The Lymphatic System and Lymphoid Organs and Tissues
T OR F: About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the bloodstream as lymph.
TRUE
T OR F: An infected lymph gland is called a bubo.
TRUE
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
efferent lymphatic vessels
Which of the following are functions of lymphoid tissue?
house and provide a proliferation site for lymphocytes; furnish an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
What is the role of the mini-valves in lymph capillaries?
increase permeability
Large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the ________.
inguinal region; axillary region; LOWER EXTREMITIES; cervical region
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
lingual tonsils
These cells recognize antigens and initiate the immune response.
lymphocytes
Which cells become immunocompetent due to thymic hormones?
lymphocytes
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax?
right lymphatic duct
The right lymphatic duct drains ________.
the right side of the head and thorax, and the right upper extremity
The function of B cells in the immune response is ________.
to produce plasma cells that make antibodies
Lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n) ________.
tonsil
The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx.
tonsils
Which of the following is/are the simplest lymphoid organ(s)?
tonsils
Tonsils promote memory of pathogens by:
trapping pathogens to develop immune cells with memory.
The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries.
white
Lymphatic collecting vessels are most closely associated with:
capillary beds
If an unknown antigen contains only swine serum albumin, how many precipitates will form between it and the wells of antibodies for horse, bovine, and swine albumin?
1
Why might lymphedema occur as a complication after a radical mastectomy, in which lymph nodes have been removed?
Anything that prevents the normal return of lymph to the blood results in severe localized edema.
WHich of the following represents a logical sequence of structures that contribute to the return of fluid into the blood via the lymphatic system?
Arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein
Germinal centers in the cortex of lymph nodes contain primarily ________.
B cells
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
Which of the following would the body perceive as an antigen?
Bacteria, Virus, and Mismatched red blood cells
_____ can enter lymph capillaries.
Bacteria, large proteins, and interstitial fluid
Why is the prognosis of cancer best when there is no detectable spread from the region of the primary tumor to the lymph nodes?
Cancer cells that break free from the primary tumor can metastasize via the lymph system. Non-metastasized cancer is easier to treat.
T OR F: Lymph arrives to the lymph nodes via efferent lymphatic vessels.
FALSE
T OR F: All lymphatic organs are composed of epithelial tissue.
FALSE
T OR F: All lymphoid organs develop from mesoderm.
FALSE
T OR F: All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth.
FALSE
T OR F: The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lumbar trunks draining the upper limbs and from the intestinal trunk draining the digestive organs.
FALSE
T OR F: The most important role of the spleen is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
FALSE
T OR F: The simplest lymphoid organs are the lymph nodes.
FALSE
Peyer's patches are found in the ________.
Ileum of the small intestine
A mother takes her son to the doctor and describes the following symptoms that she has observed. The child is running a fever, has flu-like symptoms, and his lymph glands are very swollen and sore to the touch. Of what significance are the swollen and sore lymph glands?
It indicates that the lymph nodes are infected by microorganisms.
Although all of the organs below can raise an immune response, only this one filters the lymph.
LYMPH NODES; spleen; tonsils
Which of the following lymphoid tissues/organs does not contain reticular connective tissue?
Lymph nodes; Tonsils; THYMUS; Spleen
Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles.
Which of the following are considered the primary immune system cells?
Lymphocytes
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue.
The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are examples of ________.
MALT
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
PANCREAS; Peyer's patches of the intestine; tonsils; spleen
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________.
Peyer's patches; ISLETS OF LANGERHANS; lingual tonsils; palatine tonsils
Which of the following is not a method that maintains lymph flow?
SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION; valves in lymph vessel walls; skeletal muscle contraction; breathing
A woman had a mastectomy that included the removal of axillary lymph nodes on her left side. What can she expect regarding her left arm, and why?
She can expect severe localized edema along the arm, although some lymphatic drainage is eventually reestablished by regrowth of the vessels.
Which lymphoid organ provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response and provides blood-cleansing functions?
Spleen
Which of the following is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?
THYMUS; tonsil; appendix; Peyer's patch
T OR F: Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics.
TRUE
T OR F: Chyle is delivered to the blood via the lymphatic system.
TRUE
T OR F: Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries.
TRUE
T OR F: If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate itself.
TRUE
T OR F: Lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.
TRUE
T OR F: Lymphoid tissue is mainly reticular connective tissue.
TRUE
T OR F: The thymus functions strictly in maturation of T cells.
TRUE
T OR F: When tissues are inflamed, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of large particles such as cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells.
