unit 17 r. game/test
war cost
$170 billion and 58,000 american lives
4 us presidents in vietnam
1.) eisenhower- involved in '50s 2.) kennedy- inherited 3.) johnson- inherited 4.) nixon- wins '68 election and inherits end as johnson didn't run
vietnam war lasted from
1964-1975
The Free Speech Movement and the "People's Park" issue of the so-called New Left were centered in
Berkeley, around the University of California.
The killing of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers in the village of My Lai
None of these answers is correct.
Which of the following is true of the "New Left" that sprang up in the 1960s and 1970s?
Relatively few members of the New Left were communists.
In January 1966, highly publicized hearings airing criticisms of the war were staged by
Senator William Fulbright.
minh wanted free elections across all of vietnam
US opposed idea, knew everyone would vote for him. US accused of hypocrisy (day agrees) because of the issue of preserving democracy.
Rock 'n' roll's twin elements of hope and danger were symbolized by two concerts that occurred only four months apart. They were
Woodstock and Altamont.
The 1969 Woodstock music festival was
a powerful symbol of the ideals of the counterculture philosophy.
doves
against war
The National Liberation Front was
also known in the United States as the Viet Cong.
kissinger's linkage
an attempt to persuade the Soviet Union and China to stop aiding North Vietnam by linking political and military foreign affairs
nixon promises to expand war but
before he does he expands it
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson responded to an attack on Pleiku by
bombing North Vietnam.
eisenhower+ kennedy involvement
both sent money + some support (only non-combat troop) to vietnam to support french, ngo, and anticommunist groups during '50s and '60s. not official war while they were presidents.
eugene mccarthy
challenged johnson for dem. nomination, got 2nd in NH which shouldn't have been that close (showed johnson's weakness in regards to election)
agent orange
chemical herbicide we used to clear jungle. kills weeds but very bad for everyone. dumped on our soldiers and had negative medical effects.
1968
dark year, johnson doesn't run. robert kennedy assassinated, mlk too. more vietnam deaths than any other year.
By the end of their first year in office, Nixon and Kissinger had concluded that the most effective way to tip the military balance in America's favor was to
destroy military bases in Cambodia.
hippie culture
drugs, open sexuality, communes, rejection of traditional marriage + gender roles. everyone married to everyone else.
pentagon papers
ellsberg leaks; expose johnson's lies and enrages many americans.
In order to avoid losing public support, President Nixon informed the American people of his decision to begin bombing Cambodia before he did so.
false
The founders of Students for a Democratic Society could accurately be described as hippies.
false
The outpouring of patriotism that accompanied the invasion of Cambodia by U.S. troops in 1970 temporarily quieted the anti-Vietnam War protest movement.
false
The political New Left emerged out of opposition to the military draft in the 1960s.
false
Throughout the Vietnam War, deferments from the military draft were increasingly easy to obtain for those in college.
false
woodstock
festival born from counterculture
fsm
free speech movement, along w/other groups
controlled vietnam in '50s after war
french
vietnam war started when
french were pushed out
port huron statement
from sds (students for a democratic society) which started in michigan and spread counterculture across all college campuses.
wallace
gets many votes in south by running on racist platform (like thurman and byrd). opened door for nixon who turned republican party more conservative to get southern racist votes. nixon preaches slowing down integration; why so many conservatives + southerners are republican today.
credibility gap
govnt. began telling lies + half truths to make it seem like war going better than it was. media exposed them, forced them not to lie as much.
vietminh
group whose goal was to liberate vietnam from all outside influences especially japanese at the time
bobby kennedy
had shot of winning (made johnson drop because he felt he wouldn't win) but assassinated in '68 by palestinian immigrant sirhan sirhan who felt he supported israel too much
hippie culture center
haight ashbury in san francisco
In 1969, President Richard Nixon believed an American withdrawal from Vietnam would
harm America's honor and "credibility."
ngo dinh diem
heavily opposed by minh and his people, south dictator. US supported him but he wasn't elected; oppressiveness made minh more popular. catholic while most were buddhist, didn't tolerate + oppressed.
In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson responded to mounting inflation at home by
increasing taxes while agreeing to large funding reductions in Great Society programs.
mai lai massacre
innocent women and children killed by US.
nixon turns people against him by
invading cambodia
controlled vietnam in early '40s (WW2)
japan
napalm
jelly gasoline that stuck to trees and burned them.
primary president during vietnam
johnson (sent most troops + escalated)
gulf of tonkin resolution
johnson took gulf incident to congress who then gave him the resolution (free pass) to do whatever he wanted in vietnam (basically the war powers act)
hubert humphrey
johnson vp +mini-me, dem. nominee. from minnesota.
teach-ins
lectures and dicussions about war on college campuses, expressed anti-war and anti-draft sentiment.
spider holes
little holes the vietcong hid in then came out w/ machine guns for sneak attacks
As a result of the Vietnam War,
more than 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers died.
