The Science of Nutrition Chapter 11 Questions

85) Peripheral dual energy x-ray absorptiometry calculates bone density by scanning all the bones in the body.

: FALSE

14) Which of the following T-scores indicates osteoporosis? A) -3 B) -2 C) 0 D) 2

A) -3

58) Which of the following foods contains the same amount of calcium as 8 oz of nonfat milk? A) 4.9 oz plain, nonfat yogurt B) 4.9 oz Swiss cheese C) 1.5 oz canned sardines D) 1 cup of lima beans

A) 4.9 oz plain, nonfat yogurt

68) Which thyroid hormone is used to treat osteoporosis? A) calcitonin B) testosterone C) insulin D) parathyroid hormone

A) calcitonin

15) Which is the most abundant mineral in our body? A) calcium B) iron C) phosphorus D) fluoride

A) calcium

1) The compact bone that makes up the outer surface of bone is called: A) cortical. B) spongy. C) collagen. D) trabecular.

A) cortical.

33) Insufficient vitamin D during childhood is associated with: A) rickets. B) osteomalacia. C) osteoporosis. D) hypocalcemia

A) rickets.

54) A T-score compares a person's assessed bone density to: A) the average peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old. B) the average peak bone density of a healthy 20-year-old. C) the average bone density of a person with osteoporosis. D) the average bone density of a person at puberty.

A) the average peak bone density of a healthy 30-year-old.

27) Who is at MOST risk for vitamin D deficiency? A) a young man living near the equator B) a middle-aged woman living in Alaska C) a child living in southern California D) a middle-aged woman living in Florida

B) a middle-aged woman living in Alaska

8) The tiny mineral crystals that cluster around collagen fibers in bone are called: A) osteoclasts. B) hydroxyapatite. C) trabecular. D) osteoblasts.

B) hydroxyapatite.

49) Which individual is at the LEAST risk for osteoporosis? A) thin, elderly male B) male weight lifter in his 20s C) petite Asian female D) thin Caucasian female in her 40s

B) male weight lifter in his 20s

60) Which of the following is the animal form of vitamin K, produced by bacteria in the large intestine? A) osteocalcin B) menaquinone C) phylloquinone D) phosphorus

B) menaquinone

47) Kyphosis, or dowager's hump, is a characteristic associated with: A) fluorosis. B) osteoporosis. C) rickets. D) the female athlete triad.

B) osteoporosis

53) Which group of people do doctors generally advise get a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) test? A) pubescent women B) postmenopausal women C) middle-aged men D) weight lifters

B) postmenopausal women

23) Which of the following plant sources of calcium has the lowest bioavailability? A) kale B) spinach C) broccoli D) Brussels sprouts

B) spinach

24) Which of the following nutrients is necessary for the absorption of calcium? A) iron B) vitamin D C) zinc D) phosphorus

B) vitamin D

10) At about what age does bone resorption generally begin to occur more rapidly than bone formation? A) 10 B) 20 C) 40 D) 60

C) 40

25) Which of the following is MOST likely to occur if you were to consume too much calcium via the diet? A) You would experience hypercalcemia. B) You would begin to produce kidney stones. C) Your gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of other minerals. D) Calcium deposits would accumulate in the soft tissues of the body.

C) Your gastrointestinal tract would limit the absorption of other minerals.

6) The two-step process in which bone tissue is recycled is called: A) bone growth. B) bone modeling. C) bone remodeling. D) bone regeneration.

C) bone remodeling.

20) Phytates and oxalates can inhibit the absorption of: A) vitamin E. B) thiamin. C) calcium. D) protein.

C) calcium.

4) Eighty percent of bone is made up of: A) spongy bone. B) collagen. C) cortical bone. D) trabecular bone.

C) cortical bone.

26) Which of the following organs converts the inactive form of vitamin D into the active form the body can use? A) parathyroid B) lungs C) kidneys D) gallbladder

C) kidneys

13) A T-score between -1 and 1 on a dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) signifies: A) lower than normal bone density. B) osteoporosis. C) normal bone density. D) growing bone.

C) normal bone density.

31) A vitamin D deficiency in adults can lead to: A) hypocalcemia. B) rickets. C) osteomalacia. D) calcium deposits.

C) osteomalacia.

57) Which of the following is a hormone that is released in response to low blood calcium levels? A) serotonin B) estrogen C) parathyroid hormone D) insulin

C) parathyroid hormone

39) Formed in our bones, hydroxyapatite crystals are mineral complexes comprised of calcium and: A) sodium. B) chloride. C) phosphorus. D) vitamin K.

C) phosphorus.

