Unit 11
proces of milk production in the lactating mother
1. baby's sucking signals the pituitary gland in the mothers brain 2. prolactin and oxytocin are released by the pituitary gland 3. prolactin stimulates milk-producing cells to make milk 4. oxytocin triggers the breast tissue to let-down the milk
What is true about snacking
1. children have small stomachs and are likely to become hungry between meals 2. nutrient dense snacks can fit into a child's overall diet
what habits contribute to excess fat gain during childhood
1. consuming energy dense foods 2. consuming empty calories beverages 3. increased sitting time
adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia in children
1. decrease in stamina 2. lowered resistance to disease 3. decrease in learning ability
three best ways to safely thaw foods
1. foods may be thawed by placing them under cold potable running water 2. foods may be thawed in the microwave 3. foods may be thawed in the fridge
Effective ways to solve problems created by conventional farming include
1. improve upon crop yields on existing farmland 2. ceasing to expand agricultural activity, especially in tropical forests and grasslands
common nutrition-related problems that affect preschool children
1. inadequate calcium intake 2. iron deficiency 3. overweight
2 best methods by which iron status may be increased in preschool-age children
1. include a few ounces of lean meat in the child's diet 2. include iron-fortified breakfast cereals in the child's diet
Some of the benefits of biotechnology in agriculture
1. increased drought tolerance 2. resistance of pests 3. higher crop yields
Which of the following are common ways for pathogens to enter foods
1. infrequently washing hands during food prep 2. not cooking foods to the proper temperature 3. flies landing on food that is consumed
to improve agricultural sustainability at the individual level, persons could
1. produce less waste 2. eat less meat
appropriate steps for cooling freshly cooked foods that will not be consumed immediately include
1. refrigerate foods within 1 hour 2. separate the food into as many shallow pans and possible
When preparing fresh produce you should
1. scrub the peel w a vegetable brush 2. wash the foods under running water
indicators of a well-nourished breastfed infant?
1. six or more wet diapers daily 2. normal weight gain 3. one or two soft bowel movements daily
how do pathogens cause food-borne illness
1. some secrete poisons that cause illness 2. some will inflame tissues and cause an upset stomach 3. some pathogens enter the bloodstream,and cause general illness when they invade other tissues
integrated pest management is implemented through which of the following methods
1. trapping adult insect pests before they reproduce 2. irrigating with water fortified with insecticides 3. using helpful insects to control crop-destroying bugs 4. growing pest-resistant crops
obese children are at a greater risk for developing what
1. type 2 diabetes 2. heart disease 3. hypertension
A baby born prior to the ____ week of pregnancy is considered premature
37
breastfed infants often do not need an iron supplement until after ____months of age
4
when are babies physically mature enough to consume solid foods
4-6 months of age
When food is kept between ___ and ____ degrees Fahrenheit, this is known as the danger zone
40 and 140
The prenatal period lasts approx.
