TRAINING UNITS AND DEVELOPING LEADERS
What are the eleven (11) Army Principles of Unit Training?
(1) Commanders and Other Leaders are Responsible for Training (2) Noncommissioned Officers Train Individuals, Crews, and Small Teams (3) Train to Standard (4) Train as You Will Fight
Units employ effective collective training based on the Army principles of unit training—what are the seven (7) principles of leader development?
(1) Lead by example (2) Develop subordinate leaders (3) Create a learning environment for subordinate leaders (4) Train leaders in the art and science of mission command (5) Train to develop adaptive leaders (6) Train leaders to think critically and creatively (7) Train your leaders to know their subordinates and their families
What are the three (3) mutually supporting training domains of the Army Leader Development Model?
(1) Operational domain (2) Institutional domain (3) Self-development domain
When Soldiers and units meet the standards for a task, leaders challenge their Soldiers by changing the conditions for the task to make it more challenging—what does this force/develop?
(a) Changing conditions force Soldiers and leaders to apply previous experience to the new problem (b) Soldiers must develop an understanding of the task and its contributions to the unit's capability, so they can adjust the execution of the task to meet new and unfamiliar situations
How do commanders drive the training management process?
(a) Through guidance and direction, they directly observe and participate in the unit's training and leader development in order to better assess mission readiness and help their subordinates to improve (b) They give their subordinate leaders their commander's intent and the resources—including time—to plan, prepare, and conduct the training necessary to develop unit proficiency (c) Commanders exercise mission command to give subordinates latitude in determining how to train their units to achieve the desired end state, building trust and initiative in subordinates—their guidance, presence, and feedback are critical to building trust in the unit and demonstrating the importance of unit training and leader development (d) Commanders determine the collective tasks the unit will train, limiting the number of tasks trained to those essential to the mission (e) They assess unit proficiency in each essential task and develop a plan to achieve proficiency—the readiness of the unit
Explain the Army's operations process of Plan, Prepare, Execute, and Assess.
- Commanders first plan for training—they identify the collective tasks on which to train, identify, and sequence training events; identify resources required; and provide the guidance necessary to achieve mission readiness - While commanders plan, they exercise mission command to enable their subordinates to determine how they will achieve their training objectives - Thorough preparation ensures that training conditions reflect the expected mission and that commanders have the resources and enablers necessary to train - Commanders then execute the training - Lastly, they assess the training—assessments help commanders determine if units need to retrain tasks and if the training plan requires modification
How does Individual and Collective training work together?
- Individual training allows individuals to master fundamental skills that are later integrated and synchronized into the Collective training—individual skill proficiency is the basis for collective proficiency - Soldiers and leaders train to master both the individual and unit collective tasks that support the unit's mission-essential tasks
Recovery ends when the organization is again prepared to conduct collective training and operations—what does Recovery include?
- Inspecting and maintaining equipment and personnel - Accounting for personnel, equipment, training support items, and ammunition - Gaining insights on how to make the next exercise or event better
What does "Conduct Multiechelon and Concurrent Training" mean?
- Multiechelon training is a training technique that allows for the simultaneous training of more than one echelon on different or complementary tasks—it optimizes training time for subordinates during higher unit training events - Training multiple tasks concurrently preserves valuable time while capitalizing on the opportunity to train related tasks at the same time
What does the unit's mission-essential task list (METL) represent?
- The doctrinal framework of fundamental tasks for which the unit was designed (its table of organization and equipment and table of distribution and allowances mission) - Represents a task a unit could perform based on its design, equipment, manning, and table of organization and equipment/table of distribution and allowances mission Note: - The Department of the Army standardizes brigade and above METLs - Battalions and companies develop their METLs to support the METL of their higher headquarters - Units do not have the time or other resources to train on all tasks that support execution of their METLs across the range of military operations—instead, the unit's mission drives the focus of its training
Leader development is a continuous and progressive process, spanning a leader's entire career—why is Leader development important?
- Uniformed leaders remain technically and tactically proficient in basic Soldier skills; they master the skills, knowledge, and behaviors necessary to perform successfully in their assigned position; and they begin to learn the skills, knowledge and behaviors necessary for future positions of responsibility - Competent and confident leaders are essential to unit readiness and successful deployments
Army forces conduct training and education in three training domains—what are these three domains?
-Institutional -Operational -Self-development
Unit training initially focuses on developing proficiency in Soldier and small-unit skills, since they are the essential foundation for training more complex, higher-level collective tasks—which approach does the unit training plan use that progressively and systematically builds on successful task performance before progressing to more complex tasks?
