Unit 2 Progress Check: MCQ - AP Psychology, AP Psychology Unit 3: Biological Bases of Behavior, Unit 3 Questions

barbiturates

drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

stimulants

drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes.

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate, parallel conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____ processing.

dual

Endocrine system

the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Which area of the human brain is most similar to that of less complex animals? Which part of the human brain distinguishes us most from less complex animals?

the brainstem the cerebral cortex

Staying up especially late on weekends is most likely to have an influence on ______

the circadian rhythm.

Sympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.

Occipital lobes

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual field.

Frontal Lobes

the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.

The story of identical twins Jim Lewis and Jim Springer provides evidence of:

the similarities between twins raised apart.

Electrical stimulation of a cat's amygdala provokes angry reactions. Which autonomic nervous system division is activated by such stimulation?

the sympathetic nervous system

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

Lesion

tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues

Thomas smokes crack cocaine. When he first started using it, he used to get high off a small amount but now he finds he needs to smoke more and more to get the same high. This is an example of ______.

tolerance

Amygdala

two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion.

Why is the pituitary gland called the "master gland"?

Responding to the signals from the hypothalamus, the pituitary releases hormones that trigger other endocrine glands to secrete hormones, which i turn influence brain and behavior.

Addie is in high school and enjoys staying up late talking to her friends to wind down from the day. Whenever she receives a message, her device lights up the bedroom. Due to artificial light, Addie is more likely to adopt a ______ hour cycle.

25

Pituitary gland

"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential glandunder the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Cerebellum

"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

What are the three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality?

(1) It starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation. (2) This explanation may overlook the effects of cultural expectations and socialization. (3) Men could use such explanations to rationalize their irresponsible behavior toward women.

(1) If we flash a red light to the right hemisphere of a right-handed person with a split-brain and flash a green light to the left hemisphere, will each observe its own color? (2) Will the person be aware that the colors differ? (3) What will the person verbally report seeing?

(1) yes (2) no (3) green

Hippocampus

Limbic system. Learning and memory matcher.

Emily has epilepsy. She avoids foods made with:

MSG

______ is a split in consciousness.

dissociation

The word "glial" means _____.

glue

FRQ: Charlotte is 88 years old and is feeling the effects of her long life. She suffered a stroke five years ago, which left the right side of her body limp. She also sometimes has trouble understanding when she is asked questions. Her doctors believe that she also may be suffering from the beginning stages of Alzheimer's disease. Explain how each might contribute to Charlotte's current circumstance. -Motor cortex -Acetylcholine -Association areas -Plasticity -Epigenetics

1 point: Because Charlotte's right side is limp, the damage from her stroke most likely occurred in the left hemisphere and potentially in her left motor cortex, which would leave her with little muscular control over the right side of her body. Page 110 1 point: If Charlotte suffers from Alzheimer's disease, it is possible that the neurons responsible for producing acetylcholine have deteriorated. Page 87 1 point: If Charlotte's association areas have been damaged, it may be difficult for her to integrate new ideas. She may also have trouble retrieving memories that were once easily recalled. Page 114 1 point: Because of Charlotte's age, her brain will not have the ability to build an abundance of new neural networks, and if she has not recovered from her injury in a few months' time, she is likely to make little progress in her recovery. Page 116 1 point: Perhaps Charlotte has a predisposition for Alzheimer's disease. If she was in an environment that was not enriching and cognitively engaging, it may have made Alzheimer's disease more likely. On the other hand, despite having a genetic predisposition for Alzheimer's disease, if Charlotte was exposed to an enriching environment, her disposition may not have been expressed. Page 137

FRQ: Provide two examples of how nature and nurture interact to affect an individual's physical health.

1 point: Because nature refers to the contributions of heredity, a person may be predisposed to develop (or not) diabetes or heart disease. Page 129 1 point: Because nurture refers to the contributions of environment and the way individuals are raised, an individual may eat a balanced diet and exercise regularly, activities that will make them healthy, which may counteract their heredity. Page 129

FRQ: Karl's doctor is concerned about a loss of neural functioning in Karl's brain. Explain how loss of each of the following might make Karl's reaction time slower. Myelin sheath Acetylcholine (ACh)

1 point: Damage to the myelin sheath would slow down neural impulses and cause the message to travel slower which makes the muscles move slower. Page 82 1 point: ACh is the neurotransmitter involved in muscle action. The doctor might look to see if Karl was producing enough of this neurotransmitter. Page 87

FRQ: Explain how evolutionary psychologists and the concept of social scripts would explain differences in mate selection by men.

