Unit 4.1 HBS Joints

What are joints classified by?

Joints can be classified by either their structure or their function

What are six main types of synovial joints

pivot joint, ball-and socket joint, saddle joint, Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) joint, Hinge joint,Plane (Planar or Gliding) joint

Plantarflexion

refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorlyv

Plane (Planar or Gliding) joint:

synovial joint which, under physiological conditions, allows only gliding movement. -

Elevation

movement in a superior direction (e.g. shoulder shrug),

adduction

movement toward the midline off the body

Rotation

moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

rotation

moving a bone around its own axis, with no other movement

Adduction

:movement toward the midline off the body

What is the movement of ball-socket-joint and examples

- flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation - shoulder,hip

What is the movement of plane joint and examples?

- gliding movement - ankle (tarsal and metatarsal)

Tendons

- tough band of fibrous connective tissues that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension

What is the movement of saddle joint and examples

-flexion, extension, adduction, abduction -thumb (carpal and metacarpal)

What is the movement of pivot joint and examples?

-rotational movement - neck

circumduction

a movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable

The pubic symphysis is

actually a slightly movable cartilaginous joint.

Which type of joint do you think allows for the greatest number of different movements

ball and socket joint allows the most amount of movement. It allows the most amount of movement because there is nothing in any direction besides other bones and muscles that prohibits the bone from moving in any direction while staying in its socket.

Functional joints

classified by how much motion they allow.

Ball-Socket-Joint

consists of a rounded, ball-like end of one bone fitting into a cup-like socket of another bone, allowing the first segment to move around an indefinite number of axes which have one common center

Hyaline cartilage

consists of bluish-white, shiny ground elastic material. This tissue supplies smooth surfaces, enabling tissues to move/slide easily over each other

Sutures in the skull are

fibrous joints that connect the bones that shield your brain.

Structurally, joints are classified as

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial

Freely movable joints

found on the appendicular skeleton and permit flexibility in the limbs.

Abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

Flexion

refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

Extension

refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts

Hinge joint

synovial joint that includes the ankle, elbow, and knee joints. Hinge joints are formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move along one axis to flex or extend.

articulation

the action or manner in which the parts come together at a joint

What would happen if we didn't have joints?

would be unable to bend and flex.

How do you think bones, muscles and joints work together to move the body?

Muscles,bones, and joints make up the musculoskeletal system and enable us to do everyday physical activities. Joints are where the two bones meet up. The reason that the body has joints is it makes the skeleton flexible without them movement would not be possible. Muscles are also very necessary for movement. The masses of tough of elastic tissue pull our bones when we move.

Pivot joint

Pivot joints consist of the rounded end of one bone fitting into a ring formed by the other bone. This structure allows rotational movement, as the rounded bone moves around its own axis.

Things that influence range of motion

Range of motion my differ in people because of the amount of muscle a person has near a joint. A person with a lot of muscle around their elbow (in the bicep and the forearm) the smaller their range of motion will be because the muscle inhibits the movement

How are tendons and ligaments similar and how are they different?

Tendons and ligaments are similar because they are both composed mostly of long collagen fibers which help create bands that are tough of connective tissue. However tendons connect muscle to bone and ligaments connects bone to bone which help with stabilizing joints they surround.

Dorsiflexion

refers to flexion at the ankle, so that the foot points more superiorly

Depression

refers to movement in an inferior direction

Immovable joints and slightly movable joints

restricted mainly to the axial skeleton where protection and stability are key.

goniometer

measure the angles resulting from the movement of various joints in the body

Joints

meet up with at least one other bone at junctions

Ligaments

- connective tissue commonly refers to a band of dense regular connective tissues made of collagenous fibers. Connects bone to bone.

What factors influence range of motion of a joint?

- joint structure - age and gender - muscle mass

What is the movement of hinge joint and examples?

- move along one axis to flex or extend. - elbow joint (humerus and ulna)

What is the movement of condyloid joint and examples

- movement in two planes, allowing flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and circumduction - wrist

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) joint

A condyloid joint is the junction of two bones which allows movement and rotation in every direction except axial. It is also called an ellipsoid joint because the end of one bone is shaped like an ovoid head that fits into the other, which is shaped like an elliptical cavity.

Your friend Andre comes to school and tells you that he has a dislocated shoulder. Based on what you now know about joints, what do you think this means?

A dislocation occurs in the body when bones in a joint become separate. The shoulder joint is one of the body's most mobile joint which means it can turn in many directions. Because of this reasoning it is an easy joint to dislocate. This means that my friend Andre's head of the upper arm bone which is the is partially out of the socket which is called the glenoid.

Saddle Joint

A saddle joint is a synovial joint where one of the bones forming the joint is shaped like a saddle with the other bone resting on it like a rider on a horse. Saddle joints provide stability to the bones while providing more flexibility than a hinge or gliding joint.

Your favorite team is winning the championship game. You drop to one knee, tip your head back, raise one hand over your head, clench your fist and yell, "Yes." Use the proper terms to describe the movements undertaken by your joints.

Dropping the new would be knee flexion. The raising of one hand over the head would be shoulder abduction. Clenching the fest would be elbow flexion

What type of joint is the hip joint? Describe the type(s) of movements this joint can perform.

The hip joint has a ball and socket joint. This joint allows movement in three planes flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation. joint helps the body have rotational movement which helps the bone to revolve around long axis. This is what helps the body to be able to move left and right and up and down because of the rotation movemen

How is cow and a human's elbow different?

They are different compared to humans because in the cow, the radius and ulna are fused together. However in the human the the radius and ulna have a space a space in between the two and are not fused together.

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

This fluid helps with reduction of friction, the synovial fluid also lubricates the articulating joints

flexion

a bending movement around a joint in a limb (as the knee or elbow) that decreases the angle between the bones of the limb at the joint

Circumduction

a movement at a synovial joint in which the distal end of the bone moves in a circle while the proximal end remains relatively stable