S Grant

former head of the union army and president. He supported reconstruction, but when it failed he didn't pursue alternatives. He was part of a scandal that involved Whiskey Ring, which was a network of liquor distillers and treasury agents who defrauded the government. He was put in trial and almost thrown into jail until Orville Babcock defended him.

W.E.B. Du Bois

fought for immediate implementation of African American rights. Opponent of Booker T Washington, he helped to found Niagara Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP.

Dixiecrats

fought for old Southern way of life (states' rights), attempted to gain higher standing within Democratic party; aimed to deny Truman enough electoral votes to avoid his reelection by nominating Strom Thurmond (SC governor)

National Organization for Women (NOW)

founded by Betty Friedan; organization formed to work for economic and legal rights of women; demanded equality in educational and job opportunies, wages, and political representation; creation of childcare facilities; wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination

John D Rockefeller

founder of Standard Oil, used cutting edge tech to rise up above competition, brilliant

Patrick Henry

founding father, served as the first and sixth post-colonial Governor of Virgina. (famous "Give me liberty, or give me death!" speech)

William Howard Taft

he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne-Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

Boss Tweed

head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1868 and 1869 he led the Tweed Reign, a group of corrupt politicians in defrauding the city. Example: Responsible for the construction of the NY court house; actual construction cost $3million. Project cost tax payers $13million.

Millard Filmore

helped pass the compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of northern whigs for the compromise. became the 13th president when taylor died. he was largely self-educated, he had made his own way in the profession of a law and the rough-and-tumble world of ny politics, he was ready to make peace and used extreme caution, he support the compromise of 1850 and helped it pass.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)

highest tariff at the time, 31-49 percent... Europe responded by raising their own tariffs worsening economy

old immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe, Protestants

Appomattox

in April 1865, the end of the Civil War came suddenly when Northern troops cornered Lee here.

Gulf of Tonkin

in August of 1964, United States President Lyndon B. Johnson said that North Vietnamese forces had twice attacked American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin. Although there was a first attack, claims of a second attack were later said to be exaggerated or unfounded. Known today as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, this led to the open involvement of the United States in the Vietnam War, with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. The resolution stated that the president had the power to send troops into battle without a declaration of war.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890

increased coinage of silver, but not enough for farmers and miners

Public Works Administration (PWA)

intended both for industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery by spending over $4 billion on some 34,000 projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways (i.e. the Grand Coulee Dam of the Columbia River).

Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

it was the highest tariff in history Up to 45% on imports, hated by Southerners

Tet Offensive

january 1968 - north vietnamese launched an offensive on the vietnamese new year, inflicted tremendous damage on american forces and nearly captured the american embassy in saigon

Suez Crisis

july 1956 - arab nationalist general gamal nasser seized and nationalized the british and french owned suez canal

Great Migration (WW1)

large influx of african americans to the north due to wartime job openings

Gag Rule

lasting from 1836 to 1844, this resolution, driven through the House by pro-slavery southerners, passed every year for 8 years, banned debate about slavery in Congress. It was eventually overturned with the help of JQ Adams

Indian Removal Act

law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move from southern states to the west of the Mississippi River Andrew Jackson

Navigation Acts

laws that restricted trade between England and the colonies

Jim Crows Laws

laws that segregated whites and blacks in public facilities from drinking fountains to hotel rooms "separate but equal" state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States

Trusts

legally formed combinations of corporations or companies with a single board of directors formed to limit competition

preservationists

lobby to preserve lands & resources so they can't be used by humans

Printing Press

made the distribution and creation of literary works much easier; also makes the spread of political ideas easier and more practical.

abolitionism and race

many black abolitionists remained less successful and less renowned than their white constituents, which incited jealousy and resentment between the two.

First Continental Congress

meeting of delegates from most of the colonies, called in reaction to the Intolerable Acts

Wartime Jobs For Women

men left for war, women took over jobs to help war effort

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

military alliance of Western European powers and the United States and Canada established to defend against the common threat from the Soviet Union, marking a giant stride forward for European unity and American internationalism

American Federation of Labor

more limited acceptance (skilled workers only) focused on higher wages and improved working conditions, not focused on politics

woman suffrage

movement to get people (regardless of sex) the right to vote

Lincoln Steffans

muckraker who exposed political corruption and called for the"average businessman" to get involved in the democracy by voting

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Settlement Houses

neighborhood centers in poor immigrant areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities and were mostly run by middle-class native-born women Hull House (Jane Adams) in Chicago Henry Street Settlement (Lillian Wald) NYC

Farmers' Alliance

network of farmers' organizations that worked for political and economic reforms in the late 1800s after the decline of the Grange organizations; supported Populist Party

Watergate Scandal

nixon scandal - 1972 - nixon bugged the democratiic headquarters - he resigned before he could be impeached

54°40'

northern boundary of the Oregon Territory before annexation

Popular Sovereignty

notion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

American Dictionary

novel written by Noah Webster (arch rival of Jackson) that stated Democracy was an American right. "Freedom is synonymous with the right to vote."