1 point: Evolutionary psychologist would argue that men, in general, choose mates who are younger than they are and are able to have many children. Page 146 1 point: Social scripts would explain that the choice of one's mate can be determined by cultural scripts and that child bearing may not be the determining factor. Page 146

FRQ: Brain lateralization means that each hemisphere has its own functions. Give an example of both a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere function. Then explain how the two hemispheres communicate with one another.

1 point: Left hemisphere functions include language, math, and logic. Page 123 1 point: Right hemisphere functions include spatial relationships, facial recognition, and patterns. Page 123 1 point: The corpus callosum carries information back and forth between the two hemispheres. Page 120

FRQ: Doctors sometimes have to remove a portion of the brain to control life-threatening seizures. Describe what the results of the removal of a portion of the somatosensory cortex would be and explain how this procedure might be affected by brain plasticity.

1 point: Removing part of the somatosensory cortex would result in a lack of sensation/inability to feel being touched in the parts of the body associated with the removed tissue. Page 113 1 point: Because of brain plasticity, the person's brain may be able to change and reorganize new pathways based on experience. This is more likely if the person is a child. Page 116

FRQ: While walking barefoot, you step on a piece of glass. Before you have a chance to consciously process what has happened, you draw your foot away from the glass. Identify and explain the three types of neurons that deal with information regarding this painful stimulus.

1 point: Sensory neurons carry information from the point of the injury to the central nervous system. Page 92 1 point: Interneurons are neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons would help you interpret the pain and enable your spinal cord to send out marching orders. Page 92 1 point: Motor neurons carry the instruction from the central nervous system to activate the muscles in your leg and foot. Page 92

FRQ: Thomas fell and hit his head, so his parents brought him to the emergency room. Explain how the following scans would give doctors different information about the type of injury Thomas may have. CT scan MRI fMRI

1 point: The CT scan would reveal brain damage to structures that would be visible on an X-ray. Page 99 1 point: The MRI would provide a much more detailed picture of the brain than a CT scan. Page 99 1 point: The fMRI would enable the doctors to determine if the functioning of parts of the brain had been damaged, by looking at blood flow to certain regions. Page 100

In what brain region would damage be most likely to 1)disrupt your ability to jump rope 2) disrupt your ability to hear 3) leave you in a coma 4) cut off the very breath and heartbeat of life

1) cerebellum 2) thalamus 3) reticular formation 4) medulla

What are the three key structures of the limbic system, and what functions do they serve?

1) the amygdala is involved in aggression and fear responses. 2) the hypothalamus is involved in bodily maintenance, pleasurable rewards, and control of the hormonal systems. 3) the hippocampus processes memory of facts and events.

Try moving your right hand in a circular motion, as if cleaning a table. Then start your right foot doing the same motion, synchronized with your hand. Now reverse the right foot's motion, but not the hand's. Finally, try moving the left foot opposite to the right hand. Why is reversing the right foot's motion so hard? Why is it easier to move the left foot opposite to the right hand?

1. The right limbs' opposed activities interfere with each other because both are controlled by the same (left) side of your brain. 2. Opposite sides of your brain control your left and right limbs, so the reversed motion causes less interference.

hypothalamous

A neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Limbic system

A system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.

Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botulin is a(n)_____ antagonist

ACH

How are the nervous and endocrine systems alike, and how do they differ?

Both of these communication systems produce chemical molecules that act on the body's receptors to influence our behavior and emotions. The endocrine system, which secretes hormones into the bloodstream, delivers its messages much more slowly than the speedy nervous system, and the effects of the endocrine system's messages tend to linger much longer than those the nervous system.

Bob replays the encounter he had with his boss this morning about asking off for an upcoming vacation. What type of dream is Bob most likely having?

Daydream

_________ claims that hypnosis causes a split in consciousness.

Dissociation theory

How do evolutionary psychologists explain male-female differences in sexuality?

Evolutionary psychologists theorize that females have inherited their ancestors' tendencies to be more cautious sexually because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring. Males have inherited a tendency to be more casual about sex, because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment.

Cerebral cortex

Fabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.

Which drug is both a stimulant and a mild hallucinogen that can destroy serotonin-producing neurons with repeated use?