61) Foods that contain protein have a high amount of: A) calcium. B) vitamin K. C) phosphorus. D) oxalates.

C) phosphorus.

67) Selective estrogen receptor modulators have been used to treat osteoporosis. They work by: A) increasing the amount and activity of thyroid hormones. B) increasing the levels of phosphorus in the blood. C) promoting an estrogen-like effect on bone tissue. D) combining estrogen with progestin.

C) promoting an estrogen-like effect on bone tissue.

43) Which of the following enhances the absorption and retention of dietary magnesium? A) fiber B) phytates C) protein D) fat

C) protein

56) The quick, portable procedure that calculates bone density by using sound waves to scan the heel, shin, and kneecap is known as: A) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. B) single energy X-ray absorptiometry. C) quantitative ultrasound technique. D) peripheral ultrasound technique.

C) quantitative ultrasound technique.

51) Which of the following is a risk factor that increases one's chances of developing osteoporosis? A) participation in weight-bearing exercise B) consumption of a plant-based diet C) smoking D) moderate alcohol intake

C) smoking

45) The majority of our body's fluoride is stored in the: A) liver. B) adipose tissue. C) teeth and bones. D) interstitial fluid.

C) teeth and bones.

11) Peak bone mass is typically achieved by what age? A) 2 years B) puberty C) 21 years D) 30 years

D) 30 years

30) One microgram of vitamin D is equivalent to how many International Units (IU)? A) 10 IU B) 20 IU C) 30 IU D) 40 IU

D) 40 IU

2) Minerals make up approximately what percentage of bone? A) 25% B) 35% C) 50% D) 65%

D) 65%

59) Of the following foods, which has the highest bioavailability of calcium? A) raw spinach B) unprocessed tofu C) whole wheat bread D) cooked kale

D) cooked kale

22) Assuming equal serving sizes, which of the following foods would be the poorest source of calcium? A) skim milk B) whole milk C) cheddar cheese D) cottage cheese

D) cottage cheese

62) Which component of teeth increases their resistance to destruction by acids and bacteria? A) calcium B) phosphorus C) hydroxyapatite D) fluorohydroxyapatite

D) fluorohydroxyapatite

37) A recent meta-analysis of studies evaluating Vitamin K's role in maintaining bone health has shown that vitamin K: A) is only involved in bone remodeling. B) plays no role in bone metabolism. C) is the primary determinant of bone density. D) has a modest impact on bone density.

D) has a modest impact on bone density.

50) In which phase of the life cycle is bone loss the greatest? A) puberty B) pregnancy C) lactation D) menopause

D) menopause

29) Vitamin D toxicity is associated with: A) sunburns. B) suntan lotions. C) seafood. D) supplements.

D) supplements.

52) Mary is 60 years old and at risk for osteoporosis. Which of the following dietary supplements would be the MOST helpful to minimize bone loss, when combined with calcium? A) magnesium B) vitamin K C) phosphorus D) vitamin D

D) vitamin D

66) The most effective exercise programs recommended to treat osteoporosis emphasize: A) stretching. B) carbohydrate loading. C) recumbent cycling. D) weight-bearing activities.

D) weight-bearing activities.

55) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures bone density in a person's: A) lower limbs. B) hands. C) hips. D) whole body.

D) whole body.

74) Bone density ceases to increase around 21 years of age in males.

FALSE

82) Skin absorbs vitamin D directly from the sun.

FALSE

83) Across the life span, vitamin D needs are the lowest for those over the age of 70.

FALSE

84) Overexposure to the sun can result in vitamin D toxicity.

FALSE

69) Fluoride is absorbed directly into the teeth and gums.

TRUE

71) Collagen fibers are stronger than steel fibers of the same size.

TRUE

79) Vitamin D acts as a hormone.

TRUE

87) Phosphorus deficiencies are rare.

TRUE

28) Which is the primary source of vitamin D in the American diet? A) seafood B) chicken C) green leafy vegetables D) fortified foods, such as milk

D) fortified foods, such as milk

38) The body's supply of vitamin K comes from dietary sources and is also produced in the: A) brain. B) mouth. C) stomach. D) large intestine.

D) large intestine.

70) Cortical bone has a faster turnover rate than trabecular bone.

FALSE

72) Females reach their full adult height later than males do.

FALSE

90) Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be a safe and effective treatment for heart disease.

FALSE

73) The size and shape of bones do not change significantly after puberty.

TRUE

75) Osteoblasts lay down new bone.

TRUE

76) Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is an accurate way to evaluate bone density.

TRUE

77) When dietary intake of calcium is low, calcium absorption increases.

TRUE

78) Using a sunscreen with SPF 8 or greater can inhibit the synthesis of vitamin D.

