The Definitive Anatomy EXAM 2 QUIZLET
Example of Amphiarthrosis
(Fibrous)-radius/ulna shafts (Cartilaginous)-pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
Examples of Synarthrosis
(fibrous)-cranial sutures (cartilaginous)- Epiphyseal cartilage(synchondrosis)
All muscles share these properties
-Extensibility- able to contract over several resting phases -Elasticity- goes back to original length after contract -Excitability- respond to stimuli -Contractibility- able to shorten and exert pull
Functions of Synovial Fluid
-Lubricate 2 bones rubbing against each other -Nourishes chondrocytes which keep articular cartilage alive -Shock absorption
Sarcoplasm
-cytosol of the cell
Functions of skeletal muscle
-maintains posture/position -supports/protect soft tissue -regulates exit/entrance of material -maintain body temp.
Rhomboid minor/major
-origin on inferior part of spine, inserts on scapula -retracts scapula
What are the non-respiratory functions of the diaphragm?
-prevents acid reflux -increases intra-abdominal pressure which is important for expelling vomit/feces/urine
Pectoralis minor
-pulls/depresses elevated scapula -protracts a retracted scapula
The pelvic girdle is formed by how many bones
1
Steps to muscle contraction
1. motor neurons send electrical impulse to sarcolemma, t-tubules send this to the sarcoplasmic ret. which then sends out Ca ions 2. Ca ions bind to troponin, tropomyosin moves, exposing active site 3. Myosin heads bind to actin site (cross bridge) 4. Myosin moves towards middle (contraction) 5. ATP binds to myosin head, cross-bridging stops 6. myosin heads return to normal state
How many phalanges are there total in one hand
14
The knee is formed by how many bones
2
The pectoral girdle is formed by how many bones
2
The elbow joint is formed by how many bones
3
Fixators
Agonist and antagonist muscles tht contract at same time to stabilize joint, but not move
When the forearm is pronated, the shaft of the radius is ____________ to the shaft of the ulna.
Anterior
Sharp ridge on the tibia responsible for causing pain when the shin is hit
Anterior tibial margin
Saddle joint
Biaxial synovial joint where one bone is concave and other is convex
The ligaments on the plantar portion of the foot connects what two bones together
Calcaneus and navicular
When the elbow is extended the radial head articulates with the
Capitulum of the humerus
Rough spot on the lateral side of the humerus. Serves as muscle attachment for a major muscle in the shoulder
Deltoid tuberosity
When the elbow is extended the coronoid process articulates with what
Does not articulate with anything
Extensor Indicis
Extends index finger
What bone feature and bone articulates with humeral head
Glenoid fossa of scapula
The neck of the femur is lateral to the
Head of the femur
What bone can be located in the arm
Humerus
During forced exhilation, what are responsible for depressing the lungs?
Internal Intercostals
The lateral femoral condyle articulates with which bone feature
Lateral tibial condyle
Example of Diarthrosis
Limb joints
Articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint
Medial malleolus
Located on distal portion of the tibia & articulates with the talus to form part of the ankle joint
Medial malleolus
Flexor retinaculum of the hand Funt: Wide band that holds tendons of flexor muscles
Name Muscle: Function
Abductor pollicis longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Adductor Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Adductor Magnus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps Brachii (Short head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps Brachii (long head) Origin: Scapula Insert: Radial Tuberosity Funt: Flexion @ elbow & Shoulder, Supination
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Biceps femoris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Brachialis Origin: Anterior of Humerus Insert: Ulna Funt: Flexion @ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Brachioradialis Origin: Epicondyle of humerus Insert: Styloid process o/radius Funt: Flexion@ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Calcaneal Tendon
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Deltoid Origin: Clavicle& Scapula Insert: Deltoid tuberosity of Humerus Funt.: Abduction, Flexion/extension, Medial/ Lateral Rotation
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Carpi radialis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Carpi radialis brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Digiti minimi
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Hallucis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Pollicis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor Retinaculum of hand
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor digitorum
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Extensor retinaculum of the foot
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Fibularis Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Fibularis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Carpi Radialis Origin: medial epicondyle of humerus Insert: Metacarpal 2 &3 Funct: flex & abduct @ wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus; olecranon on ulna Insert: Pisiform, hamate, base of metacarpal V Funt:Flexion and adduction at wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Digitorum Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor digitorum superficialis Origin:Medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulna and radius Insert: middle phalanges 2-5 Funt: Flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Flexor pollicis longus Origin:Radius and interosseous membrane Insert: distal phalanx of pollex Funt: Flexion o/thumb
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gastrocnemius
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gluteus Maximus illium Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur Extension and lateral rotation at hip; helps stabilize the extended knee; abduction at hip
