Unit 3 & 5 AP Psychology
Neurogenesis
Formation of new neurons
Psychoactive Drug Categories: "Other"
Includes a variety of psychoactive cells
Corpus Callosum
Large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
Hippocampus
Limbic system. Learning and memory matcher.
The hypnagogic sensations of falling or floating are most likely to occur during which sleep stage?
NREM-1 sleep
Reticular Formation
Plays an important role in controlling arousal.
Alcohol
Slowed neural processing, memory disruption, reduced self-awareness, expectancy effects
Ecstacy ("MDMA")
Stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Euphoric affect bc it impacts your serotonin
Medualla
The base of the brainstem. Controls heartbeat and breathing.
Plasticity
The brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience.
Which of the following is true of "hypnotically refreshed" memories?
The combine fact and fiction.
Cognitive Neuroscience
The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition. (including perception, thinking, memory and language.)
Parietal lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes the sensory cortex. Receives sensory input for touch and body position.
Temporal lobes
The portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughyl above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which revieves aditory info primarily from the opposite end.
epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.
evolutionary psychologists
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.
Which of the following is true of night terrors?
They typically occur during NREM-3 sleep
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
a TECHNIQUE THAT USES MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES TO PRODUCE COMPUTER generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues.
myelin sheath
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next.
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon.
all-or-nothing response
a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing.
reuptake
a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron.
Adrenal glands
a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress
Circadian rhythm refers to
a pattern of biological functioning that occurs on a roughly 24-hour cycle.
refractory period
a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired.
Dual Processing
a phenomenon can occur in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes, The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks
CT (computed tomography) scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representaion of a slice through the body. Aslo called a CAT scan
Research has indicated that hypnosis
a. enables some people to undergo surgery with only a local anesthesia.
Which theory suggests that dreams are mental responses to random bursts of neural stimulation?
activation-synthesis theory
motor cortex
an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements.
association areas
areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
b. As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases.
Which drugs are most likely to be prescribed as tranquilizers?
barbariots
Physical Dependence
bodily processes have been so modified by repeated drug use that continued use is required to prevent withdrawal symptoms
nerves
bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs.
Which of the following is most accurate about a typical night's sleep?
c. As sleep progresses, NREM-3 sleep diminishes while REM sleep increases.
Our inability to fall asleep early as we had planned is most likely a reflection of
cardiac response
Hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse.
After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal
circadian rhythm.
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
circadian rythym
Addiction
compulsion to use a specific drug or to engage in a certain activity
Until reading this question you were unaware that your shoes are pressing against your feet. This focusing of your conscious attention, or selective attention, illustrates that
conscious awareness is one part of the dual processing that occurs in our two-track minds.
Methamphetamines
Can cause irreversible changes in mood and function. Done by reducing dopamine receptors and transporters
Glial Cells
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons.
Antagonists
Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell's response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
neuron
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system.
Drugs such as alcohol and opiates that calm neural activity and slow body functions are called
depressants
Sleep deprivation has been shown to
diminish immunity to disease
The change in brain chemistry that offsets the effects of a psychoactive drug is called
neuroadaption
sensory (afferent) neurons
neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord.
motor (efferant) neurons
neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands.
Although Max never experiences caffeine withdrawal symptoms, he feels that he needs coffee every morning as part of his daily routine. Max best illustrates
psychological dependence
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Pituitary gland
"THE MASTER GLAND" the endocrine system's most influential gland under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
Cerebellum
"little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions including processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.
endorphins
"morphine within"—natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) .
(deoxyribonucleic acid) a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
Marijuana ("THC")
-Creates mild euphoric effect, destress, calm, activates reward system like stimulants do, heightens sensations. Affects dopamine
Opium
-Derivative (morphine and heroin) -Depress neural activity, temporary lessening pain and anxiety. They are a highly addictive combination of pain removal and its effect on the brain's reward system
Psychoactive Drug Categories: Hallucinogens
-Distort sensory problems -Psychedelics, LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, Mushrooms, Marijuana, Ecstacy
Tranquilizers
-Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS without most of the sides effects associated with barbiturates, reduces anxiety -Valium and Xanax
Barbiturates
-Drugs that depress the activity of the CNS, reduced anxiety, it impairing memory and judgement -Taken to sleep (but reduces REM sleep)
Cocaine
-Induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash -Extreme strain on the cardiovascular system
Psychoactive Drug Categories: Narcotics
-Produce feelings of euphoria and reduce pain, mimic endorphins. Drugs that depress neural activity, temporarily lessen pain and anxiety and produce feelings of euphoria -Opium, Morphine, and heroine, fentanyl
Amphetamines
-Stimulate neural activity Cause accelerated body functions. Mimics adrenaline -Speed, Diet pills (Ozempic, etc.), methaphetamine
Morphine
-Strong sedative and pain-relieving drug derived from opium -Works by preventing pain neurons from firing or releasing pain-signaling neurotransmitters (substance P) into synapse
Fentanyl
-The drug is one of the strongest opioids available -50-100 times more potent than morphine about 80x stronger than heroin
Psychoactive Drug Categories: Stimulates
-excite brain activity -caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamines
Caffeine and Nicotine
-increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy -Has a short-term effect which is why it is repeated frequently within a day
Psychoactive Drug Categories: Depressants
-reduce neural activity and slow bodily functions -alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers
Heroine
-street version of morphine endorphin agonist it crosses the placental barrier being teratogens
Amygdala
2Lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system, linked to emotion. Includes rage and fear.
