The Reformation & Religious Wars
French Calvinists.
Huguenots
Becoming a monk after seeing a "vision" from God, he nailed a list of reforms on a door of a Catholic church in Wittenberg.
Martin Luther
The clerical practice of holding more than one church benefice (or office) at the same time and enjoying the income from each.
Pluralism
A leader who puts the interest of the state before his/her own.
Politiques
Issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements.
Pope Leo X
He directed a council of Cardinals to investigate indulgence selling, approved the Jesuit Order, and used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory.
Pope Paul III
The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
Protestant
The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated.
Spanish Armada
Third phase of the 30 Years' War
Swedish
List three things the Council of Trent accomplished.
Transubstantiation, seven sacraments, the efficacy of good works and salvation, index of Forbidden Books, Sale of Church offices was curtailed, better trained clergy, emphasized Religious Mysticism and Saints' stories in Theology
The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
Union of Utrecht
Creator of The Calling of St. Matthew.
Caravaggio
Youngest child of Isabella and Ferdinand, she gave Henry VIII a daughter, Mary I, but was forced into a divorce for failing to provide a male heir.
Catherine of Aragon
The Catholic Church's effort to reform itself.
Catholic Reformation
Became king of France when he was only 13. He was convinced to favor a Huguenot plan for intervention against the Spanish in the Netherlands.
Charles IX
Devout Catholic who opposed Luther's teachings and summoned him to stand trial in the Holy Roman Empire.
Charles V
List three causes of the Protestant Reformation.
Conciliarism, church corruption, distrust of clergy, Avignon papacy, greed of clergy, indulgences
Second phase of the 30 Years' War.
Danish
Event that sparked the 30 Years' War.
Defenestration of Prague
A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
Edict of Nantes
This document ordered that all of Luther's books be burned and declared Luther an outlaw and heretic.
Edict of Worms
A Catholic who inherited Bohemia thus sparking the 30 Years' War.
Ferdinand II
List three effects of the French Civil War.
France was left religiously divided, royal power was weakened, Bourbon family replaced the Valois family.
King of France who became a tool of the Guise family. He died after many unsuccessful attempts on his life.
Francis II
This person was named king on behalf of the Bohemian people. He quickly lost the battle against the future HRE during the 30 Years' War.
Frederick II
Disobeyed Luther and helped Luther by providing shelter.
Frederick of Saxony
Fourth phase of the 30 Years' War.
French
Leader of France who converted to Catholicism after declaring that, "Paris is worth a Mass."
Henry of Navarre, Henry IV
8. The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
Holy Office
A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
Indulgence
9. Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
Jesuits
Appointed to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome, he led the way in selling indulgences for the Pope.
Johan Tetzel
Believing that the ideal government was a theocracy, he attempted to create a utopia in Geneva. He also wrote a book where he argued that God has already preselected who will be "saved."
John Calvin
Scottish preacher who established church communities led by elders known as presbyters.
John Knox
The idea that people could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness.
Justification by Faith Alone
List three ideas found in Martin Luther's 95 Theses
Justification by Faith Alone, all church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible, both the pope and church traditions were false authorities, all people with faith are equal therefore people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them
Document that declared that each Prince in the HRE would decide the religion of his own state.
Peace of Augsburg
The peace solution to the 30 Years' War.
Peace of Westphalia
Creator of Daniel in the Lions Den
Peter Paul Rubens
Revolt over the closing of monasteries and Henry VIII's takeover the Catholic Church.
Pilgrimage of Grace
The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
Predestination
Creator of the The Night Watch.
Rembrandt
Conflict that insured after Catherine de Medici exploited rivalries between the Bourbon and Guise family in order to assassinate Gaspard de Coligny and gain stronger control over her son, Charles IX.
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
The Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Legislation that prevented financial payments to the Pope.
Act of Annates
Legislation that forbade appeals to Rome, which stopped Katherine from appealing her divorce.
Act of Restraint of Appeals
Legislation that declared Henry VIII, not the Pope, as the head of the English church.
Act of Supremacy
Swedish general who claimed that "all the wars of Europe were now blended into one."
Adolphus
Baptized only those people who were old enough to decide to be Christian. They also taught that church and state should be separate, refused to fight in wars, and were disliked by both Catholics and Protestants.
Anabaptists
Henry VIII's second wife who was accused of committing incest and adultery and, thus, executed despite providing the King with a daughter (Elizabeth I).
Anne Boleyn
Opposition to the clergy.
Anticlericalism
Creator of Judith and Holofernes
Artemisia Gentileschi
List the three ideas propagated by Jan Huss and John Wycliffe in the 15th century.
BAD: Bible had more authority than church leaders, advocated church reform, denied the pope had the right to worldly power
School of art that utilizes chiaroscuro and sfumato to expresses raw emotions and stories. It literally translates to "odd shaped pearl."
Baroque
First phase of the 30 Years' War.
Bohemian
Huguenot family who controlled the southern part of France during the 16th century.
Bourbon
Catholic family who controlled the northern part of France during the 16th century.
Guise
Last powerful Valois family king.
Henry II
Catherine de Medici's favorite son who led military campaigns against the Huguenots and eventually became ruler of Poland.
Henry III
Son of Henry VII of Tudor and Elizabeth of York who broke away from the Catholic Church despite being nicknamed the "Defender of Faith."
Henry VIII
Creator of The Girl With The Pearl Earring
Vermeer
Military general during the 30 Years' War who conquered Northern Europe on behalf of the HRE during the 17th century. He was subsequently fired and assassinated for his assistance.
Wallenstein
He began religious reform by openly attacking the abuses of the Catholic Church in Switzerland after being influenced by Erasmus's idea of Christian Humanism.
Zwingli