Topic 1.3: The Protestant Reformation
theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders
Which answer best summarizes the main idea of the quotation? "How we live is so different from how we ought to live that he who studies what ought to be done rather than what is done will learn the way to his downfall rather than to his preservation." —Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince *
A successful ruler must be observant and practical, not idealistic.
Modern influence of Anabaptists
Amish, Mennonite,
Other Reformers are...
Anabaptists (separation of church and state; adult baptism), and Henry VII (England Anglican Church)
Who does Henry VII think will bear him a son?
Anne Boleyn
Difference between Bacon and Descartes
Bacon uses inductive reasoning and Descartes uses deductive reasoning. Bacon: He wanted science to make life better for people by leading to practical technologies. Descartes: Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding.
Catholicism
Believed salvation is achieved through faith and good works. Pope is the head of the church Church tradition and the bible are sources of revealed truth Priests interpret the bible for the people Big followers of sacraments and rituals
Who were the two astronomers that helped explain that the Earth and other planets move around the Sun separately?
Brahe and Kepler
How did scientists begin challenging authority during the Scientific Revolution?
By testing old beliefs using logic, math and observations
Council of Trent
Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. The council believed that salvation comes through faith and good works. It also established schools to create a better-educated clergy who could challenge Protestant teachings. It Met off an on for 20 years. Bible is one of several sources of religious truth. Banned sale of indulgences.
Peace of Augsburg more info
Charles V tried to force Lutheran princes back into the Catholic Church, but with little success. Finally, after a number of brief wars, Charles and the princes reached a settlement. The Peace of Augsburg, signed in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion—Catholic or Lutheran—would be followed in his lands. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism. The southern German states remained largely Catholic.
95 Theses stated that...
Christians should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves and the Bible is supreme over church policies
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on
Experimentation and observation
Which statement best describes the works of Nicolas Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and Rene Descartes?
The scientific method was used to solve problems
What is the Inquisition?
a church court set up in the middle ages.
What radical new perspective did Copernicus' drawing of the universe reveal?
a heliocentric perspective
indulgences
certificates sold by RCC to "free one's soul from purgatory." purchased for deceased family members. money from them went to improve the churches.
What were the effects of the Catholic Reformation
charity flourished and church abuses were reduced Some catholic reformers succeeded in getting back protestant converts, but Protestantism gained foothold on continent Europe remains divided in different religions Catholic in south and Protestant in North.
predestination
foreknowledge of all that will happen
Martin Luther (1483-1546)
german monk/professor. responsible for religious revolution that would divide Christianity forever.
Unlike Francis Bacon, René Descartes believed that the best road to understanding was through
human reasoning.
Luther's 95 Theses
nailed to door of Castle Church in Wittenburg on Oct. 31, 1517 for church elders to read. list of grievances with RCC- most dealt with indulgences
Bacon, Galileo, and Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on experimentation & ________.
observation
Luther's legacy is...
permanently split the Christian faith between Catholicism and Protestantism
Scientist began using _____________ and _______________ instead of placing their beliefs in faith.
reason and logic
What can only be achieved through belief, not good deeds? (95 Theses)
salvation
who commissioned Sistine chapel
the church
The calculations of astronomer Johannes Kepler showed that
the planets move around the sun in oval orbits.
What role did trade play in the Renaissance?
wealth from trade fueled the Renaissance
Sir Thomas More was executed because he
would not accept Henry VIII as head of the Church in England
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535) Englishman, lawyer, politician, Chancellor for Henry VIII. Wrote Utopia which presented a revolutionary view of society, in which the problems of society were caused by greed. Executed by Henry VIII for not compromising his religious beliefs.
Reasons for the rise of the Renaissance
1. Scholars became interested in learning, art and architecture, and they look to ancient Greece and Rome for guidance. 2. Renaissance started in Italian cities because cities became wealthy from trade - people buy art. 3. Crusades make people eager to learn about the world.
Spark for Protestant Reformation?
95 thesis
Who developed the Law of Gravity and Motion?
Issac Newton
John Calvin
French Protestant- Huguenot. founder of Calvinist faith. 1536- The Institutes of the Christians Religion. belief in predestination
The printing press translated the Bible into what language?
German
Johannes Kepler
German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)
Calvinism
God predetermines who will be saved Accepts some sacraments but rejects others because only God can erase sin Head of the church is the counter of elders Bible alone is the source of truth People read and interpret the bible for themselves
What was Luther's fundamental belief
Good faith. Bible is sole source of truth. The pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory Christians could be saved only through faith Believed that salvation was gained through faith alone. regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth. People can read the Bible for themselves. Elected councils as head of the church.
Why does Henry VIII want an annulment (divorce) of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon?
He is a big supporter of male rulers and Catherine cannot bear him a son (She only had a daughter, Mary Tudor)
Charles V and Martin Luther relationship
He was summoned to the Diet of German princes at the city of Worms, where he was expected to give up his writings. He didn't. He was declared an outlaw and excommunicated
Who founded the Jesuits?