A crawl-walk-run approach—the start point for training a task is based on the leader's assessment of current task proficiency, so the start point can be at the crawl, walk, or run level
What is the difference between a Mission-essential task and a Mission-essential task list?
A mission-essential task is a task a unit could perform based on its design, equipment, manning, and table of organization and equipment/table of distribution and allowances mission; whereas, a mission-essential task list is a compilation of mission-essential tasks
What is a Training objective?
A statement that describes the desired outcome of a training activity in the unit
Which Army Doctrine Reference Publication (ADRP) provides fundamental principles for Training Units and Developing Leaders?
ADRP 7-0, Training Units and Developing Leaders
Why is "Understand The Operational Environment" important for training?
An operational environment establishes the conditions for training—these conditions are drawn from the operational variables—known as PMESII-PT (Political, Military, Economic, Social, Infrastructure, Information, Physical Environment, and Time)—that must be replicated to prepare the unit for operations
The 2011 edition of (Field Manual) FM 7-0 reflected the Army's unit training and leader development concepts borne from a decade of persistent combat operations—which publication re-establishes fundamental training and leader development concepts and processes for the U.S. Army?
Army Doctrine Publication (ADP) 7-0, Training Units and Developing Leaders
Commanders develop a unit training plan to develop collective task proficiency—what does collective task proficiency stem from?
Collective task proficiency results from developing tactical and technical, individual, leader, and lower-level collective skills through instruction, experience, and repetitive practice
Who are responsible for ensuring their units are capable of performing their missions and are directly responsible, and accountable, for all aspects of unit training?
Commanders—they cannot delegate this responsibility
When Leaders allow subordinates to try different and innovative solutions to problems and to make honest—as opposed to repeated or careless—mistakes without prejudice, which Army's principle of leadership development are they employing?
Create a Learning Environment for Subordinate Leaders
Why do "Leaders Train to Develop Adaptability?"
Effective leaders understand that change is inevitable in any operational environment—the time to react to change can be short; therefore, adaptability comes from training under complex, changing conditions, with minimal information available to make decisions
What two elements form the cornerstone of operational success?
Effective training and Leader development
What does the Army's principle of leadership development, "Train in the Art and Science of Mission Command" employment mean?
Employing mission command in training encourages risk-taking, initiative, and creativity in subordinates, while staying within the commander's intent
Why must units at every echelon master the fundamentals needed to accomplish their mission—"Train Fundamental First?"
Fundamentals include basic soldiering, the Warrior Tasks, battle drills, marksmanship, fitness, and military occupational specialty proficiencies that support the capabilities of the unit—units proficient in fundamentals are more capable of accomplishing higher level, more complex collective tasks that support the unit's mission-essential task list—the fundamental, doctrinal tasks that units should be prepared to execute during any assigned mission
In regards to the Army's leader development model, where does the majority of leader development occur?
In operational assignments (Operational Domain) and through self-development (Self-development Domain)
Schools provide leaders with enough fundamental information to help them contribute to unit collective capabilities on the day they arrive in the unit, however, most leader development occurs during operational assignments—why is this so?
In operational assignments, leaders learn to adapt to new situations and develop on the job through training and education—more significantly, they develop through challenging, unfamiliar experiences that require them to adapt theory to reality
The Army trains units, Soldiers, and civilians daily in two (2) tasks and under challenging and realistic conditions—what are these two tasks?
Individual and Collective tasks
How do the three training domains (Institutional, Operational, and Self-development) of the Army's leader development model work together?
Institutional: In schools and training centers, Soldiers are introduced to Warrior Tasks and focus on developing individual skills and knowledge—the fundamentals that help Soldiers integrate into a team to be able to train on unit collective tasks Operational: Operational assignments build on the fundamental skills, knowledge, and behaviors developed in institutional training—operational assignments mature this baseline knowledge into a mission capability at the individual, crew, unit, staff, and leader level Self-development: Self-development is a personal responsibility that enhances qualifications for a current position or helps prepare an individual for future positions—Soldiers sustain their individual strengths and address gaps in their skills and knowledge and then take the appropriate, continuing steps to enhance their capabilities Note: Documentation of individual training in all these venues is critical in maintaining awareness of individual skills
What is an after action review (AAR)?
