U.S History 1 research paper notes
Source 3 Soon after the departure of the colonists Grenville returned to Roanoke with a new load of supplies and six hundred additional men. He found the colony deserted—no one knows what happened to the three men who had remained on the island. Eventually Grenville decided to return to England and recruit more settlers. He left fifteen men at Roanoke to plant crops and build dwellings in preparation for the new colonists. By that time, however, Raleigh had lost interest in colonizing Virginia. John White, the artist who accompanied Grenville in 1585, therefore took over the project and acquired the backing of several investors for another expedition.
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Source 3 excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: "In all this way we saw in the sand the print of the savages' feet of two or three sorts trodden the night, and as we entered up the sandy bank, upon a tree, in the very brow thereof, were curiously carved these fair Roman letters CRO; which letters presently we knew to signify the place where I should find the planters seated, according to a secret token agreed upon between them and me at my last departure from them, which was that they should not fail to write or carve on the tree or posts of the doors the name of the place where they should be seated; for at my coming away they were prepared to remove from Roanoke 50 miles in the main."
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Source 3 excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: "Therefore at my departure from them in 1587 I willed them that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, that then they should carve over the letters or name a cross; but we found no such sign of distress. And having well considered of this, we passed towards the place where they were left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high palisade [fence] of great trees . . . and one of the chief trees or posts at the right side of the entrance had the bark taken off, and five foot from the ground in fair capital letters was graven [carved] CROATOAN without any cross or sign of distress. . . ." "This could be no other but the deed of the savages our enemies."
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Source 3 excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: After a three-year absence John White returned from England in 1591, only to find Roanoke deserted. The fate of the inhabitants of the "lost colony" remains a mystery. "August 17 . . . we espied [spied] toward the north end of the island the light of a great fire through the woods, to which we presently rode. When we came right over against it, we let fall our grapnel [anchor] near the shore and sounded with a trumpet a call, and afterwards many familiar English tunes of songs, and called to them friendly. But we had no answer. We therefore landed at daybreak, and coming to the fire, we found the grass and sundry [numerous] rotten trees burned about the place...."
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Source 2: -A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia - 1578 English navigator Humphrey Gilbert was given a patent by Queen Elizabeth I to explore and colonize North America -On his second expedition, in 1585, he reached Newfoundland and claimed the region for England. Discovering some fishermen living on the site of present-day St. John's, Gilbert appointed himself governor of the settlement - According to a few scholars, Gilbert established the first English colony in the New World, although most historians give that distinction to Jamestown, Virginia
(Primary Source) citation: "Harriot, Thomas." In Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, 51-63. Vol. 5, Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2000. U.S. History in Context (accessed December 14, 2016). http://libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3425300126/UHIC?u=mlin_s_orrhs&xid=4b9fe7be.
Source 2: - the Englishmen took two Native Americans, Manteo and Wachese, back to England -Elizabeth I was impressesed with the mission - Raleigh immediately organized a venture to establish a permanent colony at Roanoke - He assembled five ships and two boats, which he placed under the command of English navigator Richard Grenville -Among the party of 108 men—mainly soldiers and servants —was Thomas Harriot , a mathematician and Raleigh's tutor, who was given the task of surveying Virginia. - Manteo and Wachese were to serve as interpreters, and artist John White planned to make drawings of animal and plant life in North America
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Source 2: -During the return trip to England, Gilbert was lost at sea -The North America patent was then transferred to his half brother, Walter Raleigh -Raleigh secured the support of influential noblemen and navigators for another attempt to establish a settlement - In 1584 Raleigh appointed Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to head an expedition to explore the mid-Atlantic coast of North America - Reaching the outer banks of present-day North Carolina, the expedition party came in contact with the Roanokes - they were Native Americans who inhabited Roanoke Island and the surrounding region
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Source 2: -Historians maintain that Harriot showed unusual insight into problems that would eventually develop between Native Americans and European colonists -For instance, he wrote that native peoples "are not to be feared, but that they shall have cause both to fear and love us, that shall inhabit with them." -Later he observed, "If there fall out any wars between us & them," the English would have "advantages against them in so many manner of ways." -Harriot described the friendly relations the English enjoyed with Wingina and the Wiroans - the situation changed drastically after Lane initiated the attack that resulted in the deaths of the chief and several other Wiroans
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Source 2: -Lane freely explored the area, White sketched plants and animals, and Harriot conducted a detailed survey of the land - Harriot also recorded his observations of Native American life, language, and customs - spring approached, the colonists ran out of food, so Lane took the drastic step of demanding corn from Wingina - the chief offered some land and seeds, Lane over-looked his generosity and concluded that the Native Americans were planning an attack - Lane therefore decided to strike first, and in the conflict Wingina and several of his people were killed.