Ecstasy

Imagine a study in which an attractive woman approaches a man in a bar and begins a casual conversation with him. In general, what will observers of this interaction think?

Many men watching this scenario will perceive the woman's friendliness as sexual interest

It is at the end of this stage that children may wet the bed.

NREM-3 sleep

What happens in the synaptic gap?

Neurons send neurotransmitters (chemical messengers) across this tiny space between one neuron's terminal branch and the next neuron's dendrite or cell body.

If one studies through the night and doesn't sleep to prepare for an exam, how is this likely to affect one's ability to remember material the next day during the exam?

One will remember less than if you slept.

How are Belyaev and Trut's fox-breeding practices similar to, and how do they differ from, the way natural selection normally occurs?

Over multiple generations, Belyaev and Trut selected and bred foxes that exhibited a trait they desired: tameness. This process is similar to naturally occurring selection, but it differs in that natural selection is much slower, and normally favors traits (including those arising from mutations) that contribute to reproduction and survival.

Dr. Fiero is studying prejudice among White Americans using neuroimaging technology. She is particularly interested in which part of the brain is active when those who are prejudice view photographs of White and Black people. The _______ would be the best neuroimaging technique for Dr. Fiero to use.

PET

How do researchers use twin and adoption studies to learn about psychological principles?

Researchers use twin and adoption studies to understand how much variation among individuals is due to genetic makeup and how much is due to environmental factors. Some studies compare the traits and behaviors of identical twins (same genes) and fraternal twins (different genes, as in any two siblings). They also compare adopted children with their adoptive and biological parents. Some studies compare traits and behaviors of twins raised together or separately.

What bodily changes does your ANS direct before and after you give an important speech?

Responding to this challenge, your ANS (autonomic nervous system) sympathetic division will arouse you. It accelerates your heartbeat, raises your blood pressure and blood sugar, slows your digestion, adn cools you with perspiration. After you give the speech your ANS parasympathetic division will reverse these effects. (returns you to homeostasis)

What is reuptake? What two other things can happen to excess neurotransmitters after a neuron reacts?

Reuptake occurs when excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron. They can also drift away or be broken down by enzymes.

Medualla

The base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.

How does the biopsychosocial approach explain our individual development?

The biopsychosocial approach considers all the factors that influence our individual development: biological factors (including evolution and our genes, hormones, and brain), psychological factors (including our experiences, beliefs, feelings, and expectations), and social-cultural factors (including parental and peer influences, cultural individualism or collectivism, and gender norms).

Hailey is babysitting your 2-year-old nephew for the first time. While her back is turned, he touches his index finger to the pan she just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why does it take longer for him to scream than to pull away his finger?

The hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain.

What are the mind's two tracks, and what is dual processing?

The human brain has separate conscious and unconscious tracks that process information simultaneously. In vision, for example, the visual action track normally guides our conscious visual processing, while the visual perception track normally operates unconsciously, enabling our quick recognition of objects.

Temporal lobes

The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.

What do phrenology and biological psychology have in common?

They share a focus on the links between the brain and behavior. Phrenology faded because it had no scientific basis - skull bumps don't reveal mental traits and abilities.

When Marcia goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. The baby is also lying very still. It is likely that he is:

dreaming

How does information flow through your nervous system as you pick up a fork? Can you summarize this process?

Your central nervous system's hungry brain activates and guides the muscles of your arm and hand via your peripheral nervous system's motor neurons. As you pick up the fork, your brain processes the information from your sensory nervous system, enabling it to continue to guide the fork to your mouth. The functional circle start with sensory input, continues with interneuron processing by the central nervous system, and finishes with motor output.

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods.

Adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

LSD

a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide)

methamphetamine

a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Ecstasy (MDMA

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition.

Match the description: Sensory Neurons a) carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS b) communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages c) carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

a) carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS Think Afferent -> ADD

Match the description: PET scan a)tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity b) tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function c) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy

a) tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity

Match the description: behavior genetics a)study of the relative effects of our genes and our environment on our behavior b) study of how the structure and function of specific genes interact with our environment to influence behavior c) Study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed.

a)study of the relative effects of our genes and our environment on our behavior

A drug that is used to treat seizures functions by preventing inhibitory neurotransmitters from returning to the presynaptic neuron. This slows the rate of neurons firing by increasing the amount of the inhibitory neurotransmitter in the synapse. The drug is most likely to be classified as a... a. GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI) b. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) c. hallucinogen d. stimulant e. beta blocker

a. GABA reuptake inhibitor (GRI)

The parietal lobe is most involved in... a. processing sensory information b. storing information in long-term memory c. coordinating complex motor movements d. regulating emotions e. triggering the fight-or-flight response

a. processing sensory information

The relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state are called:

alpha waves.

