The Communication Process

Personal and cultural

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because a person's culture can add a new or different meaning to a phrase or gesture.

Impossible to duplicate

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because each interaction is unique.

Circular

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because it involves both original messages and feedback which is necessary to confirm communication.

Interactive

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because many processes are involved.

Irreversible

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because once a message is sent, it cannot be taken back.

Symbolic

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because symbols are open to interpretation.

Purposeful

- 2. Communication is complex for several reasons. - It is ... because there is always a reason behind a message and it helps meet our needs.

Transactional Model or Personal Systems

- Communication Model - Examples: Family, religion, friends, etc. - Changes that happen in the communicators' fields of personal and common experiences - Labels each communicator as both sender as well as receiver simultaneously - Elements in communication are interdependent - Each person = Both speaker and listener - Can be simultaneously sending and receiving messages

Schramm in Wood: Interactive Model

- Communication Model - Receiver or listener providing feedback to the sender or speaker - The speaker or sender of the message also listens to the feedback given by the receiver or listener. Both the speaker and the listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. - Feedback: either verbally or non-verbally, or in both ways - The speaker and listener communicate better if they have common fields of experience, or fields which overlap. - Flaw: It does not indicate that communicators can both send and receive messages simultaneously. This model also fails to show that communication is a dynamic process which changes over time

Laswell: Linear Model

- Communication Model - Views communication as a one-way or ... process in which the speaker speaks and the listener listens - Flaw: It depicts communication as a one-way process where speakers only speak and never listen. It also implies that listeners listen and never speak or send messages.

3. Small Group Communication

- Communication within formal or informal groups or teams - It is group interaction that results in decision making, problem solving and discussion within an organization. - Examples would be a group planning a surprise birthday party for someone. A team working together on a project. A focus group discussing the pros and cons of a new product. A group therapy session.

PROCESS, communication

- Constantly MOVES and CHANGES - It does not stand still.

Feedback

- Describes the receiver's response or reaction to the sender's message - Through asking questions, making comments or just supporting the message that was delivered - Helps the sender to determine how the receiver interpreted the message and how it can be improved

1. Intrapersonal Communication

- Five Levels of Communication - Communication that occurs in your own mind - "Self-talk" - It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs. - Examples are when you make any kind of decision - what to eat or wear. When you think about something - what you want to do on the weekend or when you think about another person. - You can also communicate with yourself when you dream at night.

4. Communication is CONTINUOUS because it continues to impact and influence future interactions and shape our relationships.

- Five Principles of Communication - Future interactions and relationships

2. Communication is COMPLEX for several reasons.

- Five Principles of Communication - ISPCICPI

3. Communication is UNAVOIDABLE because it is impossible to not communicate.

- Five Principles of Communication - You are communicating constantly even when you do not intend to communicate.

1. Communication is TRANSACTIONAL because it involves an exchange.

- Five Principles of Communication - You have to give and receive for communication to happen.

5. Communication skills CAN BE LEARNED because they CAN always BE IMPROVED.

- Five Principles of Communication - You may need to work on speaking skills, written communication, listening, relationship skills. There's always room for improvement!

4. One-To-Group Communication

- Involves a speaker who seeks to inform, persuade or motivate an audience - Examples are a teacher and a class of students. A preacher and a congregation. A speaker and an assembly of people in the auditorium.

Message

- May be the most crucial element of effective communication - Can come in many different forms: oral presentation, a written document, an advertisement or just a comment - It is what the receiver perceives the message to be. = The sender must not only compose the ... carefully, but also evaluate the ways in which the ... can be interpreted.

Sender

- Plays the specific role of initiating communication - Effective verbal and nonverbal techniques - Speaking or writing clearly, organizing one's points to make them easy to follow and understand, maintaining eye contact, using proper grammar and giving accurate information - Some understanding of who the receiver is

Accessible

- Qualities of Good Communicators - Competent Communicators are... - They tend to value positive relationships with peers, supervisors, and clients. They are open and approachable. They are seen as caring, likable, and pleasant to be around.

Ethical

- Qualities of Good Communicators - Competent Communicators are... - This means that a communicator follows the morals and codes of conduct within a society. It is how a person behaves and how they treat others. - They are HONEST and TRUTHFUL. - They keep CONFIDENCES and are cautious about spreading gossip. - They consider the NEEDS, RIGHTS, and FEELINGS of other people.

Responsible

- Qualities of Good Communicators - Competent Communicators are... - This means that they take responsibility for their own communication choices and behavior. - They are INFORMED and are able to support what they say with facts and examples that are true. - They are LOGICAL with developed reasoning skills and the ability to draw conclusions and reach decisions. - They are ACCOUNTABLE taking responsibility for their information, decisions and actions. - They are RELIABLE which means they can be trusted to keep their word even if a decision may not benefit them.

2. Interpersonal Communication

- The communication between two people but can involve more in informal conversations. Through this kind of communication we maintain relationships - Examples are when you are talking to your friends. A teacher and student discussing an assignment. A patient and a doctor discussing a treatment. A manager and a potential employee during an interview. Any one on one or informal communication.

5. Mass Communication

- The electronic or print transmission of messages to the general public - A television commercial. A magazine article. Hearing a song on the radio. Books, Newspapers, Billboards. The key is that you are reaching a large amount of people without it being face to face. Feedback is generally delayed with mass communication.

Channel

- The message travels from one point to another via a ... of communication. - Sits between the sender and receiver - From the spoken word to radio, television, an Internet site or something written, like a book, letter or magazine

Receiver

- The party to whom the sender transmits the message - Can be one person or an entire audience of people - Directly across from the speaker, in the basic communication model - Can communicate verbally and nonverbally

Mass media

Include things like radio, television, film, and printed materials designed to reach large audiences

Climate

Influences the emotional atmosphere

MEANING, communication

Involves THOUGHTS, IDEAS, and UNDERSTANDINGS shared by communicators

SYMBOLIC, communication

We rely on WORDS and NONVERBAL behaviors to communicate meaning and feelings.

Context

Provides the people, the occasion and the task

Communication

The PROCESS of creating and exchanging MEANING through SYMBOLIC interaction

Physical environment

The actual place or space where communication occurs

Self-talk

The inner speech or mental conversations that we carry on with ourselves