Unit 2: Biology
Different forms of the same gene are called what?
alleles
What kind of reproduction produces clones?
ASexual reproduction
Another name for a human body cells is what?
Somatic cells
Certain what send stop and go ahead signals at certain key points during the cell cycle?
Specialized proteins
What are the three main treatments to help stop cancer?
Surgery, radiation, chemo therapy
In what phase do chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, and decondense?
Telophase
The spindle disappears and new nuclei form in what phase?
Telophase
Duplicated chromosomes reach the poles, nuclear envelope reforms, is what phase?
Telophase 1
What is the mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual?
Test cross
DNA replication ensures what?
That all somatic cells in a multicellular organism, carry the same genetic information
DNA replication follows a what model?
semi-conservative
Amino acid is specified by a what?
Codon
What is an image of an individuals diploid cell are chromosomes
Karyotype
What may be violated the linked genes?
Law of independent assortment
What phase is it when chromosomes begin to condense and spindles form-attached to sister chromatids?
Prophase
Crossing over occurs, homologous, chromosomes come together as pairs by synapis is what phase?
Prophase 1
Do you know what year DNA was first discovered?
1869
Function of DNA was not understood until what year?
1950s
What is the flow of information from gene to proteins and is based on a triplet code?
Protein synthesis
What is the manipulation of organisms to make useful products?
Biotechnology
What forms the backbone of the double helix?
Bonds between the sugar of the nucleotide and the phosphate
What are small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants?
Viroids
What is it called when you have gene in a box and is known as an infectious particles?
Virus
What are less complex in cells and are used to study the function of DNA
Viruses
Zoonotic diseases can be caused by what?
Viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
How many meters is a single human cells?
2 meters
Human gametes have how many pairs of homologous chromosomes?
23
Only how many percent of DNA codes for proteins, so most base substitutions have no effect
3%
There's about 175 nucleotide changes per normal cell in humans out of how many billion
6.5 billion
How many percent of all human diseases originated in other animals?
60%
How many codons are possible?
64
Blank shows the inheritance of a trait in a family through multiple generations, demonstrates dominant and recessive inheritance, and can be used to reduce genotypes of family members
A Pedigree
What Do viruses consists of?
A bit of nucleic acid A protein coat called a capsid A membrane envelope (sometimes)
What does it mean to say a gene is turned off?
A gene that is turned on is being transcribed into mRNA and that message is being translated into specific proteins
Mutations can involve what?
A large chromosomal regions or single nucleotide pair
A gene located in the sex chromosome is called what?
A sex linked gene
Differs forms if genes are called what?
Alleles
Do you cell elongates in what phase?
Anaphase
What phase is it when sister chromatids, separate and move towards opposite spindle poles?
Anaphase
Homologous pairs separate, move toward opposite poles of the cell
Anaphase 1
What has a membrane outer envelope and projects spikes of glycoprotein?
Animal viruses
Mutations can have a harmful or lethal outcome, and most what begins with a mutation?
Cancers
The events of the cell cycle are directed by what?
Cell cycle control system
Reproduction at the cellular level is known as what?
Cell division
Produces offspring that are identical to the parent
Asexual Reproduction
What kind of chromosome has the same size shape and holds info about the same trait?
Autosome
What are the two kinds of chromosomes?
Autosome and sex chromosomes
What kind of tumor remains of the original site?
Benign Tumors
An individual with a malignant tumor is said to have what?
Cancer
What states that genes are located at specific points on chromosomes?
Chromosome theory of inheritance
What undergoes segregation and independent assortment and accounts for Mendels law?
Chromosomes
What is a dominant allele that fully masks the expression of a recessive one
Complete dominance
What are the two variations of mendels law?
Complete dominance and incomplete dominance
What increases the combinations from independent assortment?
Crossing over
Division of the cytoplasm is known as what?
Cytokinesis
Every cell in your body has the same what as the zygote?
DNA
What is the basis of a life's unity
DNA
What is enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of DNA strand?
DNA Polymerases
What can be hundreds of millions of nucleotides long?
DNA molecules
What can help repair DNA that has been damaged?
DNA polymerases
What is modern techniques to study and manipulate genetic material?
DNA technology
Variations in the nucleotide sequence are the foundation of lives diversity. DNA Defines what and distinguishes what?
Defines species and distinguishes individuals
Mendel concluded that hereditary information is passed in....
Discrete units and predictable patterns
What offers a better chance of surviving environmental change in clones?
Diversity
What is a two sugar, phosphate chain running in opposite directions with paired bases inside?
Double helix
Triaomy 21 results in what?
Down syndrome/extra chromosome
Viruses new to medical scientists are called what?
Emerging viruses
What is the transmission of traits by mechanisms not directly involving DNA sequence
Epigenetic inheritance
Mutations are caused by what
Errors during DNA replication Mutagens Hugh energy radiation Chemicals
Mutations give rise to variation in traits, which is the basis for....
Evolution
The process by which genetic info flows from gene to proteins is called what?
Expression.
XX is for male or female?
Female
What alters the reading frame so that nucleotides are grouped into different codons and leads to significant changes in amino acid sequence?
Frameshifts
What produces a nonfunctional polypeptide?
Frameshifts
What results from deletions or insertions?
Frameshifts
What derives from germ cells?
Gametes
Every somatic cell contains every what?
Gene
The production of multiple, identical copies of a gene
Gene cloning
What allows for specialization of cells within the body?
Gene regulation
What is mechanisms that turn on certain genes while other genes remained turned off?