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Source 2: -The Wiroans died in great numbers after the Englishmen visited their towns, a "marvelous accident" that puzzled both Harriot and the Wiroans - Since none of the Englishmen were stricken, the deaths were undoubtedly caused by diseases they had carried with them from Europe - Disease was a major factor in the near-extermination of the Native American population during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries -Harriot opened his report with a detailed description of the appearance and customs of Native Americans, whom he called "natural inhabitants." - He remarked that native peoples did not have sophisticated tools, nor did they have any weapons except bows and arrows for fighting against the English settlers
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Source 2: -The murder of Wingina and other Roanokes only made the food shortage at Roanoke worse because neighboring Native American groups avoided contact with the Europeans - The struggling colony was in desperate straits by June 1586, when English seaman Francis Drake paid a surprise visit on his way back from the Caribbean -ready to go home, all but three of the settlers boarded Drake's ship and set sail for England - About a year after their return Harriot published A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia
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Source 2: -Upon arriving at Roanoke in July 1585, the expedition got off to a bad start - Grenville determined that the island was not appropriate for a permanent military base - he ordered the burning of a Native American village when he discovered a silver cup was missing -Later the next month Grenville departed Roanoke for the Caribbean - Before leaving he placed colonist Ralph Lane in charge of one hundred men - then ordered the men to find a better site for the settlement and construct a fort and other buildings - In spite of Grenville's earlier aggression toward the Native Americans, the Englishmen had a good relationship with the Roanoke people and their chief, Wingina
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Source 2: -When the English initially organized the Roanoke expeditions they were motivated by the prospect of making profits on precious metals and trade in North America -Nevertheless, like the Spanish and French, they were also intent on converting Native American "savages" to Christianity - Harriot's statement that "Some religion they [Native Americans] have already, which although it be far from the truth, yet being as it is, there is hope it may be the easier and sooner reformed." -Later he observed that the Native Americans kept no written records because they had a rich oral tradition, whereby master storytellers passed myths and legends down from generation to generation
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Source 7 Background Info: In the last decades of the sixteenth century, England was prospering under the rule of Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603). While other European countries had begun to establish colonies in the New World, England had none. The queen and many of her statesmen planned to change this. In 1578, Elizabeth gave permission to explorer Sir Humphrey Gilbert (1539-1583) to travel to the New World and settle any lands that were not under the rule of other Europeans. Gilbert and his half-brother, statesman and poet Walter Raleigh (1522-1618), immediately put together a large expedition crew, but when it set out for the New World it was turned back by a Spanish sea attack. Gilbert tried again in 1583, attempting to set up a colony in the frigid lands of Newfoundland, but he drowned in a storm before anything came of it. Raleigh's curiosity and interest had been aroused, and his position as a favorite in Elizabeth's court made him the likely man to establish an English settlement in America.
Benson, Sonia, Daniel E. Brannen, Jr., and Rebecca Valentine. "Roanoke Colony." In UXL Encyclopedia of U.S. History, 1316-1318. Vol. 7. Detroit: UXL, 2009. Research in Context (accessed March 7, 2017). http://libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=mlin_s_orrhs&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3048900517&asid=20e2bec9f70fc6a57292368352dd9b68.
