Unit 5 APHG

Subsistence agriculture is most common in which of the following regions?

Amazon Basin

which of the following agricultural practices has the most significant long term environmental impact in tropical regions?

Burning extensive areas of forested land to create pasture, which decreases biodiversity

Which of the following explains the role of commodity chains in the average size of farms?

Commodity chains have led to changes in the spatial organization of agriculture from dispersed family farms to large corporate farms that produce, process, and distribute the products.

Which of the following best explains the economic advantage of the type of farm produced goods shown in the images?

Compared to plain milk or fresh fruit, these value-added agricultural goods significantly increase the price of the farm products sold and increase earnings for farmers.

Discuss two factors that explain why agricultural land-use patterns today differ from those developed by von Thünen's model in 1826.

One factor would be that we now have increased transportation and that means that the rings would be much wider as we can transport perishable goods and livestock to wherever is necessary. Another factor is that technology has advanced so that we are able to produce more products in a much smaller amount of space, therefore we have more space for other types of farming or specific crops.

What are farm subsidies?

Payments made to farmers for not growing certain crops so that prices will be higher.

The second agricultural revolution coincided with...

Industrial Revolution

Describe the change over time in the numbers and sizes of family-run dairy farms.

Family-run dairy farms decreased in number as more dairy products are being produced by large corporate farms (e.g., agribusinesses) instead of family-run farms.

Three of the largest dairy regions in the United States are in the Northeast (New York and Pennsylvania), the Upper Midwest (Wisconsin and Minnesota), and California. What explains this phenomenon?

Large urban centers are located in each zone

Which was probably the first form of agriculture in human history?

hunting and gathering

Agriculture is associated with what sector of the economy?

primary sector

Which crop started the Third Agricultural Revolution?

wheat

The most widely produced grains in the world are...

wheat, rice, and maize

Which of the following is the best example of extensive land use in agriculture?

A sheep ranch

The leading producer of poppies, which are cultivated for opium production often used to fund terrorism, is

Afghanistan

Why have many family farms in North America been replaced by agribusiness farms since the 1980s?

Agribusiness farms have the resources to take advantage of economies of scale.

Define intensive agriculture.

Agriculture that requires large quantities of inputs (e.g. labor, capital, agricultural products) per unit of land.

Explain a negative affect the irrigation may have a water quality

Areas drenched by irrigation can become waterlogged, creating soil conditions that poison plant roots. where water has been diverted soil can intake too much salt also harming plant growth.

Explain why large scale commercial agricultural operations are increasingly replacing small family farms in developed countries

As large scale commercial farms are able to produce crops and livestock at a lower cost due to the economies of scale. They can often sell their products at a lower price that smaller family run farms.

What is the best reason why market gardening farms are located close to urban centers?

Because it is expensive to transport and they go bad quickly.

Which of the following best explains the diffusion of plants and animals from their hearths of domestication?

Both domesticated plants and animals spread across the globe through contagious diffusion in early years by farmers and traders, and later by relocation diffusion through European exploration and colonialism.

Which of the following best explains the reasons for the similarities and differences between the two land survey systems shown?

Both systems require geometric calculations to survey property lines. However, the township-and-range system uses simplified calculation to create a more ordered landscape.

Explain ONE way in which small-scale dairy farms can specialize to compete with large-scale dairies.

By selling non-GMO milk for real farm taste.

Which famous cultural geographer theorized that the invention of agriculture took place in multiple hearths?

Carl Sauer

Which of the following statements best describes the impact of improvements in transportation systems on agriculture?

Corporate farms have gained a greater advantage over family farms

According to the von Thünen model, which of the following economic factors determine the pattern of land use shown on the diagram?

Costs of labor, transport, and land rent

Explain a recent trend in the location of dairy farms with respect to consumer locations.

Dairies have moved farther from consumer locations as a result of improvements in transportation methods and networks

Explain how economies of scale are used to maximize profitability in dairy farming.

Dairy farms can reduce per unit costs by manufacturing larger volumes of milk or dairy products using mechanization, transportation, or computerized production processes that reduce the amount of labor or energy needed to produce each unit of food

Explain an environmental sustainability problem that results from the production of dairy on large-scale farms.

Degradation of ecosystems (e.g. deforestation, overgrazing) has occurred in order to increase the size of or production levels on dairy farms.

The township and range land survey system in the United States contributed to which of the following?

Dispersed royal settlement pattern

Which of the following explains why multiple early hearths of domestication and diffusion of plants and animals arose across the world in Central America, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus River valley, and Southeast Asia?

Domestication of plants and animals evolved in each hearth independently of one another as societies in each area learned and applied the process to local plants and animals.

which of the following explains an impact of globalized agricultural commodity chains on consumers as compared to producers?

Drought and depletion of groundwater sources in developing countries cause a rise in global grain prices and associated higher costs for food.

In less developed countries, pesticides are typically applied by hand, whereas pesticides are typically applied by tractors or aircraft in more developed countries. Which of the following best explains the risks associated with pesticide applications?