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gluteus Medius ilium Greater trochanter of femur Abduction and medial rotation at hip
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Gracilis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Iliotibial tract
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Inferior Gamellus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Infraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/Humerus Funt: Lateral rotation @ shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Obturator Internus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Palmaris Longus Origin: Medial Epicondyle humerus Insert: Retinaculum Funct: Flexion @ wrist
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Piriformis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Plantaris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Popliteus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Pronator Teres Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus & Coronoid process of ulna Funt: Pronates forearm, flexion @elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Triceps Brachii Origin: Humerus & scapula Insert: Olecranon of ulna Funt: Extension @ elbow
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Temporalis
Origin is temporal bone, inserts on mandible, same function as temporalis
The patella articulates with which bone feature
Patella surface
What bones fuse to form the os coxa
Pubis, ilium, ischium
What structure is the patella encased in and formed inside of
Quadriceps femoris tendon
The radial head articulates with this depression on the humerus
Radial fossa
The radial head articulates with the
Radial notch of the ulna
Joint where the axial and appendicular skeletons meet in the lower limb and serves to transmit the weight of the torso onto the pelvis and lower limb
Sacroiliac Joint
Which carpal bones articulates with the forearm
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
The most medial portion of the clavical
Sternal end
Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia?
Talus
Which carpal bone, based on its location, would articulate with the metacarpal of the thumb?
Trapezium
Which two bone features compose the condyle of the humerus?
Trochlea and capitulum
The humeral trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
When the elbow is extended the trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
Articular Cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Type of Diarthrosis joint on the end of the bone where it will come together with another bone
Diarthrosis (Synovial joints)
Type of joint that is freely movable
Amphiarthrosis
Type of joint that is slightly movable
The ulnar head articulates with
Ulnar notch of the radius
Joint movements in coronal plane
abduction and adduction
Femoral head articulates with which bone feature
acetabulum
Pectoralis Major
adducts/medially rotates arm
Psoas major
an axial and appendicular muscle that attaches femur and lumbar vertebrae -contracts to pull back into anatomical position with rectus abdominis
Extrinsic muscles
appendicular muscles that originate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on bones of upper limb
3rd class
applied force between resistance and fulcrum (flexion at elbow)
Example of pivot joints
atlanto-axial joint and radioulnar joint
omohyoid
attaches scapula to hyoid, pulls hyoid inferiorly
Sternocleidomastoid
attaches sternum and clavicle to mastoid process -has 2 heads (sternal and clavicular) -if both heads contract at once, it will flex neck/pull chin closer to chest -if one side contracts, it will pull that side laterally SCALENES ASSIST in laterally flexing
iliacus
axial and appendicular muscle in iliac fossa that attaches to femur
Intrinsic Muscles
axial muscles that orignate from vertabrae or ribs and insert on vertabrae or ribs
Internal intercostals
between ribs, depress -runs opposite diagonal (superior medial to inferior lateral)
External intercostals
between ribs, elevate -runs diagonally btwn ribs (superior lateral to inferior medial rib)
Ellipsoid joint
biaxial synovial joint where an oval surface fits into depression on opposing surface
When the elbow is flexed the radial head articulates with the
capitulum and radial fossa of the humerus
Unhappy triad injury
common injury where force comes from lateral side of knee and ACL, medial meniscus, and medial tibial colateral lig tears
Buccinator
compresses cheek (bubble in mouth), pushes food towards teeth
Joints
connections between bones that may or may not allow movement
Flexor/extensor tendon sheaths
connective tissue that wraps around each fibrous tendon and reduces friction
Muscle belly
contain the part of the muscle that contracts the skeletal muscle fibers
When the elbow is flexed the coronoid process articulates with the
coronoid fossa of humerus
platysma
covers anterior neck muscles, orignates on clavicle , inserts on mandible
Main function of muscles
create movement in the body
Flexor/extensor Retinaculum
dense fibrous tissue that covers the tendons of fingers, on wrist, holds everything in place
sternohyoid
depresses hyoid and larynx
Joint movements in ankle
dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
intrinsic muscles on your intermediate layer of back
erector spinae group: spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis (responsible for extension at torso) -longissimus and iliocostalis will rotate torso when both contracted -help extend back to put into anatomical position
Multipennate
fibers run oblique on either side of multiple tendons (deltoid)
Meniscus
fibrous cartilage pad important for shock absorption
Ligaments
fibrous connective tissue that Attach bone to bone, support joints by limiting movement
fat pads
fill spaces that form when joints change shape
Joint movements in sagital plane
flexion and extension
convergent muscle
form a broad end and come together to form a tendon on other end (Pectoralis muscle)
1st class
fulcrum in between resistance and applied force (flexion at neck)
Rotation of back involves which muscles?