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Franklin D Roosevelt

often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.

Augustus Saint-Gaudens

one of the best-known sculptors of the period, he was known for his large and robust compositions

John Rolfe

one of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.

Ellis Island 1892

opened as immigration center where people had to have medical exams + pay a 50 cent tax before entering the US

Black Panthers

organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965

Republican Party

organized in 1854 by antislavery Whigs, Democrats, and Free Soilers in response to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act; nominated John C. Frémont for president in 1856 and Abraham Lincoln in 1860

Sexual revolution

participants in the counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were lableled this

Townshend Act

passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and tons of people boycotted British goods.

Social Reformers

people who wish to change the nature of society

conservationists

people who work to protect the environment

Age of Jackson

period marked by the belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do

Albany Plan of Union

plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown

Spoils System

policy of rewarding political supporters with public office, first widely employed at the federal level by Andrew Jackson;(was widely abused even though it did help cement party loyalty in the two-party system).

Populist Party

political party formed in 1890s that wanted a policy that would raise crop prices hated big business. Wanted income tax, RR regulation, SLV standard

LeCompton Constitution

pro-slavery constitution written for Kansas' admission to the union in opposition to the anti-slavery Topeka Constitution; it was eventually rejected and Kansas became a free state in 1861

Illegal Immigration

refers to any immigrant who does not go through the correct legal procedure to live and work in a country; other terms are "illegal alien", or "undocumented person"

3/5th Compromise

slaves count three fifths of a person for population representation and taxation

Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894

slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% income tax.

"54°40' or Fight!"

slogan adopted by mid-19th century expansionist advocating the occupation of Oregon Territory, jointly held by US and Britain (though President Polk had pledged to seize all Oregon to the 54degrees 40minutes, he settled on the 49th parallel as a compromise with the British).

perfectionism

social reform movement influenced by the idea that Americans must "perfect" society and cure us all of our social ills. Inspired the building of orphanages, poor houses, jails, and asylums.

"Corrupt Bargain"

speaker of the house henry clay gave all of his support during the election to adams so that adams would make him secretary of state counterculture rebellion against 'the establishment' in the 60s

Land-grant colleges

state educational institutions built with the benefit of federally donated lands

Plessy v Ferguson

supreme court ruled that segregation public places facilities were legal as long as the facilites were equal

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million Thomas Jefferson doubled the size of the United States

Island-Hopping

the American navy attacked islands held by the Japanese in the Pacific Ocean. The capture of each successive island from the Japanese brought the American navy closer to an invasion of Japan.

Adam Smith

the Scottish "Father of Modern Economics," that frontally attacked mercantilism in 1776. He influenced the founding fathers of the United States, and convinced the advocate of free trade.

Impressment

the act of forcibly drafting an individual into military service, seen in the British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service in their navy during 1793-1815 in Britain's conflicts against France

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the Little Rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the Supreme Court and for the victory in Brown v. Board of Education

Mercy Otis Warren

the head of patriot women during the revolution; produced many writings questioning the declining republican values in post-revolutionary America; blamed the "constant state of war", relaxation of government, sudden fluctuation in money, and new foreign intercourse for the chaos of the 1780s

Cult of Domesticity

the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house. Creates field for domestic servants as middle class women have more leisure time due to creation of time-saving technologies that lessened their workloads.

Hull House

the most prominent American settlement house; established in Chicago in 1889 by Jane Addams; located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans; offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers cope with American big-city life, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents

Feminism

the movement aimed at equal rights for women. The movement began in 1848 with the Seneca falls convention.

Conservationism

the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

Checks and Balances

the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy of checks and balances necessary for the government to run smoothly.

States' Rights

the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government. ALSO: Idea that states have the right to limit the power of the federal government

5. The Industrial Revolution

the shift toward mechanization and mass production that included the creation of the modern factory system

14 Points

the war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations

Fugitive Slave Act of 1852

these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, which irritated the South to no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad.

Knights of Labor

union open to all workers, make each man his own employer, end child labor, and end trusts and monopolies, declined after Haymarket square

The Silver Standard

using silver instead of gold as the standard for backing cash

John C. Calhoun

was a "War Hawk" in War of 1812 and began career as a federalist James Monroe's Sec. of War created Bureau of Indian Affairs urged Monroe to sign Missouri Compromise even though many southerners did not want it became bitter enemies with Jackson and bitterly opposed Tariff of 1828 (harsh for southern exports, this was called the "Tariff of Abominations") which led him to develop his doctrine of nullification South Carolina Senator - late in career, he was advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Free Soil Party

was against slavery in the new territories. They also advocated federal aid for internal improvements and urged free government homesteads for settlers.

