Unit 11

proces of milk production in the lactating mother

1. baby's sucking signals the pituitary gland in the mothers brain 2. prolactin and oxytocin are released by the pituitary gland 3. prolactin stimulates milk-producing cells to make milk 4. oxytocin triggers the breast tissue to let-down the milk

What is true about snacking

1. children have small stomachs and are likely to become hungry between meals 2. nutrient dense snacks can fit into a child's overall diet

what habits contribute to excess fat gain during childhood

1. consuming energy dense foods 2. consuming empty calories beverages 3. increased sitting time

adverse health effects associated with iron-deficiency anemia in children

1. decrease in stamina 2. lowered resistance to disease 3. decrease in learning ability

three best ways to safely thaw foods

1. foods may be thawed by placing them under cold potable running water 2. foods may be thawed in the microwave 3. foods may be thawed in the fridge

Effective ways to solve problems created by conventional farming include

1. improve upon crop yields on existing farmland 2. ceasing to expand agricultural activity, especially in tropical forests and grasslands

common nutrition-related problems that affect preschool children

1. inadequate calcium intake 2. iron deficiency 3. overweight

2 best methods by which iron status may be increased in preschool-age children

1. include a few ounces of lean meat in the child's diet 2. include iron-fortified breakfast cereals in the child's diet

Some of the benefits of biotechnology in agriculture

1. increased drought tolerance 2. resistance of pests 3. higher crop yields

Which of the following are common ways for pathogens to enter foods

1. infrequently washing hands during food prep 2. not cooking foods to the proper temperature 3. flies landing on food that is consumed

to improve agricultural sustainability at the individual level, persons could

1. produce less waste 2. eat less meat

appropriate steps for cooling freshly cooked foods that will not be consumed immediately include

1. refrigerate foods within 1 hour 2. separate the food into as many shallow pans and possible

When preparing fresh produce you should

1. scrub the peel w a vegetable brush 2. wash the foods under running water

indicators of a well-nourished breastfed infant?

1. six or more wet diapers daily 2. normal weight gain 3. one or two soft bowel movements daily

how do pathogens cause food-borne illness

1. some secrete poisons that cause illness 2. some will inflame tissues and cause an upset stomach 3. some pathogens enter the bloodstream,and cause general illness when they invade other tissues

integrated pest management is implemented through which of the following methods

1. trapping adult insect pests before they reproduce 2. irrigating with water fortified with insecticides 3. using helpful insects to control crop-destroying bugs 4. growing pest-resistant crops

obese children are at a greater risk for developing what

1. type 2 diabetes 2. heart disease 3. hypertension

A baby born prior to the ____ week of pregnancy is considered premature

37

breastfed infants often do not need an iron supplement until after ____months of age

4

when are babies physically mature enough to consume solid foods

4-6 months of age

When food is kept between ___ and ____ degrees Fahrenheit, this is known as the danger zone

40 and 140

The prenatal period lasts approx.

40 weeks

low birth weight infants generally weigh less than ___ pounds

5.5

high birth weight babies weigh more than ____ pounds

8.8

3rd trimester

Add about 450 kilocalories per day to the prepreganncy EER

What agencies regulate the safety of the United States food supply

FDA and USDA

Marasmic Kwashiorkor

PEM characterized by edema and wasting

Marasmus

PEM that causes extreme weight loss; starvation

Kwashiorkor

PEM that occurs when breastfeeding is stopped too abruptly and lacks high quality protein

First trimester

a critical period when nutrient deficiencies and exposure to alcohol can have devastating effects on the embryo/fetus

The fight BAC! program is

a program outlining food safety rules into 4 actions

itchy, swollen, or reddened skin; vomiting and diarrhea; and breathing difficulties are signs and symptoms of food

allergies

malnourished pregnant mothers have an increased risk of

babies with breathing problems, death during pregnancy and low birth weight babies