In the 1960s, the aspect of popular culture most strongly embraced by the counterculture was
music
president at end of vietnam
nixon
who won the '68 election
nixon
vietnamization
nixon's policy in which american forces would gradually withdraw while south vietnamese forces took on more of the fighting
In 1967-1968, the issue that most unified the various people loosely known as the New Left was
opposition to the war in Vietnam.
After the 1972 election, President Richard Nixon, to prompt a peace settlement with North Vietnam,
ordered an increase in the aerial bombing of North Vietnam.
domino theory
part of containment. idea that if one country falls to communism, its neighbors will as well. wanted to stop spread of communism. applied by usa.
altamont
people killed at concert riot (trampled)
war sentiment early on
positive as young people saw it as an opportunity to be a hero like their WW2 and Korea veteran fathers.
war powers act
president must tell congress w/in 48 hrs of sending troops; if not approved by congress w/in 60-90 days troops must be withdrawn.
Students for a Democratic Society was formed
primarily by college students from prestigious universities.
monk set himself on fire
protesting ngo's oppressive nature, similar to mlk but more extreme
pentagon march
protestor pictured giving flower to soldier. got heated as chanted "national liberation front + minh will win". soldiers took personally, changed chant to that they weren't against soldiers but against war.
Which of the following was NOT generally associated with the so-called counterculture?
rejection of the existence of a supreme being
The so-called Pentagon Papers
revealed the government had misled the public regarding the progress of the war.
In 1972, diplomat Henry Kissinger announced that "peace is at hand"
right before the American presidential election.
In 1972, the United States' "Christmas bombing" of North Vietnam
saw the United States suffer, by far, its greatest loss of bombers in the war.
first televised war
sentiment quickly turns negative, videos no longer controlled+edited by govnt. people saw horrors of war.
geneva accords
separated vietnam into north+ south and US protects south (ngo). passed in mid '50s. (similar to korea)
vietnam is located...
south of china (southeast asia)
music
summer of love '67 promotes artists like bob dylan, jimi hendrix
hawks
supported war
President Lyndon Johnson's first major foreign policy test came in 1961 during a crisis in
the Dominican Republic.
In April 1970, the antiwar movement was recharged by
the U.S. invasion of Cambodia.
In 1956, scheduled national elections for Vietnam were cancelled because
the pro-Western government in South Vietnam refused to hold them.
In 1964, a dispute broke out at the University of California at Berkeley over
the rights of students to engage in free speech.
In the 1960s, the youth counterculture
was openly scornful of the values and conventions of American middle-class society.
In Vietnam, the American "pacification" strategy
was replaced by the more heavy-handed "relocation" strategy.
In 1968, antiwar protesters at the Democratic convention in Chicago
were attacked by police in a bloody riot.
In the 1960s, the radical group known as "Weathermen"
were involved in college bombings that claimed several lives.
unrecognizable enemy
women + children asking for candy then pulling out grenades and killing everyone (suicide missions)
counterculture
youth rise up and protest war, civil rights, womens rights etc.
An important and controversial aspect of the counterculture was its more permissive view of sex and drugs.
true
Shortly after the last Americans had left South Vietnam, Cambodia came under the control of a brutal and repressive government.
true
The Department of Defense documents released in the so-called Pentagon Papers revealed that the U.S. government had been less than fully honest in reporting to the American people about the military progress of the Vietnam War.
true
The Free Speech Movement was born on a college campus.
true
The New Left movement drew strength from the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War mood of many Americans.
true
The so-called Pentagon Papers revealed the government had misled the public in explaining its motives for American involvement in Vietnam.
true
The tragedies of Kent State and Jackson State occurred during protests over the American expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia by the Nixon administration.
true
Weeks after Henry Kissinger announced that "peace is at hand" in the Vietnam War, President Nixon ordered the heaviest air raids on North Vietnam of the entire war.
true
to secure a peace agreement in Vietnam in 1972, President Nixon dropped his demand that North Vietnam withdraw its troops from South Vietnam before American troops would be removed.
true
gulf of tonkin
turning point in conflict. incident between us and north vietnam. argued vietnam ship fired on US first, they argued we did.
tet offensive
turning point, despite being US military victory it was a political disaster for johnson and made war sentiment very negative. sneak attack by north on tet (vietnamese new year). although we put it down quickly, johnson's lies that the enemy was doing very bad were exposed.
johnson treatment
used intimidation tactics to get what he wanted
cu chi tunnels
vietcong lived underground, blended in etc. our military superior, but vietcong willing to go far. first aid stations powered by bikes in these tunnels, etc. like US in american revolution.
dien bien phu
vietminh defeat french in '54 at aggressive battle
ho chi minh
vietminh member who wanted to free vietnam from french colonialism. studied in USSR + china, adopted communist beliefs. president of north '45-'56.
guerrillas
vietminh often used troops that blend into the civillian population and use ambush tactics.
us supported
vietminh, fighting to take back vietnam from japan
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
was determined to build a new politics to counteract the complacency of American society.