Farmers' health is at risk in less developed countries, whereas environmental pollution is a risk in more developed countries.

Most cereal grains produced in the United States are used for...

Feeding livestock

What was the fertile area located in the floodplains of the Euphrates, Nile, and Tigris Rivers called?

Fertile Crescent

Traditional labor-intensive agriculture often involves...

Field terracing

Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by...

Increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests

In 2017 the Ivory Coast exported $5.6 billion worth of cocoa beans and cocoa-derived products, such as cocoa butter. This represented 55 percent of the country's exports and was worth four times the country's combined gold and oil exports in that year. Which of the following best explains the international trade economy of the ivory Coast?

High level of dependency on a single agricultural commodity that increases national economic risks during times of global economic crisis

Which of the following explains the significance of the similarities between Asia and sub-Saharan Africa in terms of the percent of women working agriculture?

In the subsistence-based rural economies in these regions, female farmers produce much of the food that their families need for survival.

Genetic engineering of agricultural crops has primarily increased the productivity of modern farming by

Increasing plants' drought resistance and resistance to pests

Based on the different types of land use shown in the image, which of the following best explains why soil salinization is a concern in the arid landscape shown?

Irrigation increases the salt content of the soil, which disrupts the growth of crops and degrades soil fertility.

What is the most often cited environmental benefit of the eat-local movement?

Less fossil fuel is used in transporting food to market

which of the following best explains why farmers would plant both strawberries and watermelons in the same field?

Limited farmland encourages intensive farming with intercropping to produce high yields.

What is the primary difference between livestock ranching and livestock fattening?

Livestock ranching requires more space than livestock fattening

Compare the two maps and examine the data for Africa, the Middle East, and South Asia. Which of the following statements is supported by the comparison of the two maps?

Many women in these regions work on farms and grow food for their families, but not all are paid to do this work.

Which of the following best explains the importance of climate to agricultural practices?

Mid latitude climates tend to support similar agricultural crops and practices, such as wheat farming in the United States and China

Explain ONE way in which a complex commodity chain connects large-scale dairies to consumers.

Milk is manufactured into value-added dairy products (e.g. yogurt, cheese, cream, other dairy products, frozen foods), increasing the complexity of the commodity chain as more steps are needed for processing and packaging.

Palm oil, an edible vegetable oil used in processing packaged food products, is obtained from the fruit of the oil palm tree, grown only in the tropics. Which of the following explains how global demand for palm oil has proved beneficial and detrimental for countries such as Indonesia and Malaysia?

Palm oil exports provided substantial corporate profits, but the growth in the industry resulted in heavy deforestation in both countries.

which of the following best explains how the expansion of feedlots for raising cattle has affected environmental sustainability in rural areas?

Runoff from animal waste has increased the pollution in local water supplies.

Which of the following best explains why the New England region, located in the northeastern United States, would specialize in market gardening agriculture rather than other types of agriculture, such as grain farming?

Several large cities on the East Coast provide a growing market and shorter distances for transporting market gardening products.

which of the following pairs of agricultural types occupies the largest percentage of the world's total land area?

Shifting cultivation and nomadic herding

During the Green Revolution, agricultural practices from more developed countries diffused to less developed countries in Asia and Africa. Which of the following best explains the Green Revolution's highly variable level of success in increasing agricultural yields?

Small-scale farmers in Asia often lacked the resources necessary to acquire the hybrid seeds and the chemical inputs to grow them, leaving large gaps in the success of the Green Revolution outside of urban cores.

What region first incorporated domestication of both plants and animals?

Southwest Asia

In which world regions has the Green Revolution had the least impact on agriculture?

Sub-Saharan Africa and U.S.

The images show devices developed during the Second Agricultural Revolution. Which of the following best describes the impacts of the Second Agricultural Revolution?

Technological innovations, such as the devices shown in the images, and increased agricultural productivity led to better diets, longer life expectancies, and more people available for work in factories.

which of the following best explains a neo-Malthusian perspective on the Green Revolution?

The Green Revolution represents a jump in agricultural technology, but population will still grow faster than our ability to produce food will over the long run.

Describe the topography shown in image 1

The land is fertile and well irrigated, meaning that in this area, crops will be able to grow well

Green Revolution technology has resulted in which of the following in modern agriculture?

The development of high-yield grains and the expansion of cultivated areas

What is the best reason for why many dairy farmers in Wisconsin choose to produce butter and cheese rather than fresh milk?

The entire country is their market area for these products.

Apply the underlying principles of von Thünen's agricultural land-use model to predict the locations of the activities shown in X and Y relative to a large urban area.

The location of model X would be in the smallest (first) ring. Model X would be closest to the city because it is very perishable. The location of model Y would be in the third ring. Model Y would be a bit farther from the city but not the farthest because it needs a lot of room for growing crops but not as much as grazing livestock.