What nutrients are expectant mothers more likely to become deficient in

calcium and iron

the name of the first fluid produced by the new mother's breast is

colostrum

inadequate calcium intake during adolescence is associated with

decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures

what is the benefit of the increased fat content in hind milk (human milk) over a balanced content in formula

decreased risk of overfeeding

human milk provides which of the following benefits

decreases ear infections, reduces asthma risk, and easily digested

it is important to realize that a mothers milk production relies on supply and

demand

An infants birth weight ______ within the first 4 to 6 months and ______ by the first birthday

doubles, triples

gestational hypertension is characterized by

edema, hypertension, and protein in the urine

1st trimester

energy requirement is the same as for the nonpregnant state

When an object is placed in an infant's mouth and the infant responds by pushing the object out of its mouth, the infant exhibits the

extrusion reflex

fatty acids DGA and AA aid in the development of the infant's

eyes and brain

factors associated with inhibition of the let-down reflex

fatigue, emotional stress, and nervous tension

First 8 weeks

fertilized egg divides rapidly to form organs

8 weeks and beyond

fetus

most critical time period for potential problems to occur during pregnancy is during the _____ trimester

first

cell division requires the nutrient _____, which is one of the reasons why the RDA for this vitamin increases during pregnancy

folate

Families that are uncertain about whether or not they will have enough food to eat are considered to have ______ ________

food insecurity

trend in food intake as the baby progresses from infancy to childhood

food intake proportionate to body weight decreases from infancy to childhood

What is true about food-borne illness

foodborne illness is caused by the ingestion of food containing harmful substances

pesticides are used to control or kill which of the following

fungi, insects, rodents, and weeds

Lactating mothers should increase consumption of

hydrating fluids

chronic undernutrition can lead to which of the following

impaired immune function, stunted growth, and impaired intellectual development

2nd trimester

increase intake by 340 kilocalories per day above the prepregnancy EER

pediatricians recommend introducing iron-fortified _______ as the first solid food

infant cereal made from rice or barley

the process of managing pests while limiting damage to the environment is known as

integrated pest management

when reheating gravy, it should be brought to a rolling boil to

kill bacteria

Examples of cravings commonly experiences with pica

laundry detergent, soil, chalk

What is not a contributing factor to excess body fat

low birth weight

virus

microscopic agent that can cause disease

the brain releases the hormone oxytocin to trigger

milk let-down, and uterine contractions

worms

multicellular organisms that may be harmful to health

energy needs in the aging population decrease because

muscle mass declines and decrease in physical activity

pregnant women who have a folate deficiency have a high risk of giving birth to infants with

neural tube defects

What factors increase the risk of having a high birth weight baby

obese mother and poorly controlled gestational diabetes

the maximum amount of pesticide residue that can be in or on each treated food crop is known as

pesticide tolerance

during pregnancy the mother nourishes her baby through the

placenta

what is another name for gestational hypertension

preeclampsia

conditions such as kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor, and marasmus are forms of

protein-energy malnutrition

Older adults may eat less bc they have lost the ability to do all except

see food

when purchasing canned and/or jarred foods you should select items that do not have

severe dents

fungi

simple organisms that live on dead or decaying organic matter

bacteria

simple single-celled microorganisms

human milk is sufficient to meet nutrient needs of the infant for the first ___ months of life

six

an infant's digestive tract cannot readily digest _____ before the child is 3 months old

starch

foods in the fridge that are likely to pose risk for food-borne illness should be

stored away from foods eaten raw, stored on lower shelves, covered

Which of the following statements about physical activity in older adults is NOT true

strength is unlikely to increase in the older adult

The period during adolescence characterized by dramatic height and weight increases is referred to as

the adolescent growth spurt

The USDA and FDA are responsible for regulating

the food industry

prolactin stimulates cells in the breasts to make some nutrients and remove others from the ______ and adding them to her milk

the mother's bloodstream

protists

tiny organisms that can have characteristics of animal, plants, or fungi

______ occurs when long-term energy and nutrient intakes are insufficient to meet an individuals needs

undernutrition

what is the term used for the gradual process of shifting an infant from breastfeeding or bottle-feeding to drinking from a cup and eating solid food

weaning

A loss in the ability to taste or smell food, tooth loss, depression and reduced mobility and flexibility all contribute to

weight loss in the elderly

what type of cutting board is not recommended by the FDA

wood