It is a guided analysis of an organization's performance, conducted at appropriate times during and at the conclusion of a training event or operation with the objective of improving future performance—it includes a facilitator, event participants, and other observers
All training must be evaluated; otherwise, the training time is wasted—what is a training and evaluation outline?
It is a summary document that provides information on collective training objectives, related individual training objectives, resource requirements, and applicable evaluation procedures for a type of organization
What does "Train as You Will Fight" mean?
It's training under an expected operational environment for the mission—this means establishing in training what the unit can expect during operations to include the culture of an operational environment
What is the Self-development training domain of the Army's leader development model?
Planned, goal-oriented learning that reinforces and expands the depth and breadth of an individual's knowledge base, self-awareness, and situational awareness; complements institutional and operational learning; enhances professional competence; and meets personal objectives
What are the seven (7) steps of the Military Decision-making Process for developing a unit training plan?
Step 1 - Receipt of Mission Step 2 - Mission Analysis Step 3 - Course of Action Development Step 4 - Course of Action Analysis (War Game) Step 5 - Course of Action Comparison Step 6 - Course of Action Approval Step 7 - Orders Production
Leaders begin troop leading procedures (TLP) for unit training when they receive the initial warning order (WARNO) from their next higher unit—what are the eight (8) steps of TLP?
Step 1 - Receive the mission Step 2 - Issue a warning order Step 3 - Make a tentative plan Step 4 - Initiate movement Step 5 - Conduct reconnaissance Step 6 - Complete the plan Step 7 - Issue the order Step 8 - Supervise and refine
What is the Institutional training domain of the Army's leader development model?
The Army's institutional training and education system, which primarily includes training base centers and schools that provide initial training and subsequent professional military education for Soldiers, military leaders, and Army civilians
Commanders and other leaders plan to develop their subordinate leaders—through training, education, and experience—in the three training domains (institutional, operational, and self-development)—what do Leaders use to integrate leader development into a unit training plan (UTP)?
The Army's operations process of plan, prepare, execute, and assess
In which training domain of the Army's leader development model do Army leaders expect Soldiers to fill in their skills, knowledge, and behavior gaps from Institutional training and Operational assignments?
The Self-development training domain
What does the foundation of a unit's readiness tie directly to?
The proficiencies of its individual Soldiers and Army civilians to perform specified tasks related to an assigned duty position and skill level
What is the Operational training domain of the Army's leader development model?
The training activities organizations undertake while at home station, at maneuver combat training centers, during joint exercises, at mobilization centers, and while operationally deployed
What is the basic role of Commanders in Training Units and Developing Leaders?
They exercise mission command to give subordinates latitude in determining how to train their units to achieve the desired end state—they provide their intent to subordinates, who determine how to achieve that intent
Unit training and leader development is the Army's life-blood—what do Army leaders train units to be?
To be versatile—they develop subordinate leaders (military and Army civilians) to be competent, confident, agile, and adaptive using the Army leader development model
What is the purpose of unit training?
To build and maintain ready units to conduct unified land operations for combatant commanders—Unit training is the primary means for developing leaders
What is the primary focus of a unit when not deployed?
Training
What does "Train While Operating" mean?
Training continues when units are deployed or when conducting daily operations—as units operate, they learn from formal and informal after action reviews, improve performance, and address changes in tactics, techniques, and procedures that affect the operation
What is the single most important meeting for managing training in brigades, battalions, and companies?
Training meetings
Leaders must plan, prepare, execute, and assess each training event that supports the unit training plan (UTP)—what two (2) key activities are conducted after each training event to ensure that units executed the UTP and that it met the commander's desired objectives for unit training and leader development?
Training meetings and recovery
What does "Train To Sustain" mean?
Training prepares units and individuals to be resilient, preparing units and Soldiers for the stress of operations—unit training plans must incorporate programs that improve individual and collective mental and physical fitness
Leader development is a continuous and progressive process, spanning a leader's entire career—what does Leader development comprise or include?
Training, education, and experience gained in schools (Institutional), while assigned to organizations (Operational), and through the individual's own program of self-development (Self-development)
What does the Operations process in unit training and leader development use to detail the Army training management processes?
Unit training management (UTM)
What do Company-level units develop that provide small-unit leaders a framework for planning and preparing for operations?
Unit training plans (UTPs) using troop leading procedures (TLP)
What is "Train To Maintain?"
Units must conduct maintenance to ensure equipment is serviceable and available for the conduct of training and for mission accomplishment—maintenance training is an integral part of the unit training plan