Gene regulation
What is the Chromosome theory of inheritance
Genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns
The manipulation of genes for practical purposes is called?
Genetic engineering
Who is the Austrian monk/amateur scientist and the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel
What are the functions in cell division?
Growth Healing/repair Development Sexual Reproduction Asexual reproduction
Are gametes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
Many phenotypic characters results from a combination of what?
Hereditary and environment factors
Pp is called what?
Heterozygous
Organized in the nucleus with help of proteins is called what?
Histones
Genes occurs in pairs called what?
Homologous chromosomes?
PP is called what?
Homozygous dominant
pp is called what?
Homozygous recessive
Viruses rely on a what to reproduce?
Host cell
What holds the bases of the two strands of the double helix together?
Hydrogen bond
Nondisjunction can occur when?
In meosis 1 or 2
What are other patterns of inheritance that are not so simple?
Incomplete dominance Codominance Pleiotrophy Polygenic inheritance
Duplication of cell contents and creates sister chromatids is known as?
Interphase
What are the two stages of the cell cycle?
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Who discovered the double helix shape
James Watson and Francis Crick
What is located near each other on the same chromosome, tends to travel together during meiosis and fertilization and does not follow Mendels law of independent assortment?
Linked genes
Genes are located on chromosomes called what?
Loci
Two types of reproductive cycles of viruses?
Lyric and Lysogenic cycle
XY is for male or female?
Male
What kind of tumors can spread to other tissues?
Malignant Tumors
Errors in what can result in genetic abnormalities?
Meiosis
What led to the law of independent assortment?
Mendels dihybrid cross
what suggests that the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another
Mendels dihybrid cross
What phase is where chromosomes align between spindle poles?
Metaphase
Treads are aligned along the cell equator is what phase?
Metaphase 1
The (still duplicated chromosomes) are aligned midway between poles
Metaphase 2
The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site is called what?
Metastasis
What mutation can be beneficial, harmful or neutral?
Missense mutation
When you change the amino acid sequence that produces a different amino acid is what kind of mutation?
Missense mutation
Division of the nucleus is what?
Mitosis
What phase is known as division?
Mitotic phase
What moves and guides chromosomes?
Mitotic spindle
Sexual reproduction produces unique individuals, that...
Mixes up alleles from two parents Involves a fusion of gametes
What is the production of mutations?
Mutagenesis
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called what
Mutation
What are the three processes that contribute to the emergence of viral diseases?
Mutation- RNA viruses mutate rapidly Contact between species Spread from isolated human populations to larger human populations
What is it called when it's shared by all other organisms?
Nearly universal
Are there cures for most viral diseases?
No
Chromosomes fail to separate at anaphase, producing gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes is what?
Nondisjunction
What mutation creates a stop codon?
Nonsense mutation
Replacement of one nucleotide with another is called what
Nucleotide substitutions
What are the two kinds of mutations?
Nucleotide substitutionssubstitutions (base substitutions) Nucleotide Deletions or insertions (frameshifts)
Mutations in gametes are passed to what?
Offspring
A graphic method of presenting the inheritance of a particular trait in a group of related individuals is known as what?
Pedigree
What are often used as vectors?
Plasmids
Misfolded forms of normal brain proteins are called what?
Prions
What are infectious proteins that cause degenerative brain diseases in animals?
Prions
The nuclear envelope breaks up in what phase?
Prophase
A grid used to predict the genetic and phenotypic outcome of a cross?
Punnet square
Most plants and animal viruses have what rather than DNA?
RNA
Some infectious agents are made up of only what?
RNA or protein
What is formed by joining a nucleotide sequence from two different sources?
Recombinant DNA
What is is called when there is more than one codon for amino acids?
Redundant
The genetic code is what?
Redundant Unambiguous Nearly universal Without punctuation
Who made first x-ray diffraction image of DNA?
Rosalind Franklin
Produces offspring with two sets of genes from two parents
Sexual Reproduction
What may convey Evolutionaries advantage by producing offspring of varied genetic make up and reducing the incidence of harmful genes more rapidly?
Sexual Reproduction
What requires fertilization of an egg by sperm/gametes
Sexual reproduction
What type of mutation has no effect
Silent mutation
The three possible outcomes of nucleotide substitutions are what?
Silent mutation Missense Mutation Nonsense mutation
Characteristics of the genetic code include?
Three nucleotides specify for one amino acid 61 Codons corresponds to amino acids AUG codes for methionine and signals the start of transcription 3 stop codons signal the end of translation
What is switching from the nucleotide language to the amino acid language?
Translation
Mutations can form in any type of cell? True or false?
True
Viruses are not cellular, true or false?
True
Abnormally, growing masses of body cells are known as?
Tumors
The dihybrid cross is equivalent to what?
Two monohybrid crosses
A codon for one amino acid that does not code for any other amino acid is called what?
Unambiguous
Mutations are relatively what
Uncommon
Codons are adjacent to each other with no gaps in between is called what?
Without punctuation
Most sex linked genes are found where?
X chromosome
Do some amino acids have more than one possible codon?
Yes
Can many species reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Yes, true
What disease spread from animals?
Zoonotic diseases
Every cell in your body was produced through successive rounds of mitosis starting from the what?
Zygote
What is a disease of the cell cycle?
cancer
What is the mating of parental varieties that differ in two characters?
dihybrid cross
DNA is fast efficient and mostly accurate but errrors....
do occur sometimes
Cancer cells form what?
tumors