Agonist
A chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
Split Brain
A conditioning resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them.
hypothalamous
A neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
mutations
A random error in gene replication that leads to a change
Limbic system
A system of neural structures at the border of brainstem. Associated with emotions like fear, agression, and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the Hippocampus, Amygdala and hypothalamus.
fMRI (functional MRI)
A technique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. fMRI scans show brain function.
(PET) Positron emission tomography scan
A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp.
Psychological Dependence
Desire, craving or need to achieve effects produced by drug
LSD ("acid")
Drug, not natural, developed Powerful hallucinogenic drug
Drugs
Drugs imitate the natural neurotransmitter in your brain. If a drug is used often a tolerance is built. If you stop using a drug you can develop withdrawl symptoms Drugs can be agonists, antagonists, and reuptake inhibitors
The greatest danger of viewing drug addiction as a disease is that this may lead drug addicts to
d. feel powerless to overcome the addiction.
The large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep are called
delta waves
One plausible theory suggests that hypnosis relieves pain by
distracting attention
Paradoxical sleep is to slow-wave sleep as ________ sleep is to ________ sleep.
e. REM; NREM-3
Slow-wave sleep promotes
effective memory
environment
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us.
Which of the following typically occur(s) during REM sleep?
genital arousal
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
have very relaxed muscles
Hypnosis involves a state of
heightened openness to suggestion
Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.
latent content
interneurons
neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs.
Chronic sleep debt is most likely to promote
obesity
Morphine and heroin are
opiates
Consciousness
our awareness of ourselves and our environment.
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
Unpleasant withdrawal symptoms are indicative of
physical dependence
Just prior to awakening Chinua from a hypnotic state, the therapist told him that during the next few days he would feel nauseous whenever he reached for a cigarette. Chinua's therapist was attempting to make use of
posthypnotic suggestion
Drug Abuse
results in a disruption of academic social or occupational functioning; causes legal or psychological problems
Reflexes
simple, automatic responses to sensory stimuli, such as the knee-jerk response
Pons
sleep and arousal
Hypnotized people are no more likely to perform dangerous acts than those who are asked to simulate hypnosis. This fact is most consistent with
social influence theory
Compared with when they were only 20 years old, 60-year-olds
spend less time in deep sleep
molecular geneticists
subfield of biology that study the molecular structure and function of genes
somatosensory cortex
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.
genes
the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
Endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
nervous system
the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and the spinal cord
Thalamus
the brains 'sensory switch board' Located at top of brainstem; directs messages to the sensory areas and transmits them to cerebellum and medulla.
dendrites
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body.
Sympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. (If you get scared)
Parasympathetic nervous system
the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy (Your PARents come home and calm you down)
Somatic nervous system
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles (skeletal nervous system)
interaction
the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity)
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or synaptic cleft.
threshold
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse.
axon
the neuron extension that passes and electrical messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands.
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of brain. AKA reticular formation, or reticular activating system. In charge of automatic survival functions
Autonomic nervous system
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. It's sympathetic system arouses and parasympathetic calms.
Occipital lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual info from the opposite visual feild.
Frontal Lobes
the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements.
natural selection
the principle that, among range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes; this may vary depending on population range and the environment being studied
biological psychologists
the scientific study of the links between biological and psychological processes.
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
behavior genetics
the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
REM rebound involves the
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
chromosomes
threadlike structure made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Lesion
tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues
identical twins (monozygotic)
twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
fraternal twins (dizygotic)
twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs; no genetically closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.
Cerebral cortex
Fabric of interconnected neuron cells. Higher order thinking. Takes meaning and puts it to focus. The body's ultimate control and information-processing center.