TRUE
A nurse palpated enlarged lymph nodes. What are the signs and symptoms that help to distinguish cancerous lymph nodes from infected lymph nodes?
Tender nodes are usually due to inflammation, whereas hard, fixed nodes are suggestive of malignancy.
An advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes would be that:
The loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes; lymph filters through the nodes and is exposed to lymphocytes and macrophages; lymphocytes cycle to various areas of the body and back to lymph nodes
As infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) progresses, some individuals develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy. Why might this occur?
The lymph nodes are overwhelmed by a large number of virus particles trapped in the nodes.
While passing through a village on safari you notice a man with one enormous leg and one normal-sized leg. What is the most likely reason for the increased size of the swollen leg?
The man has elephantiasis, which is caused by parasitic worms that get in the lymph system and reproduce to levels that block the vessels. The swelling is due to edema.
A 46 year-old man involved in a traffic accident is rushed to the emergency room with internal bleeding. Examination reveals a ruptured spleen. As a doctor, which of the following statements are important factors for you to consider as you decide whether or not to remove the patient's spleen?
The patient could regenerate an entirely new spleen; The adrenals can take over some of the spleen's functions; The function of the spleen is not well understood; IF LEFT ALONE, THE SPLEEN CAN OFTEN REPAIR ITSELF; BONE MARROW CAN TAKE OVER SOME OF THE SPLEEN'S FUNCTIONS; The patient cannot live without a spleen; THE LIVER CAN TAKE OVER SOME OF THE SPLEEN'S FUNCTIONS
Which of the following contribute(s) to the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
The pumping of the heart; Pressure changes in the thorax that result from breathing
What causes the flow of lymph to slow within lymph nodes?
There are more afferent vessels than efferent vessels.
What is not true about antibodies?
They are found in plasma and other body secretions; THEY ARE CELLS; They bind to a single, specific antigen; They are produced by plasma cells
Which of the following is a role of lymph nodes?
They filter lymph.
Which of the following is not a lymphoid tissue/organ?
Tonsils; BONE MARROW; Peyer's patches; Spleen
Which of the following statements is true regarding veins versus lymphatic collecting vessels?
Veins have fewer internal valves than do lymphatic vessels.
Which of the following is NOT a part of the MALT?
appendix; tonsils; Peyer's patches; LYMPH NODES
Antibodies ________.
are proteins composed of heavy chains and light chains
The highest density of lymph nodes can be found _____.
at the locations where lymphatic collecting vessels converge
In the Ouchterlony test, where will a precipitate form when bovine serum albumin is mixed with the antibodies for horse albumin, bovine albumin, and swine albumin?
between the wells for bovine albumin and antibodies for bovine albumin
Red pulp of the spleen is most concerned with ______, while white pulp is most concerned with _____.
blood filtering; immunity
Lymph capillaries are absent in all but which of the following?
bone marrow; bones and teeth; cns; DIGESTIVE ORGANS
The thymus is most active during ________.
childhood
In the tonsils, these structures trap bacteria and other foreign material.
crypts
Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________.
crypts
Lymph in the cisterna chyli differs in composition from lymph in the general lymphatic stream in that it contains more ________.
fat
Antigens that can provoke an immune response include ________.
foreign proteins, polysaccharides, and small molecules, called haptens, that link to our own body proteins
Lymph is most similar to:
interstitial fluid
Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa.
lacteals
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
lymph nodes
What is/are the principal lymphoid organ(s) in the body?
lymph nodes
Which of the following is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?
lymph nodes; lymphatic vessels; BLOOD VESSELS; lymph
Which of the following is NOT a lymphoid cell?
macrophage; reticular cell; EOSINOPHIL; dendritic cell
Hassall's corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus.
medullary
Lymphatic capillaries owe their permeability to the presence of:
minivalves in their walls.
The ________ is (are) the most likely to become infected.
palatine tonsils
The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________.
peyer's patches
Antibodies are produced by _______.
plasma cells
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
plasma cells
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not:
produce hormones; have lymphocytes; have a cortex and medulla; DIRECTLY FIGHT ANTIGENS
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________.
removal of old or defective blood cells from the blood; FORMING CRYPTS THAT TRAP BACTERIA; storage of iron; storage of blood platelets
Which of the following is not a function of lymph nodes?
serve as antigen surveillance areas; produce lymphoid cells and granular WBCs; PRODUCE LYMPH FLUID AND CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID; act as lymph filters and activate the immune system
Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________.
skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement
A sentinel node is ________.
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
Which lymphoid organ serves as the site where T lymphocytes become immunocompetent T cells?
thymus gland
Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels.
trunks
