The Final Review

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law also known as the Wagner Act that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sits down rules to protect unions and organizers and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate Labor Management relations

New York Times v Sulllivan ( 1964)

A 1964 case decided by the Supreme Court that established the guidelines for determining whether public officials and other public figures could win damages suits for libel. To do so, individuals must prove defamatory statements were made with actual malice and disregard for the truth.

National health insurance

A compulsory insurance program for all Americans that would have the government Finance Citizens Medical Care first proposed by President Harry S Truman. Also proposed by first lady Hillary Clinton, sought-after yet failed to accomplish by President Barack Obama.

Environmental impact statements

A detailing a proposed environmental effects of a policy, which agencies are required to file with the EPA every time they proposed to undertake a policy that might be disruptive to the environment.

Superfund (CERCLA)

A fund created by Congress in 1980 to clean up hazardous waste sites. Money for the fun comes from tax and chemical products.

Prior restraint

A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States.

New York Times v United States (1971)

A landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the First Amendment. The ruling made it possible for the New York Times and Washington Post newspapers to publish the then-classified Pentagon Papers without risk of government censorship or punishment

Water Pollution Control Act of 1972

A law intended to clean up the nation's rivers and lakes by enabling regulation of Point sources of pollution

Relative deprivation

A perception by an individual that he or she is not doing well economically in comparison to others

High-tech politics

A politics in which the behavior of citizens and policymakers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology.

Medicare

A program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides health insurance for the elderly, covering hospitalization, doctor fees, and other health expenses.

Medicaid

A public assistance program designed to provide healthcare for poor Americans and funded by both the states and the national government

Regressive tax

A tax in which the burden Falls relatively more heavily on low-income groups been on Wealthy taxpayers the opposite of a progressive tax in which tax rates increase as income increases

European Union

A transnational government composed of most European nations a coordinate monetary trade immigration and labor policies making its members one economic unit

Congressional Budget Office

Advises Congress on the probable consequences of its decisions, forecasts revenues, and is a counterweight to the president's Office of Management and Budget

Amendment 18

Alcohol sales are illegal

Amendment 14

All citizens get due process, privileges and immunities, and equal protection of the law. States can keep felons from voting

Endangered Species Act of 1973

Allow requiring federal government to protect all species listed as endangered

Amendment 16

Allowed to lay direct tax (income tax)

Article V

Amendment process is two steps with two options at each step: Proposal requires 2/3rds acceptance at national level, either in Congress or national convention. Ratification requires 3/4ths acceptance at state level either in state legislature or state conventions.

gatekeeper

As part of public agenda, what is the term used to describe the influence on what subjects become national political issues and for how long

Proportional tax

Attacks by verse the government takes the same share of income from everyone rich and poor alike

Progressive tax

Attacks by which the government takes a greater share of income of the rich than of the poor for example when a rich family pays 50% of its income in taxes and a poor family pays 5%

Amendment 3

Ban against quartering of troops

Amendment 4

Ban against unreasonable searches and seizures

Transfer payments

Benefits given by the government directly to individuals either cash transfers such as Social Security payments or in-kind transfer such as food stamps and low-interest college loans

Amendment 20

Change of inauguration dates and start of Congress; Presidential disability before inauguration

Amendment 12

Changes Electoral College so that president and vice president ballots are separate

Amendment 27

Changes to congressional income take effect in the following congressional term.

United Nations

Created in 1945 and currently including 192 member nations, with a central peacekeeping Mission and programs in areas including economic development and health, education, and Welfare the seed of real power in the UN is the security Council

Amendment 23

DC gets three electors in electoral college

Protectionism

Economic Policy of shielding an economy from Imports

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967

Established the Corporation of Public Broadcasting, which supports development of radio and television programs

media events

Events that are purposely staged for the media and that are significant just because the media are there.

Amendment 11

Federal courts cannot hear suits of individuals against states; creates sovereign immunity of the state governments

Federalist 51

Federalist paper by James Madison analyzing the addition of checks and balances to Montesquieu's call for separation of powers. Rests predominantly on states having inserted checks and balances as a way to prevent tyranny of one branch (or man) by requiring the action of another branch (or man) to accomplish core actions of the office.

Amendment I

Freedom of religion, expression, association, and petition

Freedom of Information Act of 1966

Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing military, intelligence, or trade secrets; increases accountability of bureaucracy

Entitlement programs

Government programs providing benefits only to individuals who qualify based on specific needs

Means-tested programs

Government programs providing benefits only to individuals who qualify based on specific needs

Expenditures

Government spending. Major areas of federal spending are social services and national defense

Amendment 5

Grand jury guarantee, double jeopardy, ban on being compelled to witness against self, due process, eminent domain

World Trade Organization

International organization that promotes free trade

Federalist 10

Madison believes a large state is suitable because factions are spread over a large geographic area, allowing for the many of opinions. The largest source of faction is unequal distribution of property. Factions will ultimately be forced to compromise.

narrowcasting

Media programming on cable TV or the internet that is focused on a particular interest and aimed at a particular audience, and contrast Broadcasting.

press conferences

Meetings of public officials with reporters.

print media

Newspapers and magazines, as compared with electronic media.

