TSM 343 - Chapter 2
To use CIDR address on any network routers in routing domain must?
"understand" CIDR notation"
Examples of subnet calculators
- Bitcricket IP Calculator - SolarWinds IP Subnet Calculator
What are three address space saving techniques?
- Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) - Trade in existing IP network addresses - RFC 1918
What are the two types of subnet masking techniques?
- Constant-length subnet masking (CLSM) - Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM)
IPv4 broadcast packets have two destination address fields. They are?
- Data Link layer destination - Destination network
Most organizations need public IP addresses only for what two classes of equipment?
- Devices that permit organizations to attach networks to the Internet - Servers designed to be accessible to the Internet
Does IPv6 require subnetting? Is it possible?
- No - Yes
What is the three part addressing scheme used by IP?
- Symbolic - Logical - Physical Numeric
How many networks are on a Class A network?
1
What is the total private hosts on a Class B network?
1,048,544
Address Range of a Class A network
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
IPv6 addresses are ___ bits long.
128
How many networks are on a Class B network?
16
What is the total private hosts on a Class A network?
16,777,214
"IPv6 uses groups of four ___ numbers called ""words""."
16-bit
Address Range of a Class B network
172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
Example of Logical numeric
172.16.1.10
Address Range of a Class C network
192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
RFC 2732 was originally proposed in ___?
1999
Default subnet mask for Class A network
255.0.0.0
Default subnet mask for Class B network
255.255.0.0
Default subnet mask for Class C network
255.255.255.0
How many networks are on a Class C network?
256
A scope identifier is a ___ bit field.
4
What is the total private hosts on a Class C network?
65,024
The computer must have a global IPv4 address connected, and the host must provide encapsulation of any IPv6 packets being transmitted and decapsulation of any IPv6 packets it receives.
6to4 tunneling
This is a method used to facilitate IPv4 to IPv6 migration by allowing IPv6 packets to be sent over IPv4 networks, including the Internet, without the need to explicitly configure tunneling.
6to4 tunneling
Permits computers to translate numeric IP addresses to MAC layer addresses
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
May be performed by boundary devices that include proxy server capabilities
Address masquerading
Can be combined with other addresses into a single entry in the router table.
Aggregatable global unicast address
Packets addressed to an anycast address go to the nearest single instance of that address.
Anycast address
Hardware used by switches to make decisions
Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)
The ability for this to be applied to firewall rules is a reason for using
Binary boundaries
Wanting to classify your traffic to apply QoS or policies of some sort is a reason for using
Binary boundaries
Wanting to implement Layer 3 switching to reduce the broadcast traffic is a reason for using?
Binary boundaries
Address that all hosts on a network must read
Broadcast address
Seldom forwarded from one physical network to another.
Broadcast traffic
What are the five classes IP addresses are subdivided into?
Class A - Class E
These addresses are reserved entirely for experimental use.
Class E
Addresses commonly applied to Class C addresses
Classless Inter-Domain Routing in IPv4
Network addresses must be contiguous
Classless Inter-Domain Routing in IPv4
When reviewing RFCs, you should make special note of?
Depreciated and obsolete information and documents
Hardware vendors tend to use the modified ___ format.
EUI-64
Bit 6 = 1 and Bit 7 = 1 means?
Globally unique, group
Bit 6 = 1 and Bit 7 = 0 means?
Globally unique, individual
CIDR address blocks work best when they come in sets that are?
Greater than 1 and equal to some lower-order bit pattern that corresponds to all 1s
Assigns MAC layer addresses for use in network interfaces.
ICANN
Manages all IP-related addresses, protocol numbers, and well-known port addresses
ICANN
IP addressing scheme contraints include the availability of ___.
IP addresses
Router or other device that will forward traffic to the host's physical network.
IP gateway
Switching addresses on every machine that uses address form old ISP to unique address obtained from new ISP.
IP renumbering
Eliminates the need for NAT.
IPv6
Has modernized routing support and natively allows for expansion along with the growing Internet.
IPv6
Provides a vast abundance of IP addresses and better management of its address space.
IPv6
Supports network security by using authentication and encryption extension headers
IPv6
Contains a network portion and a host portion
IPv6 addresses
Netowkr and host portion depend on whos looking at it and where they are located.
IPv6 addresses
String that uniquely identifies one single network interface on the global Internet.
IPv6 addresses
Generates a link-local IPv6 address from a computer's IPv4 address and can perform IPv6 neighbor discovery on top of the IPv4 protocol.