Source 3 Harriot reported that the Native Americans believed in an eternal god who created other gods. In this final excerpt Harriot described the Wiroans' reactions to Christianity. They accepted the Englishmen's faith, eventually rejecting their own. They grew to fear the Christian God. For instance, the Wiroans blamed illness or crop failure on the wrath of the Englishmen's god. In fact, whenever the Englishmen encountered hostility or resentment in Native American villages, the inhabitants began dying within a few days after they left.
Citation: "Harriot, Thomas." In Colonial America Reference Library, edited by Peggy Saari and Julie L. Carnagie, 51-63. Vol. 5, Primary Sources. Detroit: UXL, 2000. Research in Context (accessed December 14, 2016). http://libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=MSIC&sw=w&u=mlin_s_orrhs&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3425300126&asid=518af85f2669f3ebf74aab6bd263b637.
Source 5 Three groups of coastal Algonquians inhabited the area chosen by the English for the Roanoke Colony: the Roanokes, the Croatoans, and the Secotans. These Indians, like other Algonquian-speaking peoples farther north, had little in common with the European colonists who invaded their lands. Still, mutual curiosity and the desire to learn enabled the English to establish friendly relations with their non-European neighbors through the use of simple non-linguistic gestures, signs, and exchanges of goods. When the first exploratory expedition prepared to leave for home with the knowledge they had gained, they took steps to ensure future success. Following the practice of their predecessors farther north, they took two "lustie" young men along with them to England to be trained as interpreters: Wanchese (a Roanoke) and Manteo (a Croatoan).
Citation: "First Contacts: The Roanake Venture." American Eras, vol. 1: Early American Civilizations and Exploration to 1600, Gale, 1997, pp. 94-95. Gale Virtual Reference Library, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=mlin_s_orrhs&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX2536600064&asid=d906c9f808f8a1cef7be5e0417eb5290. Accessed 14 Dec. 2016.
Source 4 White found a carving of the word "CROATOAN," the name of an island where Manteo had been born and still had friends. White, however, was unable to persuade Captain Abraham Cooke to check Croatoan. In the lost group was White's daughter, Ellinor, the mother of Virginia Dare, the first English child born in America. The Lumbee Indians (a mixed Indian-white people) of Robeson County, North Carolina, claim to be the direct descendants of the members of Raleigh's lost colony on what is now called Croatan Island.
Citation: Mormul, Michelle M. "Raleigh Colonies." In Dictionary of American History, 3rd ed., edited by Stanley I. Kutler, 46-47. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. Gale Virtual Reference Library (accessed December 14, 2016). http://libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=GVRL&sw=w&u=mlin_s_orrhs&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CCX3401803519&asid=747f674fd62d4f4defe3afcdb6124ebd.
Source 6-primary source excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: "I left our colony in the year 1586. In all this way we saw in the sand the print of the savages' feet of 2 or 3 sorts trodden the night, and as we entered up the sandy bank upon a tree, in the very brow thereof were curiously carved these fair Roman letters C R O which letters presently we knew to signify the place, where I should find the planters seated, according to a secret token agreed upon between them & me at my last departure from them, which was, that in any ways they should not fail to write or carve on the trees or posts of the doors the name of the place where they should be seated; for at my coming always they were prepared to remove from Roanoak 50 miles into the mainland."
Citation: White, John. "The Fifth Voyage of M. John White into the West Indies and Parts of America Called Virginia, in the Year 1590." National Humanities Center. Accessed December 14, 2016. http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text6/white.pdf. Footnote: John White, "The Fifth Voyage of M. John White into the West Indies and Parts of America Called Virginia, in the Year 1590," National Humanities Center, , accessed December 14, 2016, http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/amerbegin/exploration/text6/white.pdf.
Source 1: Three theories: - Colonist were killed/captured by natives - Colonist tried to sail back to England and got lost at sea - they got killed by the spaniards In 2007 they tried to analyze DNA from local families to figure out if people from tribes were related to the roanoke settlers. Roanoke helped next group of settlers 17 years later when jamestown came to be.
