unit 8 dynamic structure of death

core-

Mantle convection is a circulation of the heat emitted by the earth's _

mid-ocean ridges in depth

Oceanic crust is formed at

predictions

Scientific models must be able to generate

relationship between the Earth's crust and the Earth's ocean sizes.

The Earth's Crust is made up of rock and it is the first layer of the Earth. The ocean is the blanket that is covering the crust and the oceans rest on the Crest

"all lands"

Wegener named the supercontinent Pangaea, which means _

volcanos

When two oceanic plates collide, it creates

continental/continental

Which of the following convergent boundaries would most likely create a non-volcanic mountain range?

Seismologist

Which type of geoscientist interprets data from certain instruments to help detect earthquakes and identify fault lines?

plasticity

ability of a solid to flow

geosphere

all of the layers of Earth's interior and crust

mantle-

back into

Seafloor spreading

confirmation that Wegener's hypothesis was correct?

asthenosphere examples

A layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere composed of denser semi-solid rock

seismograph

A machine which tells us about the strength and speed of seismic waves.

biological evolutionary model

A model that explains how existing species arise from earlier species through the mechanism of natural selection

plate tectonics model

A model that explains how the continents used to fit together like jigsaw pieces. This theory is the origin of many earthquakes and volcanoes and explaints the global distribution of some living things.

secondary (or shear) wave

A seismic 'body wave' that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving. Secondary waves are slower than the primary waves and arrive after the primary waves from the epicenter.

body wave

A shear wave (S wave) is a type of seismic _________ that shakes the ground back and forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving.

under the Pacific Ocean

An area where the earth's crust would be expected to be thin would be _____.

seafloor spreading -

At a mid-ocean ridge, a crack forms along the oceanic crust causing

lithosphere example

Carl is on an expedition to the bottom of the ocean. As the submersible sets down on the ocean floor, it is resting on what layer of the earth?

mid-ocean ridge

Chains of underwater (submarine) volcanoes and rift valleys formed when molten rocks (magma) come into contact with seawater. It is also known as the Oceanic Spreading Ridge or spreading centers.

mountain ranges volcanoes deep-ocean trenches

Earth's mantle experiences convection currents that cause plates to move. Which of the following are the result(s) of the movements?

tectonic plates

Earth's outermost layer is separated into a dozen or more large and small slabs,

iron

Geologists theorize that the Earth's center consists of predominantly which metal

plant

Glossopteris is an ancient, extinct species of found in South America, Africa, Asia, Australia, and Antarctica.

seismograms

Recordings made by a seismograph

geoscientists

Scientists who study the composition, structure, and other physical aspects of the Earth, as well as Earth's geologic history. They use specific instruments to examine the composition of Earth, rock, and water. They use the principles of physics, mathematics, and chemistry to study not only the Earth's surface, but also its internal composition, ground and surface waters, oceans, atmosphere, and magnetic, electrical, and gravitational forces

Great Britain and Scandinavia

The Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States appear to be a part of the same mountain range that continues in

divergent boundary--

The Mid-Atlantic Ocean Ridge is an example of a

plasticity

The ability of solid rock to flow i

a subduction zone

The area where one plate sinks into the asthenosphere underneath another plate is known as

Africa and South America

The best example of how neighboring continents seem to fit together like jigsaw puzzle pieces is

warmer

The discovery of tropical plant and animal fossils in Antarctica support the idea that at one time this continent supported a _____ climate.

the fitting together of neighboring continents like jigsaw puzzle pieces

The first evidence supporting the theory of continental drift

crust mantle core

The geosphere refers to the _

inner core example

The hottest layer of the earth is the _____.

mantle definition

The layer of Earth's interior that is mostly solid located between the core and crust. It makes up a whopping 84% of Earth's total volume.

lithosphere -

The layer of the earth that forms the earth's plates is the _

lithosphere in depth

The layer of the earth that is composed of large plates that interlock and move over time is the _______.

asthenosphere example

The layer of the earth that is composed of rock, yet flows due to extreme heat and pressure, is known as the _____.

asthenosphere -

The layer of the earth where mantle convection occurs and on which the earth's crust rests is the

Alfred Wegener -

The person who suggested that the continents were once a supercontinent, called Pangaea, that slowly drifted apart was

earth's natural process by which its lithospheric plates slowly move about because of movement in the asthenosphere

The plate tectonic theory can best be described as

seafloor spreading examples

The process by which lithospheric plates move apart creating spaces that are filled with hot magma

convection -

The process of heat transfer thought to be responsible for the movement of the lithospheric plates on the surface of the earth is