40 weeks
low birth weight infants generally weigh less than ___ pounds
5.5
high birth weight babies weigh more than ____ pounds
8.8
3rd trimester
Add about 450 kilocalories per day to the prepreganncy EER
What agencies regulate the safety of the United States food supply
FDA and USDA
Marasmic Kwashiorkor
PEM characterized by edema and wasting
Marasmus
PEM that causes extreme weight loss; starvation
Kwashiorkor
PEM that occurs when breastfeeding is stopped too abruptly and lacks high quality protein
First trimester
a critical period when nutrient deficiencies and exposure to alcohol can have devastating effects on the embryo/fetus
The fight BAC! program is
a program outlining food safety rules into 4 actions
itchy, swollen, or reddened skin; vomiting and diarrhea; and breathing difficulties are signs and symptoms of food
allergies
malnourished pregnant mothers have an increased risk of
babies with breathing problems, death during pregnancy and low birth weight babies
What nutrients are expectant mothers more likely to become deficient in
calcium and iron
the name of the first fluid produced by the new mother's breast is
colostrum
inadequate calcium intake during adolescence is associated with
decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures
what is the benefit of the increased fat content in hind milk (human milk) over a balanced content in formula
decreased risk of overfeeding
human milk provides which of the following benefits
decreases ear infections, reduces asthma risk, and easily digested
it is important to realize that a mothers milk production relies on supply and
demand
An infants birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday
doubles, triples
gestational hypertension is characterized by
edema, hypertension, and protein in the urine
1st trimester
energy requirement is the same as for the nonpregnant state
When an object is placed in an infant's mouth and the infant responds by pushing the object out of its mouth, the infant exhibits the
extrusion reflex
fatty acids DGA and AA aid in the development of the infant's
eyes and brain
factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex
fatigue, emotional stress, and nervous tension
First 8 weeks
fertilized egg divides rapidly to form organs
8 weeks and beyond
fetus
most critical time period for potential problems to occur during pregnancy is during the _____ trimester
first
cell division requires the nutrient _____, which is one of the reasons why the RDA for this vitamin increases during pregnancy
folate
Families that are uncertain about whether or not they will have enough food to eat are considered to have ______ ________
food insecurity
trend in food intake as the baby progresses from infancy to childhood
food intake proportionate to body weight decreases from infancy to childhood
What is true about food-borne illness
foodborne illness is caused by the ingestion of food containing harmful substances
pesticides are used to control or kill which of the following
fungi, insects, rodents, and weeds
Lactating mothers should increase consumption of
hydrating fluids
chronic undernutrition can lead to which of the following
impaired immune function, stunted growth, and impaired intellectual development
2nd trimester
increase intake by 340 kilocalories per day above the prepregnancy EER
pediatricians recommend introducing iron-fortified _______ as the first solid food
infant cereal made from rice or barley
the process of managing pests while limiting damage to the environment is known as
integrated pest management
when reheating gravy, it should be brought to a rolling boil to
kill bacteria
Examples of cravings commonly experiences with pica
laundry detergent, soil, chalk
What is not a contributing factor to excess body fat
low birth weight
virus
microscopic agent that can cause disease
the brain releases the hormone oxytocin to trigger
milk let-down, and uterine contractions
worms
multicellular organisms that may be harmful to health
energy needs in the aging population decrease because
muscle mass declines and decrease in physical activity
pregnant women who have a folate deficiency have a high risk of giving birth to infants with
neural tube defects
What factors increase the risk of having a high birth weight baby
obese mother and poorly controlled gestational diabetes
the maximum amount of pesticide residue that can be in or on each treated food crop is known as
pesticide tolerance
during pregnancy the mother nourishes her baby through the
placenta
what is another name for gestational hypertension
preeclampsia
conditions such as kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor, and marasmus are forms of
protein-energy malnutrition
Older adults may eat less bc they have lost the ability to do all except
see food
when purchasing canned and/or jarred foods you should select items that do not have
severe dents
fungi
simple organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter
bacteria
simple single-celled microorganisms
human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of the infant for the first ___ months of life
six
an infant's digestive tract cannot readily digest _____ before the child is 3 months old
starch
foods in the fridge that are likely to pose risk for food-borne illness should be
stored away from foods eaten raw, stored on lower shelves, covered
Which of the following statements about physical activity in older adults is NOT true
strength is unlikely to increase in the older adult
The period during adolescence characterized by dramatic height and weight increases is referred to as
the adolescent growth spurt
The USDA and FDA are responsible for regulating
the food industry
prolactin stimulates cells in the breasts to make some nutrients and remove others from the ______ and adding them to her milk
the mother's bloodstream
protists
tiny organisms that can have characteristics of animal, plants, or fungi
______ occurs when long-term energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient to meet an individuals needs
undernutrition
what is the term used for the gradual process of shifting an infant from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding to drinking from a cup and eating solid food
weaning
A loss in the ability to taste or smell food, tooth loss, depression and reduced mobility and flexibility all contribute to
weight loss in the elderly
what type of cutting board is not recommended by the FDA
wood