The Science of Health 2017 Final Chapters 19, 20, 22, 24

Race =

"Biological concept that refers the gene frequencies in a population. Races are differentiated by inherited characteristics...." racial categories are often defined based on physical appearance. - Race is socially constructed - There is no genetic basis for racial categories. -There is more variation within a group than between groups - Supported by the results of the Human Genome Project - There is not a single characteristic or set of characteristics that can be found in all members of one racial group that is not found in any other racial group.

Ethnicity -

- defined by a sense of shared experience and peoplehood, defined by a unique socio-cultural heritage that is transmitted across generations. - Similar to culture, though more context specific. E.g. there are many ethnicities contained within a culture. - No genetic basis for ethnicities, similar to race.

All of the following are key elements of evolution EXCEPT which one?

Change has been accomplished with a purpose and a plan.

Which of the following best describes a gene?

DNA sequences with instructions for building proteins

T/F: Alleles are alternative versions of chromosomes

FALSE

T/F: Gene therapy is a technique in which DNA from one species is inserted into another to produce useful gene products.

FALSE

T/F: Producing transgenic animals is much easier than generating transgenic plants.

FALSE

T/F: Random changes in the frequency of genes in a population because of chance events is known as natural selection.

FALSE

T/F: Urbanization typically increases biodiversity.

FALSE

________ testing refers to the analysis of an individual's genetic material to determine predisposition to a particular health condition.

Genetic

While Racism does exist, it can be argued that "Race" does not exist

It has always been and will always be a tool to justify social and political inequity.

T/F: Bacterial DNA is useful to scientists involved in recombinant DNA technology because foreign genes can be inserted into the plasmids and then the plasmids can be inserted back into bacteria.

TRUE

T/F: Biodiversity refers to the variety of richness of species on Earth.

TRUE

T/F: Geographical barriers, such as large bodies of water and mountains, can result in the formation of new species of animals.

TRUE

T/F: Humans breathe in air with trace amounts of thousands of pollutants are also present.

TRUE

T/F: Microevolution refers to evolution of new species that occurs as a result of genetic changes.

TRUE

T/F: Polygenic inheritance depends on gene products from multiple genes.

TRUE

T/F: Some genetically engineered tomato plants produce tomatoes that last longer on the grocery shelf; some genetically engineered cotton plants are resistant to insects.

TRUE

T/F: Through genetic engineering, it is possible for scientists to identify the sequence of the DNA coding, determine the location of certain genes in DNA, and create more DNA from DNA samples.

TRUE

T/F:Bacterial DNA can be easily removed from the bacterium, modified by adding a gene of interest, and then reinserted into the bacterium to be replicated.

TRUE

Which one of the following syndromes results in an individual with a nearly normal female phenotype and a tendency to develop mild mental retardation?

Trisomy-21 syndrome

Which of the following genotypes results in a female phenotype?

XX

Discrimination

acting based on ones prejudices

Alternate versions of the same gene pair are

alleles

Alternative versions of the same gene are ________.

alleles

Prior to genetic engineering, insulin for humans with insulin-dependent diabetes was extracted from pigs and cattle. Presently insulin is produced by transgenic

bacteria

The main human activities that have raised atmospheric CO2 levels are

burning of fossil fuels

Study of homologous and analogous structures

comparative anatomy

Study of the structure of molecules to infer evolutionary relatedness of organisms

comparative biochemistry

Study of the early development of organisms

comparative embryology

The process by which the continental plates move slowly over time is called ________.

continental drift

Genes represent the set of instructions for the expression of one or more traits human beings and influence human behaviors by

directing the synthesis of protein products that influence but do not directly cause most human behaviors

Most of the energy used by humans comes from which one of the following sources?

fossil fuels

Preserved remains of organisms

fossil record

The insertion of human genes into human cells to treat a disease is known as ________.

gene therapy

The process of evolution ultimately depends on changes that occur in the ________ of organisms.

genes or DNA [either term can be used here]

Manipulation of the genetic makeup of cells or whole organisms is known as

genetic engineering

The science that involves the planned modification, insertion, or deletion of genes from the genetic makeup of an organism is called ________.

genetic engineering

A(n) ________ refers to the complete set of genes in the chromosomes of an individual.

genome

A phenotype is determined by ________ and ________.

genotype, environmental factors [answers may go in any order]

Creation of sustainable and healthier ecosystems cannot be achieved through

greater use of natural resources

To create cows, sheep, and pigs that grow faster and larger, the gene for ________ has been inserted into their genomes.

growth hormone (GH)

Humans are classified as ________ because of our larger bodies, bigger brains, and lack of tails in relation to other primates.

hominoids

Large-scale evolutionary trends or changes that apply to whole groups of species are referred to as

macroevolution

Prejudice

making assumptions about an individual based on beliefs (accurate or inaccurate) about a group to which they are perceived to belong (be it a race and/or ethnicity).

In polygenic inheritance

multiple alleles and genes contribute to a phenotype

Which of the following is most likely involved in the determination of intelligence?

multiple genes and the environment

Charles Darwin's proposal that organisms that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is termed ________.

natural selection

In each local environment, living organisms have evolved to possess the traits necessary to survive and reproduce. This concept is called

natural selection

The theory that individuals with certain traits are more fit for their local environment and therefore are more likely to survive and reproduce is known as

natural selection

Which one of the following energy sources is NOT an alternative to fossil fuels?

offshore drilling for oil

Which of the following best describes a chromosome?

paired structures within the nucleus, composed of DNA and proteins coiled up in a knot

Gases like carbon dioxide are called greenhouse gases because they

permit sunlight to enter but trap the heat energy in the atmosphere

The inheritance of a trait that is determined by many genes acting together is ________ inheritance

polygenic

The rapid development of knowledge regarding how to manipulate and analyze DNA, including techniques for modifying its structure, has led to the new field in biology known as

recombinant DNA technology

An a genotype is

the code of the genes themselves

The trend toward increased height and weight due to improved nutrition in certain human populations is an example of the effect of ________ on phenotypes.

the environment

A phenotypic trait is considered sex-linked when

the genes for the phenotype occur on X or Y chromosomes

Certain gases in the upper atmosphere allow sunlight to pass through to Earth's surface, but prevent heat from escaping. This is known as

the greenhouse effect

When two species contain identical or nearly identical molecules such as proteins, this suggests

the two species share a common ancestry

In the scientific process, the word ________ is reserved for those few major concepts that offer the best explanation to fit a broad range of established facts.

theory

Humans are classified as hominoids because

they have larger bodies and bigger brains than other primates

Organisms that can contain genes introduced from other species are referred to as

transgenic

Organisms that have been genetically engineered to carry one or more foreign genes are known as ________ organisms.

transgenic

Plants that have foreign DNA inserted into their genome for the purpose of producing products beneficial to humans are referred to as

transgenic

Racism and ethnic discrimination

using pseudo-scientific explanations of racial superiority to justify discrimination.

Transgenic bacteria are presently used to produce ________ that can be administered to humans or other animals to prepare the immune system for a possible infection by a disease-causing organism.

vaccines