UNL Art History 102 Exam 2

Bacchus

Caravaggio Oil on Canvas Italian Baroque The items surrounding Bacchus suggest that the painting may be an allegory of one or more of the senses. (i.e. taste and touch) The figure is offering us wine and the table extends towards the viewer as if the viewer is a part of the painting

Entombment

Caravaggio, Italian Baroque Altarpiece Caravaggio creates a work that not only differs from a Mannerism but also departs from the High Renaissance model of Raphael's Entombment by appearing to reject all artifice and classical idealism in its depiction of the figures and composition.

St. Peter's, Rome

Carlo Maderno nave and facade

S. Carllo alla Quattro Fontane

Francesco Borromini (needs picture)

David

Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Italian Baroque Is the second work for Cardinal Scipione Borghese's villa, emulates classical antiquity. Bernini attempts to surpass his ancient model by introducing a note of dramatic tension which plays across his intently focussed face. As with many Baroque works of art, we seem to be participants in the drama, which plays out across the space in which we stand.

Cornaro Chapel

Gianlorenzo Bernini Ecstasy of S. Teresa

Pastoral Symphony

Giorgione, oil on canvas Disegno vs. Venetian Colorito

Sprezzatura

conceals all artistry and makes whatever one says or does seem uncontrived and effortless

Descent from the Cross

Pontormo, Mannerism, idealized

Central Plan (Greek Cross Plan)

(greek) A particular type of central plan church in which the transept crosses the nave at its midpoint, and is the same length as the nave. (central) A type of plan in which all parts radiate from a central point. These plans may be circular (as seen below), or may be equal-armed (i.e., Greek) crosses (as seen in Bramante's and Michelangelo's plans for new S. Peter's).

Virgin of the Rocks

-Altar piece -Oil paint -Yellowed over time, smokey/hazy atmospheric effect --> "Sfumato" -Gestures and gazes interlock figures Leonardo High Renaissance: Milan and Florence

Burial of Phocion

-Nicolas Poussin -oil on canvas French Baroque art

Vanitas

A latin term meaning "emptiness," used to describe a still life in which an artist uses one or more mementi mori to remind the viewer of the brevity of life, and consequently of the limited time span in which we may enjoy the pleasures of the senses. The term, and idea, are taken from the opening chapter of the Old Testament book of Ecclesiastes:

oil sketch

A preliminary study for a painting, done with oil paint, often times on panel. Was perfected by the Flemish painter Peter Paul Rubens, and combines elements of disegno with Venetian colorito (i.e., the compositional ideas are tested out before the painting is begun, like a drawing, but the ideas are executed in color, using paint, like the Venetians)

Etching

A printmaking technique. The process requires that a metal plate be coated with an acid-resistant waxy resin. The artist then scratches a design into the wax with an etching needle, exposing the metal plate. The plate is placed in an acid bath, and the acid bites the plate where the metal has been exposed. Prints can then be made from it.

sketch

A quick or "messy" drawing in which an artist sets down his first thoughts for a figure or composition

Protestant Reformation

A series of reform movements in Western Christendom beginning around 1515-20, which eventually led to a break with the Catholic church.

colossus

A statue or painting that is at least three times life-size. Were considered to be great examples of difficultà; in Roman antiquity it was also considered an example of "audacia"-- audacity, or daring--referring to the courage necessary to undertake such a task

genre painting

A type of painting that is not based on any particular text, but rather depicts a scene apparently taken from everyday life

Four Apostles

Albrecht Durer. oil on wood panel The painting combines a monumentality comparable to contemporary Italian High Renaissance works with a Northern attention to particularity and illusionistic depiction of surfaces. Depicts John the Evangelist, Peter, Mark and Paul

Adam and Eve (fall of man)

Albrecht Dürer Engraving Context: This art was created by Albrecht for show. It depicts the beauty of Adam and Eve and their love. Idealized form Style: Styled like the Doryphorus as stated earlier *used the four humors to establish symbolism in the animals

disegno/colorito

An Italian word meaning both drawing and design. It was strongly associated with central Italian art, especially that of Michelangelo. The word describes the application of paint, and was used to characterize works by Venetian artists such as Giorgione or Titian.

Baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements

Pieta

Annibale Carracci The general composition is from Michelangelo's High Renaissance sculpture of the Pietà, but also "humanizes" the theme, depicting the Virgin Mary as genuinely pained, and including small cherubs who hold up Jesus' wounded hand for us to contemplate, or prod us to think of the pain he suffered by touching (and being pricked by) the crown of thorns. Italian Baroque

Judith Slaying Holofernes

Artemisia Gentileschi, Italian Baroque

Caravaggism

Artists who imitate various features of the style of Caravaggio, for instance his tenebrism and his methods of bridging the gap between the fictive world of the painting and the real world of the spectator.

Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor)

Diego Velazquez Oil on Canvas Spanish Baroque art

The Night Watch

Dutch Baroque Rembrandt

Hundred Guilder Print

Dutch Baroque Art Rembrandt Etching and Drypoint because of his expertise with the new technologies, his etchings and engravings became a principal source of income for Rembrandt. His images of Biblical stories were very appealing to the buyers of the 17th century

drypoint etching

Intaglio technique Use a needle/sharp point to directly draw onto the plate (no acid bath)

View of Haarlem

Jacob van Ruisdael (was a landscape painter) the fields depicted were used to bleach linen which led to Haarlem's economic prosperity. This painting is, in turn, a celebration of the city's source of success. The sky is the focal point and highlights important areas on the land below using light and shadow

Neptune and Amphitrite

Jan Gossaert, he is one of the first examples of a "Romanist"--an artist trained in Northern Europe whose style is transformed after visiting the city of Rome. Oil painting Neptune and Amphitrite; from Herculaneum, Italy; ca. 62-79 CE. • Wall mosaic in the summer triclinium of the House of Neptune and Amphitrite • In the ancient world, mosaics were usually confined to floors, but this example depicts the decorating of the wall of a private house

Self-Portrait

Judith Leyster, oil on canvas Dutch Baroque art

Vitruvian Man

Leonardo da Vinci A schema derived from the writings of the ancient Roman architectural theorist Vitruvius (see text) in which a perfectly proportioned human body touches (in various positions) the outlines of a square and a circle.

The Last Supper

Leonardo da Vinci fresco, Milan S. Maria delle GrazieHigh Renaissance: Milan

Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci portrait of Lisa Gherardini High Renaissance: Milan and Florence

memento mori

Literally, a reminder of death; often an object such as skull, a watch, or a candle, depicted in a work of art

figura serpentinata

Literally, a serpentine figure; used to describe the human figure twisting on its axis; the shoulders and hips consequently occupy different planes. This type of pose--perfected by Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo--was especially favored by artists in the High Renaissance and Mannerist periods.

the virtue of difficulty

Michelangelo

last judement

Michelangelo the judgement of the human race by jesus christ at his second coming. it is also called the final judgement

Temptation and Expulsion of Adam and Eve

Michelangelo, from the Sistine Chapel Ceiling frescoes

Libyan Sibyl

Michelangelo, from the Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes one of the 12 figures of prophets and sibyls that Michelangelo painted on the Sistine Ceiling. In this figure Michelangelo shows his power to surpass nature by making a human form turn on its axis to a greater degree than an actual human body can accomplish.

Et in Arcadia Ego

Nicolas Poussin Oil on Canvas French Baroque art Poussin returned to the subject of the Arcadian Shepherds and came up with this new painting of the subject.

Romanists

Northern Mannerists Artist from northern Europe who journeys to Rome in order to study and learn from both ancient and modern Italian art. There is in Romanism an implicit assumption that the art of the Greco-Roman classical tradition is superior to local Northern artistic traditions

Tenebrism

Painting in the "shadowy manner" using violent contrasts of light and dark as in the work of Caravaggio

Madonna with the Long Neck

Parmigianino, Mannerism This painting demonstrates the highly prized qualities of grace and ornateness in its depiction of the Madonna and Child as well as in its treatment of the angels at the left

Arrival of Marie de' Medici at Marseilles

Peter Paul Rubens Flemish Baroque art

Elevation of the Cross

Peter Paul Rubens Triptych -dynamic movement key reminiscent of baroque -for Church of St. Walburga in Antwerp Flemish Baroque art

Outbreak of War

Peter Paul Rubens allegorical, dynamic, dramatic Flemish Baroque art

process over product

Phrase referring to the belief that the process that leads to originality (exploration and experimentation with materials) is more important than the end product. Leonardo da Vinci

Peasant Dance

Pieter Bruegel

Hunters in the Snow

Pieter Bruegel Painted for a wealthy banker in Antwerp (five survive). The paintings illustrate activities associated with different months of the year. The landscape is constructed according to a schema (diagonally cut composition with foreground, middle, and background), rather than copied from nature

Triumph of the Barberini

Pietro da Cortona, Triumph of the Barberini, ceiling fresco, 1633-39 italian Baroque This illusionistic fresco allegorically celebrates the papacy of Pope Urban VIII, and was commissioned for the family palace by one of Urban's nephews. In it you can see one of the chief characteristics of Baroque allegory: the dynamism and dramatic contrast and composition that make it look more like an (active) narrative than a (static) allegory.