Amendment 8

No excessive bail or cruel and unusual punishment

Amendment 15

No limitation to vote based on race or condition of servitude.

Net Neutrality (Open Internet Rule)

Open Internet rules protect and maintain open, uninhibited access to legal online content without broadband Internet access providers being allowed to block, impair, or establish fast/slow lanes to lawful content.

Health maintenance organization (HMO)

Organization contracted by individuals or insurance companies to provide health care for a yearly fee. Such Network Health Plans limit the choice of doctors and treatments. More than half of Americans are enrolled in HMO or similar programs

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Original organization that was created in 1949 by Nations including the United States Canada and most Western European nations for Mutual defense and has subsequently been expanded

National Environmental Policy Act

Passed in 1969, the centerpiece of Federal Environmental Policy, which requires agencies to file environmental impact statements.

Social welfare policies

Policies that provide benefits cash or in kind to individuals based on either entitlement or means-testing

Antitrust policy

Policy designed to ensure competition and prevent monopolies

foreign policy

Policy that involves Choice taking about relations with the rest of the world. The president is the chief initiator of US foreign policy

Amendment 24

Poll tax and other taxes in order to vote are illegal

Amendment 25

Presidential disability, vice presidential appointment

Amendment 22

Presidential term limits

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Replacing Aid to families with dependent children as the program for public assistance to needy families, T ANF requires people on welfare to find work within two years and sets a lifetime maximum of five years

Amendment 10

Reservation of all un-enumerated powers to the people or the states

Amendment 2

Right to bear arms for the purpose of a militia

Amendment 6

Right to jury trial

Amendment 26

Right to vote for 18 and above

Amendment 19

Right to vote not based on gender

Amendment 9

Rights retained to the people that are yet to be enumerated or written down

Amendment 17

Senate is directly elected

Income tax

Share of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the government. The Sixteenth Amendment explicitly authorized Congress to levy a tax on income.

Amendment 13

Slaves are citizens

broadcast media

Television and radio, as compared with print media.

mass media

Television, radio, newspapers, magazines, the internet, and other means of popular communication.

Near v Minnesota (1931)

The 1931 Supreme Court decision holding that protects newspapers from prior restraint.

House Ways and Means committee

The House committee that writes tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.

Social Security Trust Fund

The account into which Social Security employee and employer contributions are deposited and used to pay out eligible recipients

Slander

The action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation.

Income

The amount of money collected between any two points in time

media bias

The bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered.

Earned Income Tax Credit

The earned income tax credit, or the eitc, isn't refundable federal income tax credit for low to moderate-income working individuals and families, even if they did not earn enough money to be required to file a tax return

Security and Exchange Commission

The federal agency created during the new deal that regulates the stock market.

Food and Drug Administration

The federal agency formed in 1913 with broad regulatory Powers over the manufacturing content marketing and labeling of Food and Drugs sold in the United States

Revenues

The financial resources of the government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of the federal government's revenue.

Poverty line

The income threshold below which people are considered poor, based on what a family must spend for an austere standard of living, traditionally said it three times the cost of a subsistence diet

Climate change

The increase in the earth temperature that according to most scientist is occurring as a result of the carbon dioxide that is produced when fossil fuels are burned collecting in the atmosphere and trapping energy from the Sun

Feminization of poverty

The increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and their children

Environmental protection agency

The largest Federal independent regulatory agency, created in 1970 to administer much of the US Environmental Protection policy

Minimum wage

The legal minimum hourily wage

linkage institution

The political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda. In the United States, linkage institutions include all actions, political parties, interest groups, in the media.

Libel

The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.

Freedom of Press

The right to circulate opinions in print without censorship by the government. Americans enjoy freedom of the press under the First Amendment to the Constitution.

horse race journalism

The tendency of the media to focus on which candidate is ahead in the polls rather than focusing on the issues

investigative journalism

The use of in-depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes, at times putting reporters an adversarial relationship with political leaders.

Wealth

The value of assets owned

Income distribution

The way the national income is divided into shares ranging from the poor to the rich

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

The welfare reform law of 1996 which implemented the temporary assistance for needy families program. featured requirements that states would receive a fixed amount of money to run their own welfare programs in the form of block grants that people on welfare would have to find work within two years or lose benefits and that there would be a lifetime cap of 5yrs

Deficit

an excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues

Amendment 21

repeal of prohibition

Federal Communication Act of 1934

responsible for assigning broadcast frequencies, for licensing radio and television stations, and for regulating the use of wireless communication devices.

sound bite

short video clips of approximately 10 seconds. Typically they are all that is shown from a politician's speech on the nightly television news.

Clean Air Act of 1970

the law aimed at combating air pollution, by charging the EPA with protecting and improving the quality of the nation's air

political polarization

the vast and growing gap between liberals and conservatives ideologies and the Republican and Democratic parties. Often there is increased ideological consistency and larger divisions along party lines. For instance, in cases in which an individual's stance on a given issue, policy, or person is more likely to be strictly defined by their identification with a particular political party