Ignatius of Loyola
Why does the pope say no when Henry VII asked for an annulment?
It would offend the Holy Roman Emperor because Catherine was his aunt.
What did the Jesuits do?
Included spiritual and moral discipline, rigorous religious training, and obedience to the church. They embarked on a crusade to defend and spread the catholic faith. Set up schools to teach humanist and catholic belief.
Major abuses of catholic church
Indulgances Too much church property
Why was religious persecution widespread during the Reformation?
Inquisition executed many accused of heresy Protestants killed Catholic priests and destroyed catholic churches Catholics and Protestants persecuted Anabaptists and radical sects Religious fervor contributed to a wave of witch hunting Restrictions of Jews increased. Luther hoped Jews would be converted to his teachings. When they did not, he expelled them from Christian lands and burned their synagogues.
What did the Inquisition do?
Inquisition used secret testimony, torture, and execution to find heretics and it made a list of works that were immoral for Catholics to read. Index of forbidden books. Pope Paul III strengthened the Inquisition
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Invented the microscope
What was Isaac Newton's biggest contribution to the scientific revolution?
Laws of Gravity
When Martin Luther challenged the authority of the Church, he denounced Church corruption and Church officials who led lavish lives. Why would Luther's reforms appeal to some German princes?
Luther's reforms gave the princes an opportunity to throw off Church rule and seize valuable Church property.
What are the different sections of Protestantism?
Methodists, Presbyterian, and Baptists
During the Scientific Revolution the heliocentric view of the universe was first proposed by __.
Nicolas Copernicus
Peasant Revolt
Peasants thought they had the same cause as Martin Luther, both thought they were doing it out of equal rights. Asked Luther to be leader of Revolt, he declines and joins opposite side (German Princes) Many peasants also took up Luther's call for reform. They hoped to gain his support for social and economic change as well. In 1524, a Peasants' Revolt erupted across Germany. The rebels demanded an end to serfdom and for other changes to ease their harsh lives. However, Luther strongly favored social order and respect for political authority. As the Peasants' Revolt grew more violent, Luther denounced it. With his support, nobles suppressed the rebellion with great brutality, killing as many as 100,000 people and leaving thousands more homeless.
Characteristics and techniques of Renaissance art
Perspective and realism
Who was the leader of the Catholic Reformation
Pope Paul III
What were the sins of the church?
Popes fought long wars to protect papal states. Got caught up in worldly affairs Increased fees to pay for projects Led too lavish of lives
Which answer provides accurate historical context for the following quotations? "27. There is no divine authority for preaching that the soul flies out of the purgatory immediately the money clinks in the bottom of the chest. 28. It is certainly possible that when the money clinks in the bottom of the chest avarice [extreme greed] and greed increase; but when the church offers intercession [intervention], all depends in the will of God." —Martin Luther, 95 Theses
Protestantism rejected papal authority, especially relating to what was regarded as the corrupt selling of indulgences.
Differences between medieval and Renaissance art
Renaissance: - non religious - idealism - personality - actual backgrounds - symmetrical -active bodies - colors respond to light Medieval: - religious - flat and stiff - important figures are large - no actual background - no emotion - vibrant colors
Protestantism
Salvation is achieved through faith Accepts some sacraments but rejects others because only God can erase sin Elected councils ran the church Bible alone is the source of truth People read and interpret the bible for themselves
Queen Elizabeth made this decision concerning religion to restore order and peace to England after her father's death
She restored Catholic rituals while keeping the Book of Common Prayers.
What was Mary Tudor's role in the continuing conflict between the Church of England and the Catholic Church?
She returned England to the Catholic Church burning heretics at the stake.
What are the causes of the reformation?
Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe Martin Luther translates the Bible into German The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority The printing press helped spread ideas critical of the Church Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany
What did Thomas Cromwell advise Henry VII to do?
Take all the power of the church and convert it to Protestantism.
Galileo was tried for heresy because he argued
That Earth revolved around the sun
What did Kepler add to Copernicus' heliocentric theory?
That the planets move in an ellipses around the sun
Who does Henry VII elect as Archbishop of the new Anglican Church?
Thomas Cranmer
Who were Henry VII's advisers were what religion were they?
Thomas Cromwell and Thomas Cranmer. Protestant.
Peace of Augsburg results
Treaty between Charles V and the holy roman emperor Signed in September 1555, it allowed princes to choose one of two faiths, Catholic or Lutheran, Most Northern chose lutheranism, while the southern parts stayed largely Catholic.
According to Copernicus, the sun
Was the center of the Universe
Galileo was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he:
Was thought a heretic and he published a heliocentric theory.
Did Henry VII get his first marriage annulled?
Yup! Bye Bye Catherine. Hello Anne. The new Archbishop did it for him