The triumph of emulation

Raphael

Madonna in the Meadow

Raphael emulation this work was done after raphael came to Florence and was able to study the works of Leonardo da Vinci. High Renaissance: Florence

Baldassare Castiglione

Raphael, Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione An Italian author who wrote the book The Courtier in 1528. He described the ideal Renaissance man and woman.

Philosophy (School of Athens)

Raphael, fresco, Stanza della Segnatura, Rome, Vatican one of four large-scale allegorical paintings Raphael did for a room that came to be called the Stanza della Segnatura. This room originally housed Julius II's personal library, and the subjects of the allegories correspond to the four large subject categories into which libraries at the time were divided: philosophy, theology, jurisprudence and poetry (literature).

Terribilita

The capacity to inspire awe; awesomeness. The word may be used to describe a facial expression, a work of art, or even an artist. It is related to the ancient style category of the sublime, and is especially notable in the works of Michelangelo.

artistic license

The idea, modeled on the ancient notion of "poetic license", that the artist has the freedom to do what he wishes in a work of art Was a quality associated with mannerism

microcosm/macrocosm

The idea, of great interest to Leonardo da Vinci, that the human body and the universe mirror one another

Venus of Urbino

Titian Weave of the canvas is visible- impasto

Madonna of the Pesaro Family

Titian (artist) Sacra conversazione Pentimentos where artist changes what they've painting with new paint.

Young Woman with a Water Jug

Vermeer Dutch Baroque art Vermeer depicted women, families, and sometimes even courtesans and their customers, set in wel-kept, middle-class domestic interiors. He often had the figures by a window to show his skill of suggesting light. Scholars have argued that Vermeer's careful rendering of objects and construction of space was aided by his use of a camera obscura

Still-Life with Late Ming Ginger Jar

Willem Kalf, oil on canvas

camera obscura

a darkened enclosure in which images of outside objects are projected through a small aperture or lens onto a facing surface

pentimento

a visible trace of earlier painting beneath a layer or layers of paint on a canvas This is most often seen in works by Venetian oil painters since they tended to rely less on preliminary drawings to work out the details of figures and overall composition.

artifice and nature

anything made by art--i.e, by human hands rather than by nature. can be a term of praise, in the sense of craftsmanship or artfulness, but it can also carry the negative meaning of something false or contrived. All works of art are the product of artifice, but the artist can either choose to make the viewer aware of the art that went into its making, or choose to make it look natural

Four Humors

blood (passion), phlegm (sluggishness), yellow bile (bad temper), black bile (melancholic) On keeping these humors in balance, and the preponderance of one particular humor over the others in a person was thought to explain his or her temperament.

New St. Peters - medal

by Caradosso, shows projected form of church

"New St. Peters" plan

by Donato Bramante

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

fresco, Rome in the Vatican, by Michelangelo Place where new popes are elected Illustrates the first few chapters of genesis and OT figures/sybils. 300 figures in varying poses. Painted cornices frame groups of figures in organized way, Many figures done just for artistic expression, Acorns are a motif inspired by crest of Pope Julius II

Galatea

fresco, Rome, Villa Farnesina was painted for one of the wealthiest men in Rome, the banker Agostino Chigi. It decorated a wall in his country house, or villa, which is across the Tiber River from the heart of "downtown" Renaissance Rome

Quadratura

illusionistic paintings that appear to extend architecture

maniera

manner or style Used in reference to art, style usually means a characteristic way of doing things that is the hallmark of a particular artist or period. Yet the term can also apply to a sort of absolute quality of fashion or elegant comportment--as in "he really has style." can have both positive and negative meaning, for while Mannerist artists might see their products as "stylish," later critics might view them as "mannered."

oil on canvas

medium, the woven texture of the canvas was a new dimension of painting, particularly for venetian canvases. was a favorite of Giorgione

David

michelangelo marble High Renaissance: Milan and Florence

Impasto

painting that applies the pigment thickly so that brush or palette knife marks are visible. A method of oil painting associated with 16th-century Venetian artists such as Titian

Counter Reformation

the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected)