Unit 1 Sociology
Social science that studies human society and social behavior
Sociology
Which of the following does not describe the bourgeoisie
Workers
Technology
knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment
Who coined the term sociology?
Auguste Comte
Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ________ ________, an evolutionist from the 1800s
Charles Darwin
Social sciences are
Disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific manner
____ conducted a study in 1897, Suicide, which examined suicide rates in several european countries
Durkheim
the phrase survival of the fittest or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time was coined by
Herbert Spencer
Robert M. Williams
Sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life
a negative sanction is
a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
vested interest
a resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living
Informal Sanction
a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group
A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is
accommodation
When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
aggregate
A theory is
an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomenon.
A symbol is
anything that represents something else.
which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?
basketball player, muscision, actor.
Cultural universals are
certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures
People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the
conflict perspective
conflict is
deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person
Functionalists view certain elements in society as _____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system.
dysfunctional
The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants
economics
Social Contol
enforcing of norms through either internal or external means
name the reasons people use to resist cultural change
ethnocentrisim, cultural lag, vested interests
Tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior is called
ethnocentrism
When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.
exchange
2 of the 5 types of interaction that take place is societies throughout the world are
exchange and competition, and conflict and accomodation
narcissism
extreme self-centeredness
interactionist perspective
focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society
People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the
functionalist perspective
Reciprocity is:
idea that if you do something for someone, then that person owes you something in return.
A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is
ideology
People who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others
leaders
social movement
long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change
An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a
manifest function
one satus tends to take rank above all others. this status that plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining his or her social identity is called a
master status
Physical objects that people create and use form a groups
material culture
what is not an example of counterculture
military
folkways include all of the following except
murder
social historian Christopher Lasch described an emphasis on personal fulfillment as a personality disorder called
narcissism
Internalization
process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations
diffusion
process of spreading culture traits from one society to another
Social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms is
psychology
The principle of Verstehen involves
putting yourself in the place of others and trying to see situations through their eyes
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
role expectations
A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is
self-fullfillment
cultural lag
situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture
Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
social institution
group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity
society
Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form what?
subculture
Ideology
system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by society
____ is the knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment
technology
An attitude of cultural relativism is
the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
A function is
the consequences that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system
internalization is
the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations
symbolic interaction
the process of focusing on how people use symbols when interacting, and part of the interactionist perspective.
Ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C wright mills called
the sociological imagination
sociology is
the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society
Someone is said to have a vested interest if
they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living
Emile Durkheim
was one of the first sociologists to systemically apply the methods of science to the study of society