Alfred Wegener

The scientist who proposed the idea of continental drift was

continental drift-

The scientist's hypothesis that all of the continents were previously one large continent until something caused them to move apart is called

lithosphere examples

The solid-rock outer section of Earth, which includes Earth's crust and the cool, dense, and rigid upper mantle.

bathymetry

The study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors

bathymetry examples

The study of underwater depth of lake or ocean floors

convection

The transfer of heat through a fluid; a circular motion that occurs when warmer (less dense) air or liquid rises, while the cooler air or liquid sinks.

a transform boundary

The type of plate boundary that causes tremors and earthquakes in California

convergent boundary-

The type of tectonic plate boundary that occurs when two plates are colliding into each other is known as a

plate tectonics

Theory that states that the Earth's outermost layer is broken into a dozen or more slabs of varying sizes or tectonic plates, that are moving comparably to each other as they move a top of hotter mantle material (called the asthenosphere).

sonar

a device that uses sound waves to measure distance to an object

Mid-ocean ridges are

a mountain range that is formed by seams that run along the floor of the ocean

Glossopteris

ancient, extinct plant species found on the continents of South America, Africa, India, Australia, and Antarctica

fault line

area along plate boundaries and ridges where the crust of the lithosphere is fractured

subduction zone-

area where an oceanic plate sinks into the asthenosphere under another plate

divergent boundary-

area where tectonic plates are moving away from each other

convergent boundary -

area where tectonic plates meet and push against each other

transform boundary

area where tectonic plates slide sideways past each other

pangrea characteristic

he supercontinent that existed about 200 million years ago was named

core

innermost layer of the earth; divided into an inner and outer core

lower mantle

innermost layer of the two mantle layers; composed of rock and cooler than the core

inner core

innermost region of the earth; composed of solid iron

outer core

layer immediately outside the inner core; composed of liquid iron and sulfur

Panthalassa

meaning "all seas"; name of the single, large ocean that surrounded Pangaea

As subduction occurs, the oceanic crust moves from the

mid-ocean ridge toward a deep-ocean trench

mantle

middle layer of the earth; composed of an upper and lower mantle

Pangea

name of the "super continent" that broke up about 225 million years ago?

upper mantle

outermost layer of the two mantle layers; includes the asthenosphere and lower lithosphere; composed of solid rock, most of which flows due to convection currents within the mantle

seafloor spreading

process by which the Earth's lithospheric plates pull apart from each other, creating gaps that are filled with magma from the asthenosphere

convection characteristic

process of heat transfer by the circulation or movement of a gas, liquid, or plastic material

Mesosaurus

small, extinct land reptile that lived 270 million years ago whose fossil remains have been found in western Africa and eastern South America

transform boundary

the boundary created by two plates moving alongside each other

divergent boundary

the boundary created by two plates moving away from each other

convergent boundary

the boundary created by two plates moving toward each other

lithosphere

the cool, rigid shell that includes the crust and uppermost mantle; composed of plates that move around on the underlying, plastic asthenosphere

Fault lines are:

the crust of the lithosphere that has fractured along plate boundaries and ridges

primary wave

the fastest kind of seismic wave, and consequently, the first to arrive at a seismic station. Primary waves can move through solid rock and fluids.

atmosphere----

the gaseous layer of a planet, usually retained by its gravity

asthenosphere

the layer immediately surrounding the lower mantle; composed of molten rock

biosphere

the living organisms of Earth

definition

the outer layer of the mantle; made up of plastic or semi-molten rock

crust

the outermost layer that forms the surface of the earth; upper part of the lithosphere

oceanic crust

the part of Earth's crust located beneath the oceans and seas

continental crust

the part of Earth's crust that forms landmasses

subduction

the process in which a deep part of the ocean is formed by the intersection of an oceanic plate and continental plate

Seafloor Spreading Theory

the process that occurs when new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity

magma

the result of an oceanic plate as it begins to melt while conforming to a subduction zone

Plate tectonics is caused by

the theory that the lithosphere is broken into pieces that float on the asthenosphere

continental drift

theory proposed by Alfred Wegener that the continents once formed a single supercontinent that broke up and drifted apart

grind along each other

A transform boundary occurs where two tectonic plates

trench

During the process of a subduction, the older oceanic crust is pulled by gravity down beneath the

Mantle

Earth acts as a very effective "insulator," because it's made of rock?

Its magnetic field

Earth lack if Earth didn't have a liquid outer core?

Pangaea

meaning "all lands"; name of the supercontinent that is theorized to have contained all of the current continents in a single landmass

lithosphere definition

earth's crust and rigid portion of uppermost mantle