Hypnosis, daydreaming, and meditation are all examples of _____ states of consciousness.

altered

Hallucinations, daydreaming, and meditation are all examples of:

altered states of consciousness.

Colin was always a mild-mannered man. Suddenly his behavior changed radically. He instigated fights and was verbally abusive to the people around him. It is likely that John's problem initiated in his _____.

amygdala

motor cortex

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.

Why are association areas important?

association areas are involved in higher mental functions -- interpreting, integrating, and acting on information processed in other areas

Match the description: molecular behavior genetics a)study of the relative effects of our genes and our environment on our behavior b) study of how the structure and function of specific genes interact with our environment to influence behavior c) Study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed.

b) Study of how the structure and function of specific genes interact with our environment to influence behavior.

Match the description: Interneurons a) carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS b) communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages c) carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

b) communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages Think Inter -> Between

Match the description: fMRI scan a)tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity b) tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function c) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy

b) tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function.

Match the description: epigenetics a)study of the relative effects of our genes and our environment on our behavior b) study of how the structure and function of specific genes interact with our environment to influence behavior c) Study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed.

c. Study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed.

Ruth and Debbie are identical twins who were raised by the same family. Vince and Frankie and identical twins who were separated at birth and raised by different families. According to research on the heritability of personality traits, Ruth's and Debbie's personalities are statistically... a. More likely to be similar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities b. Likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities c. More likely to be dissimilar to one another than are Vince's and Frankie's personalities d. Less likely to match on the personality dimensions of agreeableness and extraversion than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions e. Less likely to match on the personality dimensions of openness and neuroticism than are Vince and Frankie but not on other personality dimensions

b. Likely to be as similar and dissimilar to one another as are Vince's and Frankie's personalities

Which of the following describes what happens when a neuron sends a signal? a. The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge is fixed regardless of strength of the input signal it receives b. The neuron goes from being negatively charge to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negatively charge is fixed regardless of strength of the input signal it receives c. The neuron goes from being negatively charged to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives d. The neuron goes from being positively charged to briefly being negatively charged, and finally returns to being positively charged again. The magnitude of the negative charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it receives e. The neuron goes from being negatively charged to being, and then it remains at that level until it fire again. The magnitude of the positive charge varies depending on the strength of the input signal it recterm-10eives

b. The neuron goes from being negatively charge to briefly being positively charged, and finally returns to being negatively charged again. The magnitude of the negatively charge is fixed regardless of strength of the input signal it receives

Antagonist function by... a. mimicking neurotransmitters that bind to neural receptors to cause neural firing b. blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors c. prompting the production of neurotransmitters d. strengthening the connections between neurons e. raising the threshold at which the neuron will fire

b. blocking receptors to prevent other neurotransmitters from binding to the neural receptors

The hormone most associated with the fight or flight response is... a. oxytocin b. epinephrine c. testosterone d. estrogen e. dopamine

b. epinephrine

A person whose body is not producing enough testosterone is most likely to exhibit a. overly aggressive behavior b. fatigue c. memory loss d. increased hunger e. increased thirst

b. fatigue

The fatty casing that helps speed up the neural transmissions of a neuron is called the... a. medulla b. myelin sheath c. cerebrum d. soma e. corpus callosum

b. myelin sheath

Waking up frequently, loud snoring, silent pauses in breathing, and sleepiness during the day are symptoms of... a. somnambulism b. sleep apnea c.narcolepsy d. circadian rhythm sleep disorders e. insomnia

b. sleep apnea

The pituitary gland is located in the _____.

base of the brain

Estimates of the heritability of personality traits are most directly associated with the research efforts of:

behavior geneticists.

