Thinking

A few days before flying to San Francisco, Jim watched a documentary about the 1906 earthquake that devastated the city. Even though the chance of getting caught in an earthquake while in San Francisco was relatively minor, Jim decided to cancel his trip. This BEST illustrates:

the availability heuristic.

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called:

the availability heuristic.

In the last few months of 2001, many Americans believed flying was more dangerous than driving. This led to a major increase in traffic fatalities. This flaw in reasoning is known as:

the availability heuristic.

In Köhler's experiment, Sultan the chimp was given a short stick that could not reach his desired banana. After several failed attempts, Sultan demonstrated insight by using the short stick:

to pull in a longer stick, which he used to reach the banana.

At the zoo, a group of chimpanzees have found a way to groom each other with branches from a fake tree in their cage. The younger chimpanzees invented this grooming technique and are passing it on to their peers and offspring. Thus, they are:

transmitting cultural innovations.

Creativity is characterized by expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, and a(n) _____ in a creative environment.

venturesome personality

In research studies in which subjects were asked to make a choice regarding a complex problem, the BEST decision was made by those who:

were slightly distracted.

_____ tests measure one's ability to learn.

Aptitude

_____, or a well-developed base of knowledge, furnishes the ideas, images, and phrases used as mental building blocks.

Expertise

Although one may use trial and error to solve a problem, following a(n) _____, which is a step-by-step procedure, provides a guaranteed solution.

algorithm

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem is a(n):

algorithm.

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This BEST illustrates their capacity to develop:

concepts.

An obstacle to problem solving is _____, which is the tendency to accept only information that supports one's existing beliefs.

confirmation bias

The tendency to search for information that supports one's preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence is known as _____.

confirmation bias

People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. This is known as:

confirmation bias.

Charles Lord conducted an experiment in which he was able to lessen the effects of belief perseverance by getting subjects to:

consider the opposite point of view.

Divergent thinking is to multiple correct answers as _____ thinking is to a single correct answer.

convergent

Divergent thinking is to multiple correct answers as _____ is to a single correct answer.

convergent thinking

Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment, and a venturesome personality may combine to make a person:

creative.

The ability to produce ideas that are both useful and novel is called _____.

creativity

The ability to produce ideas that are both useful and novel is called:

creativity.

Differences in tool use, along with differing communication and hunting styles, are the chimpanzee version of _____ diversity.

cultural

Researchers studying chimpanzees in the wild report that they have found at least 39 customs that are specific to local chimpanzee groups. These differences, including tool use, grooming, and courtship rituals, can be accounted for by:

cultural diversity.

Convergent thinking is to a single correct answer as _____ is to multiple correct answers.

divergent thinking

Creativity tests require:

divergent thinking.

To boost the creative process, researchers recommend that people:

experience other cultures and ways of thinking.

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of _____.

framing

Presenting an issue in a specific way that affects one's judgment and decision-making is known as:

framing.

The way an issue is posed or how an issue is presented can significantly affect decisions and judgments; this is known as:

framing.

When attempting to persuade others, it is better to focus on the positive rather than the negative. This is a characteristic of:

framing.

To solve a problem, one often makes use of a simple thinking strategy, called a(n) _____, which allows one to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.

heuristic

To solve a problem, one often makes use of a simple thinking strategy. This strategy will allow one to make judgments and solve problems efficiently by following a(n) _____.

heuristic

A simple thinking strategy that often allows one to make judgments and solve problems efficiently is known as a(n):

heuristic.

The sudden realization that one has solved a problem is called:

insight.

Managers who wish to foster creativity in the workplace should try to increase the _____ of their employees.

intrinsic motivation

_____ is/are the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Cognition

_____ allow one to quickly categorize new objects and events with little cognitive effort.

Concepts

_____ tests require expansive, divergent thinking.

Creativity

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Humans use emotions to reason, but neglect probabilities.

Which statement is NOT true of animal cognition?

Unlike humans, chimpanzees will not kill their neighbor to gain land.

Creativity is characterized by expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, and _____ in a creative environment.

a venturesome personality

The ability to create ideas that are both different and useful is linked to:

academic aptitude.

Which does NOT contribute to making an event seem commonplace?

autobiographical significance

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called the _____.

availability heuristic

People who score high on a standard intelligence test are more likely to _____ than people who score low.

be creative

To foster creativity, one's environment should:

be supportive of the individual and his or her ideas.

A potential source of irrationality is _____, the tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.

belief perseverance

There is a small group of people who still think that the Earth is flat despite the fact that they are often otherwise normal members of modern society. They are exhibiting _____.

belief perseverance

The mental process of forming concepts is an example of _____.

cognition

The mental process of forming concepts is an example of:

cognition.

Apples, oranges, and pears all belong to the same _____ of FRUIT.

concept

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people is known as a(n):

concept.

Events, ideas, objects, or people that are grouped together form a(n):

concept.

A(n) _____ is an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought.

intuition

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every decision one faces on a daily basis, one often resorts to _____.

intuition

Fast, automatic, and unreasoned feeling and thought is known as:

intuition.

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every decision one faces on a daily basis, one often resorts to:

intuition.

When making each day's hundreds of judgments and decisions, one often refers to:

intuition.

The tendency to approach a problem in one particular way that has often been successful in the past is known as:

mental set.

Who is MOST likely to show some immunity to the negative effects of intuition?

no one is immune

To be considered creative, an idea must be both valuable and:

novel.

At the beginning of a race, researchers ask a group of elite runners if they think they will come in first; they all say yes. This BEST illustrates _____.

overconfidence

Prompt and clear feedback regarding one's performance on a math test is MOST likely to inhibit _____.

overconfidence

At the beginning of a race, researchers ask a group of runners if they think they will come in first; they all say yes. This BEST illustrates:

overconfidence.

The tendency to be more confident than correct is known as:

overconfidence.

A(n) _____ is a mental image of all the features one associates with a category.

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories.

prototype

Forming concepts is useful because concepts:

simplify thinking.