iliocostalis, longissimus, internal/external oblique
Stylohyoid
important for swallowing, lifts hyoid/larynx during swallowing
Serratus Anterior
inserts on ribs, origin on axial skeleton -protracts scapula
Lateral flexion of the back involves what muscles?
internal/external obliques and quadratus lumborum
Splenius capitis
intrinsic muscle on back of neck that originates on vertabrae and inserts on occipital bone -if both sides contract it will extend the neck -if one side contracts, laterally flex to that side
Cardiac muscle
involuntary muscle that is found in heart and pumps blood through arteries and veins
Smooth
involuntary muscle that works to push fluids and solids through digestive tract
Massetor
involved in chewing/retraction of mandible, inserts on mandible
Example of saddle joint
joint btwn 1st metacarpal and trapezium
Example of hinge joint
knee, elbow, ankle, inter-phalangeal joint
joint movement in vertebral column
lateral flexion- moving head to shoulder
Lateral/Collateral lig.
ligament that runs laterally down femur and tibia, does not connect to meniscus
Teres Major
medially rotates arm
Example of Ellipsoid joint
metacarpophalangeal joint, metatarsal phalangeal joint (2-5)
Pivot Joint
monaxial synovial joint that allows rotation of one bone around another
Hinge Joint
monaxial synovial joint where a rounded convex surface fits in concave surface
Gliding Joint
monaxial synovial joint, where 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces articulate
Monaxial
movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)
Triaxial
movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)
Biaxial
movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)
Skeletal Muscle fiber
multi-nucleated, cellular component of muscles, striated, 30-40cm among biggest cells in body
Antagonist
muscle action group that extends forearm
Synergists
muscle action group that helps agonist and antagonist with particular action
Prime Movers
muscle action group where muscles are responsible for particular movements (biceps brachii)
Eccentric Contraction
muscle force generated is insufficient to overcome load on muscle, fibers lengthen as it contracts (slowly lowering weight)
Concentric Contraction
muscle force generated is sufficient to overcome resistance, muscle shortens when contracted (lifting weight)
Isometric contraction
muscle remains same length (holding in place)
Pennate muscles
oblique angle of muscle fibers to tendon
Adductor Magnus
only adductor in thigh that will do all three: extend/flex/adduction
Adductor Hiatus
opening btwn 2 parts of adductor magnus that allows passage for femoral artery and veins
Deltoid
originates on scapula, inserts on humerus -abducts humerus
Latissimus dorsi
originates on verterbral column and inserts on medial part of humerus -flex arm, adduct arm
What bone forms the pelvic girdle
os coxa
Tendons
part of muscle that connect muscle to bone, skin, or muscle, create leverage to allow muscles to move, also limit movement
Skeletal muscle exerts what on skeletal elements
pulling force
2nd class
resistance in between applied force and fulcrum (standing on toes)
Superior Oblique of eye
rotates top of eye medially (intorsion)
Bursa
separates synovial membranes, reduces friction/absorbs shock
2 factors affecting mobility of a joint
shape of articulating surfaces and types/quantity of accessory structures
Aponeurosis
sheet of tendon that connects muscle to muscle
Sarcomere
smallest functional unit of muscle, an arrangment of thick/thin filaments
These two muscles come together to form the calcaneal tendon
soleus and gastrocnemius
Intrinsic muscles on your superficial layer of back
splenius capitis
Example of Gliding joints
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, intercarpal, intertarsal joints
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
surrounds each myofibril
Sarcolemma
surrounds muscle fiber/cell, regulates transport of substances
Epimysium
surrounds the bundles of muscle fassicles
Perimysium
surrounds the muscle fibers/cells
Endomysium
surrounds the myofibrils
Intermediate Tendon
tendons between muscle bellies (abs)
Myosin
thick myofilament, titin holds it in place
Myofilaments
thick/thin filaments in sarcomere
Actin
thin myofilament that contain two strands
What divides the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles?
