Urinary System

Hematuria

Abnormality in which blood is in urine.

20-25%

At rest, the kidneys receive this percentage of blood flow from the heart while making up less than 1% of the overall mass of the body.

4.5-8.0

Average pH of urine.

Renal Artery

Blood enters the kidney through the relatively large _______ ________.

Renal Vein

Blood exits the kidney through the large _______ _______.

Ketones in urine

Caused by incomplete breakdown of fatty acids and may indicate fasting, pregnancy or strenuous exercise.

Nephritis

Chronically low specific gravity may indicate this. (inflammation of kidney)

Detrusor Muscle

Contractions of this muscle allow for urination to occur.

Renal Capsule

Deepest layer of connective tissue surrounding kidneys. It is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue used to help protect the kidneys from damage.

Pale/Colorless Urine

Dilute- high water consumption or diabetes insipidus.

Collecting Ducts

Filtrate that is produced by the nephrons passes though this. Collecting ducts from many nephrons come together in the renal pyramids and DRAIN URINE into a small cup-shaped structure called a MINOR CALYX.

Left Kidney

Found slightly superior to the other kidney. (Left or right?)

Nephrons

Functional unit of kidneys. Microscopic structures that filter wastes from blood.

Diabetes Mellitus

High glucose level in urine may indicate this. It is a condition where glucose is not utilized by the cells of the body and thus builds up in the blood. NEWLY MOWN HAY SMELLING URINE

URINARY Bladder

Hollow, muscular organ that stores urine until it can be excreted.

Three

How many layers of connective tissue surround the kidneys?

Renal Fascia

Most superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding kidneys. Thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue that helps hold the kidney against the abdominal wall.

Renal Pyramid

Nephrons are found within this...

1.008-1.030

Normal specific gravity of urine.

Kidneys

Organs where most of the functions of the urinary system (besides the storage and movement of urine) are carried out.

Longer Urethra

Reason that men are less likely to get UTI. Greater surface area makes it more likely that bacteria will be flushed away during urination.

Renal Columns

Shafts of cortical tissue that extend into the middle of the kidney.

Adipose Capsule

Superficial to the renal capsule. A layer of this tissue acts as a shock absorber to the kidneys. This is the middle layer.

Renal Lobe

Term for the combination of a renal pyramid, the renal cortex superficial the renal pyramid and 1/2 of each renal column on either side.

Urinalysis

Testing the urine for abnormalities.

Urethra

Tube responsible for conducting urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Renal Medulla

"Middle" of kidney, contains a number of darker, cone shaped structures called renal pyramids.

Kidney Functions

-Blood is filtered and water & wastes are removed. - Important materials and most of the water that was filtered from blood is returned back to the blood.

Hilus

Indentation on the medial border of the kidney where ureter, renal artery and renal vein enter or leave the kidney.

Internal Urethral Sphincter

Inferior to the opening between the urethra and the bladder. This sphincter is involuntary and opens when the external urethral sphincter (which is voluntary control) is opened.

Renal Cortex

Lighter, more superficial layer of the kidney that is in direct contact with the smooth, transparent renal capsule.

Fishy smell

May indicate cystitis (inflammation of urinary bladder due to infection)

Milky White Urine

May indicate fat globules or pus in urine. Pus in urine could mean UTI.

Specific Gravity

Measurement of the density of urine compared to water.

Drainage of urine

Minor Calyx, Major Calyx, Renal Pelvis, Ureter.

Ureter

Urine produced by the kidney will exit through this...

Muscular Ureter

Uses gravity, hydrostatic pressure and peristaltic contractions to move urine toward the urinary bladder.