"Neurotransmitter" is to "synaptic gap" as "hormone" is to "_____."

bloodstream

While shopping at the local supermarket, Nora notices the "reduced for quick sale" table, which has discontinued items as well as dented cans. She buys some of the discontinued items and avoids the dented cans because she knows that improperly canned food can form:

botulin

The ___ is a crossover point where nerves from the left side of the rba

brainstem

Match the description: Motor Neurons a) carry incoming messages from sensory receptors to the CNS b) communicate within the CNS and process information between incoming and outgoing messages c) carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands

c) carry outgoing messages from the CNS to muscles and glands. Think Efferent -> Exit

Match the description: MRI scan a)tracks radioactive glucose to reveal brain activity b) tracks successive images of brain tissue to show brain function c) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy

c) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to show brain anatomy.

If a body does not have enough potassium, how might that affect neuronal firing? a. The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to maintain a negatively charged resting state b. The neurons will fire too easily because there will not be enough positively charged ions to maintain a positively charged resting state c. The neuron will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron d. The neurons will struggle to fire because there will not be enough negatively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron e. The neurons will struggle to fire because potassium binds the receptors and inhibits neuronal firing

c. The neuron will struggle to fire because there will not be enough positively charged ions to trigger the firing of the neuron

An adult with a healthy sleep cycle is most likely to enter REM sleep a. immediately after falling asleep b. after the dream stage is completed c. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages d. only as necessary to prevent waking e. soon after falling asleep and then remain there for the majority of the night

c. after cycling through the NREM sleep stages

A neuron sends a signal along its... a. dendrite b. optic chiasm c. axon d. neurotransmitter e. nucleus

c. axon

Professor Kim is studying how the brain is involved in voluntary movements. Professor Kim stimulates the _____ of his participants' brain with mild electrical signals. As a result, the right arm of his participants involuntarily moves.

cerebellum

Researchers have discovered that damage to part of the _____in rats results in vertigo.

cerebellum

Those working in the interdisciplinary field called _____________ _____________ study the brain activity associated with the mental processes of perception, thinking, memory, and language.

cognitive neuroscience

Which of the following best describes a major role of the thalamus? a. It regulates body temperature. b. It regulates hunger. c. It regulates the autonomic nervous system. d. It relays most sensory signals to the cortex. e. It relays olfactory signals to the cortex.

d. It relays most sensory signals to the cortex.

The idea that there is a part of the mind that is not directly accessible to awareness but still drives a person's thinking and behavior is most directly attributable to... a. William James b. Edward Thorndike c.Margaret Floy Washburn d. Sigmund Freud e. Paul Broca

d. Sigmund Freud

At a synapse, neurotransmitters released by the sending neuron do which of the following? a. They combine with neurotransmitters released by the receiving neuron b. They combine with neurotransmitters released by other sending neurons c. They pass through channels into the receiving neuron d. They bind receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels e. They bind ions in the synapse, which creates a chemical reaction that causes the receiving neuron to fire

d. They bind receptors at the receiving neuron, which opens ion channels

What effect do agonists have? a. They decrease the likelihood that a person will get a good night's sleep. b. They stimulate the gastric system, leading to increased hunger. c. They decrease the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. d. They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire. e. They lead to a decreased sex drive.

d. They increase the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire.

The medulla oblongata is a part of the... a. cerebellum b. prefrontal cortex c. occipital lobe d. brain stem e. corpus callosum

d. brain stem

The psychodynamic theory of dreaming would postulate that... a. time spent dreaming helps with problem solving and creativity b. people sleep more after they have engaged in strenuous physical activity c. dreams are the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity d. dreams fulfill unconscious wishes e. lions sleep more than deer

d. dreams fulfill unconscious wishes

Carl Wernicke discovered the region of the brain that is responsible for... a. visual perception b. sense of balance c. memory consolidation d. language comprehension e. language production

d. language comprehension

The phenomenon of declining physiological effects of taking a drug after sustained use is referred to as... a. endorphin release b. withdrawal c. long-term potentiation d. tolerance e. a relapse

d. tolerance

When a neuron fires an action potential, the information travels through the axon, the dendrites, and the cell body, but not in that order. Place these three structures in the correct order: cell body, axon, dendrites

dendrites, cell body, axon

This theory claims that hypnosis causes a split in consciousness.

dissociation theory

Madeline has previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. She has an identical twin sister, Josephine, and a nonidentical sister, Abigail. Neither of Madeline's sisters have previously been diagnosed with major depressive disorder . Which of the following statements is true of Madeline's sisters? a. Because their sister has been diagnosed, it is likely that both sisters will be diagnosed with major depressive disorder at some point in their lives b. Neither sister is likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder because it is rare for family members to be diagnosed with the same disorder c. The sisters are equally likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder in response to a stressful or traumatic event d. Josephine is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Abigail in response to a stressful or traumatic event e. Abigail is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Josephine in response to a stressful or traumatic event

e. Abigail is less likely to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder than Josephine in response to a stressful or traumatic event

Which hormone is released when a person is under stress? a. Progesterone b. Testosterone c. Estrogen d. Oxytocin e. Cortisol

e. Cortisol

Johnny often hits his brother event though his brother does not do anything to antagonize him. Johnny's aggression is most likely due to a combination of... a. his genetic makeup, the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity b. developmental delays, the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive, and a lack of neuroplasticity c. the environment he grew up in, developmental delays, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive d. his genetic makeup, developmental delays, and a lack of neuroplasticity e. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive

e. his genetic makeup, the environment he grew up in, and the fact that aggression can be evolutionary adaptive

Michael Gazzaniga is best known for... a. showing that cats can learn to escape puzzle boxes b. conditioning Little Albert to be fearful of rats c. studying attachment styles in children d. studying false memories e. studying split-brain patients

e. studying split-brain patients

If one wishes to improve athletic performance, when should one avoid working out?

early morning

Dr. Miller is working on a research grant about the impact of evolution in everyday society. Dr. Miller is most likely a(n):

evolutionary psychologist.

Which portion of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in making plans and formulating moral judgments?

frontal lobes

Put the following cell structures in order from smallest to largest: nucleus, gene, chromosome.

gene, chromosome, nucleus

Those studying the heritability of a trait try to determine how much of the person-to-person variation in that trait among members of a specific group is due to their differing _____________.

genes

What behavior can trigger depression?

getting insufficient sleep

What aspect of functioning does sleep NOT affect?

heart rate

Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine, because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to complain of the sleep disorder_____.

insomnia

Max goes to his psychotherapist and describes his recent dreams where he flies like an eagle through the sky. His therapist listens and then offers the interpretation that this dream signifies Max's unconscious desires to be free of his family obligations. Max's therapist is displaying an interest in the _____ content of Max's dreams.

latent

Destruction of specifically targeted brain tissue that leaves the surrounding tissue unharmed is known as a(n):

lesion

John was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and most importantly had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of:

natural selection.

The prevalence of genetically predisposed traits that have a reproductive advantage is best explained in terms of:

natural selection.

A(n) _____ , an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest), is often similar to drug-induced hallucinations.

near-death experience

sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.

motor (efferant) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.

Serotonin, dopamine, and endorphins are all chemical messengers called ____.

neurotransmitters

Which sleep disorder affects mostly children?

night terrors

opiates

opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

The _____ nervous system helps one to conserve energy as it calms one down after a stressful event.

parasympathetic

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise the woman heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly her _____ has now been activated.

parasympathetic nervous system

The theory that bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and personality traits was known as _____.

phrenology

It is common wisdom that if a person does not have the use of one sense, such as vision or hearing, the other senses become more enhanced. This best illustrates _____.

plasticity

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of _____ on development.

prenatal environments

Which of these is MOST strongly influenced by the environment?

religion

Jacob suffered a stroke that affected his ____ hemisphere. Now Jacob has difficulties recognizing faces.

right

John had a brain tumor removed. Now he has no vision in his left eye. His tumor was located in his _____ occipital lobe.

right

Michael recently suffered a stroke to his _____. Now he is unable to perceive accurately the emotions of others.

right hemisphere

Nathan was in a horrible car accident that resulted in partial paralysis. However, he claims that he is able to move his paralyzed arm. The damage was to his _____.

right hemisphere

Which sleep disorder affects mostly adults?

sleep apnea

This theory proposes that hypnosis is a by-product of normal social and mental processes.

social influence theory

Our brain's ___ cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The ____ cortex controls our voluntary movements

somatosensory motor

Axons are to _____ as dendrites are to _____.

speaking; hearing

Hypnosis, daydreaming, and meditation are all examples of altered _____ of consciousness.

states

Neuroscientists can _______ various parts of the brain and then see the effect.

stimulate

How does our nervous system allow us to experience the difference between a slap and a tap on the back?

stronger stimuli (the slap) cause more neurons to fire and to fire more frequently than happens with the weaker stimuli (the tap)

Santiago Ramon y Cajal referred to _____ gaps as "protoplasmic kisses."

synaptic