ISATAP
Manages what source addresses appear in outbound packets that pass through it.
Important service that proxy server provides.
Implements the layer-3 logic from the software into its own ASICs
Layer-3 Switch
Allows you to partition a large network into many smaller subnets with almost no loss of performance.
Layer-3 switch
The first 10 (leftmost) bits set to 1111111010
Link-local address
Bit 6 = 0 and Bit 7 = 1 means?
Locally unique, group
Bit 6 = 0 and Bit 7 = 0 means?
Locally unique, individual
Class D addresses are used for ___ communications.
Multicast
Host listens on the multicast and broadcast addresses besides its own.
Multicast Packet and Address Structures
Used to send an identical message to multiple hosts.
Multicast addresses
Meant to be used for IPv4-to-IPv6 transition, allowing IPv6 packets to be sent back and forth across IPv4 networks.
NAT-PT
RFC 4966 depreciated this technology.
NAT-PT
Lets networks use private IP addresses internally and maps them to public IP address externally
Network Address Translation (NAT)
"Any IP address where all host bits are ""0"""
Network address
Some IP services require a secure end-to-end connection
Private IP address limitation
May be in the form of IP network addresses
Private IP addresses ranges
Remain important for identifying all servers or services that must be accessible to the Internet.
Public IP addresses
This type of address is issued by ISPs
Public IP addresses
Reserves three ranges of IP addresses for private use.
RFC 1918
Describes a method to express IPv6 addresses in a form compatible with HTTP URLs.
RFC 2732
uses square brackets, to enclose a literal IPv6 address.
RFC 2732
Software makers, including Microsoft, use the privacy format defined in?
RFC 4941
Contains a summary of carious other RFCs regarding special usage of IPv6 addresses.
RFC 5156
Describe the methods, innovations, and standards that are applied to every aspect of the Internet, including IPv6
Request for Comments (RFC)
Permits the proxy server to front for servers inside the boundary
Reverse proxying
Translates MAC layer addresses into numeric IP addresses.
ReverseARP (RARP)
Defines the portion of the Internet to which the multicast group pertains.
Scope Identifier
Limits the valid range for a multicast address.
Scope Identifier
The first 10 (leftmost) bits set to 1111111011
Site-local address
Example of Physical numeric
Six-byte numeric address, burned into firmware by network interface manufacturers.
"Special bit pattern that ""blocks off"" the network portion of an IP address with an all-ones pattern."
Subnet mask
Stealing (borrowing) bits form the host portion to further subdivide the network portion of an address.
Subnetting
Allows contiguous networks to be added to a routing table with one entry to reduce the size of Internet routing tables
Supernetting
Stealing bits from the network portion, using them to create a single, larger contiguous address space for host addresses.
Supernetting
Allows IPv6 datagrams to be encapsualted in IPv4 UDP packets
Teredo tunneling
Allocated multicast addresses on a controlled basis.
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
The extent to which you can subnet an IPv6 address depnds on?
The length of the prefix
How you apportion the host addressing depends on?
The prefix length
Sent to one network interface.
Unicast address
IPv6 requires that every network interface have its own ___?
Unique identifier
These addresses are all zeroes and can be represented as two colon characters (::) in normal notation
Unspecified address
Different subnets may have different extended network prefixes in this addressing scheme.
Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM)
Addresses in IPv6 are also ___ numbers.
binary
Computers deal with network addresses as ___ patterns.
bit
IP addressing scheme contraints include the amount of ___ traffic at each location.
broadcast
"IPv6 ""words"" are seperated by a ___ character."
colon (:)
Numeric IPv4 addresses use the ___ ___ notation
dotted decimal
IPv6 address are expressed using ___ notation
hexadecimal
Class A is divided as _._._._
n.h.h.h
Class B is divided as _._._._
n.n.h.h
Class C is divided as _._._._
n.n.n.h
Numeric IPv4 addresses take the form of _._._._ where _ is guaranteed to be between 0 and 255.
n.n.n.n
IP addressing scheme contraints include the number of ___ devices at each location.
network
Duplication is ___ allowed with numeric IPv4 addresses
not
Numeric IPv4 addresses is where each number is an 8-bit number called an ___?
octet
IP addressing scheme contraints include the number of ___ locations.
physical
It is a security concern if the ___ portion of your IPv6 address is based on the computer's MAC or hardware address.
right-hand
IP addressing scheme contraints include the delay caused by ___ from one network to another.
routing
Example of Symbolic
support.dell.com
