Unit 1 Sociology

Social science that studies human society and social behavior

Sociology

Which of the following does not describe the bourgeoisie

Workers

Technology

knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment

Who coined the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ________ ________, an evolutionist from the 1800s

Charles Darwin

Social sciences are

Disciplines that study human social behavior or institutions and functions of human society in a scientific manner

____ conducted a study in 1897, Suicide, which examined suicide rates in several european countries

Durkheim

the phrase survival of the fittest or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time was coined by

Herbert Spencer

Robert M. Williams

Sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life

a negative sanction is

a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.

vested interest

a resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living

Informal Sanction

a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group

A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is

accommodation

When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)

aggregate

A theory is

an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomenon.

A symbol is

anything that represents something else.

which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?

basketball player, muscision, actor.

Cultural universals are

certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures

People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the

conflict perspective

conflict is

deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person

Functionalists view certain elements in society as _____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system.

dysfunctional

The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants

economics

Social Contol

enforcing of norms through either internal or external means

name the reasons people use to resist cultural change

ethnocentrisim, cultural lag, vested interests

Tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior is called

ethnocentrism

When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.

exchange

2 of the 5 types of interaction that take place is societies throughout the world are

exchange and competition, and conflict and accomodation

narcissism

extreme self-centeredness

interactionist perspective

focuses on how individuals interact with one another in society

People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the

functionalist perspective

Reciprocity is:

idea that if you do something for someone, then that person owes you something in return.

A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is

ideology

People who influence the behaviors, opinions, or attitudes of others

leaders

social movement

long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change

An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a

manifest function

one satus tends to take rank above all others. this status that plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining his or her social identity is called a

master status

Physical objects that people create and use form a groups

material culture

what is not an example of counterculture

military

folkways include all of the following except

murder

social historian Christopher Lasch described an emphasis on personal fulfillment as a personality disorder called

narcissism

Internalization

process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations

diffusion

process of spreading culture traits from one society to another

Social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms is

psychology

The principle of Verstehen involves

putting yourself in the place of others and trying to see situations through their eyes

The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called

role expectations

A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is

self-fullfillment

cultural lag

situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture

Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)

social institution

group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity

society

Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form what?

subculture

Ideology

system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by society

____ is the knowledge and tools people use to manipulate their environment

technology

An attitude of cultural relativism is

the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture

A function is

the consequences that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system

internalization is

the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations

symbolic interaction

the process of focusing on how people use symbols when interacting, and part of the interactionist perspective.

Ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C wright mills called

the sociological imagination

sociology is

the systematic and scientific study of individuals (interactions), social groups and society

Someone is said to have a vested interest if

they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living

Emile Durkheim

was one of the first sociologists to systemically apply the methods of science to the study of society