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Source 1: -A naval war had broken out between Spain and England which led Queen Elizabeth to get every ship she could to go against the Spanish Armada - John couldn't get back to the colony [where he had left his wife daughter, and infant granddaughter] until august of 1590.
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Source 1: -John white found no trace of the colon or its inhabitants. The only clue left there was the word " Croatoan " which was carved into a wooden post" -South of roanoke was an island named Croatoan which a tribe of native americans living there were also called.
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Source 1: -august 1587 115 english settlers came to roanoke island [which is now located off the cost of what is now North Carolina ] - John white who was the governor of the new colony, ends up sailing back to England to get and gather new/fresh supplies for the colony.
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Source 1: -Before jamestown and plymouth the english tried to form the colony roanoke -Three years went by and when one returned the colony ceased to exist. It is americas oldest unsolved mystery.
citation: "What Happened to the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke?" History.com. 2012. Accessed December 09, 2016. http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke. footnote: History.com Staff, "What Happened to the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke?," History.com, 2012, 1, accessed December 09, 2016, http://www.history.com/news/ask-history/what-happened-to-the-lost-colony-of-roanoke.
Source 5 next group of colonists posed an even greater threat to the local natives, for it contained not merely military men but also women and children The implication was clear: the English intended to establish permanent homes within Roanoke territory. Under White's direction they hoped to become self-sufficient and avoid imposing on the Indians for food. In spite of his good intentions, however, a series of mishaps destroyed most of their provisions, and they were forced to look to the local inhabitants for assistance. Violence again broke out, and, at the time of White's departure, the colonists were making preparations to move north to Chesapeake Bay to settle among the friendlier Indians there. Whether they made it to their intended destination is unknown.
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Source 5 Despite the best efforts of Manteo, Thomas Harriot, and John White, maintaining good relations between the English and the Roanokes proved impossible. Long-term occupation of Indian land by the colonists brought tensions and strains. The English expected the Native Americans to continue producing food to support the colonists throughout the year though this placed a heavy burden on the Indians' cyclical, fragile economy. In the face of continual demands for food tempers flared, and hostility erupted on both sides. By the time the first colony left in June 1586, relations had soured beyond redemption
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Source 5 Wanchese reacted against English control and may have used his knowledge of their language and culture to undermine the colonists' position and contribute to the increasingly hostile relations between his people and the settlers. Manteo, on the other hand, took a more favorable view of the colonists. He attempted to maintain good relations between the Croatoans and the English and insisted on returning to England with the colonists when they abandoned their colony in 1586. One year later Manteo accompanied the final venture back to Roanoke, where John White appointed him the queen's deputy in Roanoke Island and Croatoan and baptized him a Christian.
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Source 6 excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: "From thence we went along by the water side, towards the point of the creek to see if we could find any of their boats or pinnaces, but we could perceive no sign of them, nor any of the last falcons and small ordinance which were left with them, at my departure from them. At our return from the creek, some of our sailors meeting us, told that they had found where divers chests had been hidden, and long since dug up again and broken up, and much of the goods in them spoiled and scattered about, but nothing left, of such things as the savages knew any use of, undefaced. "
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Source 6 excerpts from White's journal describe what he found at the site: "Therefore at my departure from them in An[no Domini] 1587 I willed them, that if they should happen to be distressed in any of those places, that then they should carve over the letters or name, a Cross in this form, but we found no such sign of distress. And having well considered of this, we passed toward the place where they were left in sundry houses, but we found the houses taken down, and the place very strongly enclosed with a high pallisade of great trees, with cortynes [curtains] and flankers4 very fortlike,and one of the chief trees or posts at the right side of the entrance had the bark taken off, and 5 feet fromthe ground in fair capital letters was graven CROATOAN without any cross or sign of distress; this done,we entered into the pallisade, where we found many bars of iron, two pigs of lead, four iron fowlers, iron sacker-shot, and such like heavy things, thrown here and there, almost overgrown with grass and weeds."
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