thoracolumbar fascia
When these 3 muscles work together they will cause dorsifelxion of the foot:
tibialis anterior, extensor digiorum longus, extensor hallucis longus
Joint capsule
type of diarthrosis joint that surrounds bone Has 2 layers: Avascular layer (outside) and synovial membrane (secretes synovial fluid that fills up synovial cavity)
Synarthrosis
type of joint that is immovable
Inspiration Maximum
when diaphragm contracts, it moves inferiorly, increasing space in thoracic cavity and draws air into lungs
Expiration Maximum
when diaphragm relaxes, decreases air in space, forces air out of lungs
Sustenacular Groove
where the tendons of several muscles run through in order to pass from the leg into the plantar part of foot
Central Tendon
white area on superior part of diaphragm
Trapezius
-extends from occipital bone to scapula and spine -elevates scapula and clavicle -retracts scapula -wraps around anteriorly to clavicle
How many carpal and tarsal bones on one side of the body
8 and 7
What are responsible for contracting during respiration? (Taking in breath)
External Intercostals
A sheet of fibrous connective tissue between the two bones of the forearm and leg
Interosseous membrane
What does this pulling force from the skeletal muscle do?
It can either stabilize a joint by preventing movement or create movement.
When the elbow is flex what does the olecranon articulates with
It doesn't articulates with anything
Coracobrachialis Origin: Coracoid Process of Scapula Insert: Shaft of Humerus Funct: Adduction & Flexion @ Shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Rectus Femoris
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Semitendinosus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Soleus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Superior Gamellus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Supraspinatus Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle o/ Humerus Funt: Abduct shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Teres Major Origin: Scapula Insert: Bicipital Groove of Humerus Funt: Extension & medial Rotation @ shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Teres Minor Origin: Scapula Insert: Greater tubercle of humerus Funt.: Lateral Rotation & Adduction @ Shoulder
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tibialis Anterior
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Tibialis Posterior
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Vastus Lateralis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
Vastus Medialis
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
iliopsoas
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
sartorius
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
semimembranosus
Name Muscle: Origin, Insertion Function
When the elbow is extended the olecranon articulates with the
Olecranon fossa of the humerus
The ulnar notch is on the distal portion of what bone
Radius
Which dome in your diaphragm is taller?
Right dome, bc of the liver
When the elbow is flexed the trochlea articulates with the
Trochlear notch of the ulna
bi-pennate
fibers run oblique on either side of tendon (rectus femoris)
unipennate
fibers run oblique on one side of tendon (extensor digitorum)
Parallel muscle
have parallel muscle fassicles, majority of muscles in body are these
Joint movements in transverse plane
left/right rotation-shaking head lateral/medial rotation- rotating forearm/leg Supination/pronation-forearm only
Posterior Cruciate Lig (PCL)
lig. that connect posterior part of tibia to anterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too posteriorly
Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)
lig. that connects anterior part of tibia to posterior part of femur, prevents tibia from moving too anteriorly
Medial/tibial collateral lig.
ligament that runs medially along femur and tibia, stabilizes knee joint, attached to medial meniscus
Muscle fassicle
long cylindrical structure made up of muscle fibers/cells, those muscle fibers are made of myofibrils which contain the sarcomere for contraction
Ball and socket joint
triaxial, one surface is round, other is cupped
Transverse or T-tubules
wrap around parts of myofibril, communicate with sarcolemma of muscle fiber