The two images show different agricultural methods. In the context of the Second Agricultural Revolution, which of the following trends is represented in these images?

The mechanization of farming in the Second Agricultural Revolution resulted in more reliable crop harvests and healthier populations in areas where the mechanization was adopted.

based on the physical characteristics of the landscape shown in image two, explain why people adopted the practice shown in the image

The physical characteristics of the landscape include elevation differences. Based on this, the practice of terrace farming was adapted to maximize agricultural productivity. So the irrigated terraces may have been used to combat that, and increase the amount of food that can be produced. -Ex. Southeast Asia

The two images represent different agricultural land survey patterns. Comparing the two images, which survey system was more efficient in terms of trade?

The river in the long lot survey system provided better access to waterways to transport goods to market.

Between 1950 and 1990, wheat production in India in average pounds per acre more than tripled, which allowed India to meet its population's need for food. Which of the following best explains this change?

The use of improved plant hybrids and agricultural chemicals

Even though climatic conditions are suitable for wine production in North Africa and Southwest Asia, why is this form of agriculture not practiced in these regions?

There is not a cultural tradition of consuming wine in these regions.

Based on the map, which of the following explains the similarities of the world regions where at least 51 percent of women work in agriculture?

These regions are composed of less-developed countries with large rural populations.

Dairy operations locate on the suburban fringe of metropolitan areas because...

They need to be close to market because its expensive to transport milk and it expires quickly.

The country that produces the most maize in the world is...

United States

Why did von Thunen include a forestry ring in his model of agricultural land use?

Wood was used for construction purposes and heating. Wood is heavy and therefore expensive to transport.

Which of the following is indicated on the graph above?

Worldwide fertilizer use is increasing but faster in peripheral developing countries.

Choose either activity X or activity Y and apply the underlying principles of von Thünen's agricultural land-use model to explain the location of the activity.

X is closest to the city because fruits and vegetables are very perishable and wouldn't last if they were in any of the outer rings.

The industrialization and mechanization of agriculture in the United States during the past 70 years have resulted in

a decrease in the number of farms and an increase in the size of farms

A set of economic and political relationships that organizes food production from the development of seed to marketing the products is known as...

agribusiness

The invention in the late 1800s that changed the geography of cattle ranching was...

barbed wire

which of the following agricultural inputs were the most recent technological innovations employed in less developed countries during the Green Revolution?

chemical fertilizers and pesticides

The predominant form of agriculture in the U.S. Southeast is

commercial gardening

What agricultural technique allows subsistence farmers in tropical and sub-tropical areas to support a large population with a small amount of arable land?

double cropping

What is subsistence agriculture?

farmers produce enough for themselves and their families

The technical definition of horticulture includes the cultivation of..

flowers, fruits, and vegetables

The chickens shown in the image are an example of value-added agriculture used by small family-run farms to compete with large agribusiness poultry and egg farms. Which of the following types of value-added products best describes the kind of agriculture shown in the image?

free range

Describe information used to map food deserts

geographers can map access to resources (grocery stores, supermarkets, super centers), and where people live. (distance from a store.)

The township and range land survey system in the US contributed to which pattern?

geometric grid pattern

identify and explain one impact of living in a food desert

health impacts: likely to have an unbalanced diet, and may suffer from malnutrition or under nutrition, which may affect long-term health issues and child development

Nomadic pastoralism is an extensive agricultural system practiced

in the dry regions of Africa and Asia

Technology essential for intensive subsistence agriculture is...

irrigation

Explain the degree to which mechanized irrigation has increased economies of scale within the agricultural sector

mechanized irrigation has increased economies of scale to a high degree. They have been able to water and produce more crops in a short amount of time therefore, they can produce crops in bulk and lower the price overall.

Why is the traditional classification of agriculture as a primary economic activity a problem when considering the geography of agriculture?

modern farmers are engaged in production, research, marketing, and some manufacturing of their products

How do pastoral nomads potentially contribute to desertification?

overgrazing

Commercial agriculture practiced in the tropics and subtropics is called...

plantation agriculture

The process of growing crops in subsistence areas for sale in more developed countries is what type of farming?

plantation agriculture

Hog production is nearly nonexistent in Southwest Asia and North Africa because..

religious restrictions against eating pig

The European Union refuses to purchase corn and soybeans from the United States because..

they are opposed to GMO crops.

Primary purpose of commercial agriculture?

to make a profit

Which of the following terms identifies the type of land survey system shown in the satellite image?

township and range

The Tuareg people of the Sahara and their animals seasonally migrate to the higher lands in the summer and the valleys in the winter. This is an example of

transhumance

Identify and explain two reasons food deserts exist in urban areas within developed countries

transportation access: lack of public transportation to areas with supermarkets can limit access poverty/low income: less grocery stores will open in poor neighborhoods because residents have less money to spend on food

According to the von Thunen model, what costs does a commercial farmer consider when deciding what crops to plant?

transportation costs and cost of land