TRUE

80) The RDA for vitamin D is based on the assumption that an individual does not get enough sun.

TRUE

81) Geographical location affects the amount of vitamin D the body is able to synthesize.

TRUE

86) Some researchers believe excess caffeine consumption can be detrimental to bone health.

TRUE

88) Most bottled waters do not contain fluoride.

TRUE

89) As adults age, their bone density declines.

TRUE

16) Which of the following is TRUE concerning calcium? A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance. B) Ninety-nine percent of calcium is found in the blood and soft tissue. C) When blood calcium rises, osteoclasts will liberate calcium from the skeleton. D) Calcium is a minor mineral.

A) Calcium's alkalinity assists in regulating acid-base balance.

64) How can children reduce the risk of fluorosis? A) Limit ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste. B) Limit ingestion of fluoridated water. C) Limit intake of vitamin D supplements. D) Increase amount of phosphorus from dietary sources.

A) Limit ingestion of fluoridated toothpaste.

44) One source of magnesium toxicity is: A) antacids. B) apples. C) high meat consumption. D) soft drinks.

A) antacids

21) This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when blood levels of calcium are too high. A) calcitonin B) thyroxin C) parathyroid hormone D) T3

A) calcitonin

63) How does fluoride protect against dental caries (cavities)? A) decreases and reverses tooth demineralization B) inhibits bone modeling C) speeds up metabolism of acid-producing bacteria D) decreases tooth mineralization

A) decreases and reverses tooth demineralization

5) When does bone growth and modeling start? A) during fetal development B) at birth C) during infancy D) during childhood

A) during fetal development

40) Which of the following foods is high in phosphorus? A) eggs B) apples C) oranges D) table salt

A) eggs

42) Which of the following foods are good sources of magnesium? A) green, leafy vegetables B) citrus fruits C) french fries D) soft drinks

A) green, leafy vegetables

36) Newborn infants receive a single injection of vitamin K at birth due to the fact that: A) newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K. B) breast milk is a poor source of vitamin K. C) the trauma of labor and delivery depletes the newborn's vitamin K stores. D) newborns cannot absorb any of the vitamin K from breast milk or formula.

A) newborns do not have enough bacteria in their small intestine to make vitamin K.

7) Bone cells that are responsible for eroding the bone surface during resorption are called: A) osteoclasts. B) cortical. C) osteoblasts. D) trabecular.

A) osteoclasts.

17) Which of the following hormones are released when blood calcium levels fall? A) parathyroid hormone B) hydroxyapatite C) calcitonin D) thyroxin

A) parathyroid hormone

9) In addition to proper growth and development, bone remodeling is critical in maintaining: A) blood glucose levels. B) blood calcium levels. C) blood coagulation. D) vitamin D production.

B) blood calcium levels.

34) Vitamin K is absorbed from the small intestine and is transported by ________ to the liver. A) hepatic portal system B) chylomicrons C) bile D) cholesterol

B) chylomicrons

35) Vitamin K serves as a(n) ________ to various proteins involved in the coagulation of blood and in bone metabolism. A) inhibitor B) coenzyme C) antagonist D) carrier

B) coenzyme

3) Which organic protein is responsible for the bone matrix that hydroxyapatite binds to? A) titan B) collagen C) hemoglobin D) trabecular bone

B) collagen

46) Fluorosis is associated with: A) insufficient intake of fluoride. B) consuming too much fluoride. C) Alzheimer's disease. D) osteoporosis.

B) consuming too much fluoride.

65) Fluoride deficiency has been shown to result in: A) osteoporosis. B) dental caries. C) osteoarthritis. D) kyphosis.

B) dental caries.

12) Currently the most accurate assessment tool for measuring bone density is: A) X-ray. B) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. C) hydrostatic weighing. D) computed axial tomography.

B) dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

32) Individuals who have diseases that result in the malabsorption of ________ are at risk for a vitamin D deficiency. A) carbohydrate B) fat C) minerals D) protein

B) fat

19) At which of the following stages of the life cycle is calcium absorption the most efficient? A) pregnancy B) infancy C) adulthood D) later life

B) infancy

18) Calcium is primarily absorbed from which area of the intestinal tract? A) mouth B) stomach C) duodenum D) ileum

C) duodenum

48) What is the primary reason osteoporosis incidence in the United States is expected to increase? A) inadequate treatment options B) increased diagnostic tools C) increased longevity of the population D) decline in milk consumption

C) increased longevity of the population

41) Most of the body's phosphorus is stored in: A) the liver. B) adipose tissue. C) the bones. D) the kidneys.

C) the bones