Ernest Hemingway

was among the writers most affected by the war (he had seen action on the Italian front in 1917); he responded to pernicious propaganda and the overblown appeal to patriotism by devising his own lean, word-sparing but word-perfect style; in The Sun Also Rises (1926), he told of disillusioned, spiritually numb American expatriates in Europe; in A Farewell to Arms (1929), he crafted one of the finest novels in any language about the war experience; a troubled soul, he finally blew out his brains with a shotgun blast in 1961

John Wilkes Booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

Grimke sisters

were 19th-century American Quakers, educators and writers who were early advocates of abolitionism and women's rights.

Dorthea Dix

woman who pushed for changes in the treatment of the mentally ill and founded 32 mental hospitals (1802-1877) appointed superintendent of female nurses of the Army in 1861.

Horace Mann

worked to reform the American education system, abolitionist, prison/asylum reform with Dorothea Dix Education Reform leader- "Father of American Public Schools"

Robert Kennedy

younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidental canidate in 1968, launching a popular challange to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assasinated in California on June 6, 1968

Half-Way Covenant (1662)

Agreement allowing unconverted offspring of church members to baptize their children; signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans

Anne Hutchinson (ca. 1591-1643)

Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in MA Bay after arguing that she need not follow wither God's laws or man's claiming direct revelation from God; banished from the Puritan colony she moved to Rhode Island and later New York where she and her family were killed by Indians

William Pitt (1708-1778)

British parliamentarian who rose to prominence during the French and Indian War as the brilliant tactician behind Britain's victory over France.

Charles ("Champagne Charley") Townshend (1725-1767)

British prime minister whose ill-conceived duties on the colonies, the Townshend Acts, sparked fierce protests in the colonies and escalated the imperial conflict.

Boston Massacre

Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens.

John Trumbull (1756-1843)

Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions; Trumbull was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence

Edict of Nantes

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Peter Stuyvesant (ca. 1610-1672)

Director-general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the British in 1664

Henry Hudson (ca. 1565-1611)

English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent

Royal African Company

English joint-stock company that enjoyed a state-granted monopoly on the colonial slave-trade from 1672 until 1698; the supply of slaves to the North American colonies rose sharply once the company lost its monopoly of privileges

Mary II (1662-1694)

English-born wife, daughter of King James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689; William and Mary relaxed control over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of "salutary neglect" that lasted until the French and Indian War

William Bradford (1590-1657)

Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims who left England for Holland, and eventually sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in Massachusetts. His account of the colony's founding, Of Plymouth Plantation, remains a classic of American literature and in indispensable historical source

Edward Braddock (1695-1755)

Hardheaded and imperious British general, whose detachment of British and colonial soldiers was routed by French and Indian forces at Fort Duquesne.

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

Louis XIV (1638-1715)

Long reigning French monarch who took a keen interest in colonization, sending French explorers throughout North America, establishing outposts in present day Canada and Louisiana, and launching France to global preeminence. Louis XIV oversaw the construction of the magnificent palace at Versailles, from where he ruled until his death.

Sir Edmond Andros (1637-1714)

Much-loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies; established strict control doing away with the town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent; when word of the Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists they promptly dispatched Andros back to England

Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758)

New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening; Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God's grace alone

French and Indian War (Second Years' War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in the North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Jeremiad

Often-fiery sermons lamenting the waning piety of parishioners first delivered in New England in the mind-seventeenth century; named after the doom-saying Old Testament prophet Jeremiah

Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century

Quartering Act

Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights.

Roger Williams (ca. 1603-1683)

Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England and criticized the MA Bay Colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians; banished for his heresies, he established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England

Queen Anne's War

Second in a series of conflicts between the European powers for control of North America, fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.

Congregational Church

Self-governing Puritan congregations without the hierarchical establishment of the Anglican Church

"Intolerable Acts"

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for he lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)

Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, MA, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town; twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the governor of MA

Slave Codes

Set of laws beginning in 1662 defining racial slavery; established the hereditary nature of slavery and limited the rights and education of slaves

South Carolina Slave Revolt (Stono River) (1739)

Uprising also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than 50 South Carolina blacks along the Stono River; the slaves attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia

Admiralty courts

Used to try offenders for violating the carious Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused.

Stamp tax

Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" which questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.

Camp Followers

Women and children who followed the Continental Army during the American Revolution, providing vital services such as cooking and sewing in return for rations.

James Wolfe (1727-1759)

Young British commander who skillfully outmaneuvered French forces in the Battle of Quebec during the French and Indian War.