U.S. History

Key Players and Events Leading Into WWII

"Il Duce" or The Leader: Benito Mussolini (Italy) Fascism: Single Party dictatorship with a strong emphasis on nationalistic pride and government interests over individuals. Stresses Nationalism: places the interests of the state above those of individuals. Power: single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members. fasces- a bundle of rods tied around an axe handle has been a symbol of unity and authority in ancient Rome. Italy: Disappointed in Treaty of Versailles "Black Shirts" "Marched on Rome", with the King appointing him the head of the government. Become World Power (Rome) and Expand Territory issues that caused his rise: high unemployment/inflation, frequent labor strikes, communist fear used praise instead of Stalin's force. glorified Roman past/workers goals: enhance Italy on world stage, conquer Ethiopia (rare free nation in Africa), expand territory, revive "Roman Empire" Nazi Führer: Adolf Hitler Nazism: German brand of fascism, based on extreme nationalism, racial purification, and the desire for more land or living space (Lebensraum) Germany after WWI= Struggling due to wartime reparations and Great Depression economic struggles. Need for living space due to growing population Germans blame: Jewish Individuals Adolf Hitler= Former WWI Army Veteran and Amateur Artists Rises in the National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi Party becoming the leader Jailed after attempted coup, became popular and wrote Mein Kampf or "My Struggle", which details his beliefs about how to fix the issues of Germany. Becomes Chancellor, establishes the Nazi Party as "The Third Reich" or the Third German Empire. GOAL: Unite the German Speaking People under German Control, and push for racial purification (Master Race) of land and gain global domination, return Germany to greatness, blamed Jews issues that Germany faced post-WWI: demilitarization, huge debt, lost territory, bitterness towards leaders for letting this happen, fear Hitler gained political power through election, kept it through unfair means rose through recession, chaos; ran for president but didn't make it, the president appointed him chancellor; increased military violating Treaty of Versailles, crack down on Jews Nazi policies: total fascism, Jews segregation, triple military Fuhrer means absolute dictator Militarist Leaders: Leader: Hideki Tojo and Emperor Hirohito Militarism: Belief in a strong military presence to accomplish national goals Issue in Japan: Limited Size of Territory/Resources. officials felt need for living space for growing population; shattered economy Government under democratic civilian control during Great Depression. Belief in Militarism spread during this time, and in the 1930s, there was a military takeover of Japan. the solution-- Start of Japanese Militarist Conquest: Takeover of Manchuria for resources and available land. ("has everything we need"), planted a bomb as excuse to invade nationalists argued that embracement of Western values caused suffering walkout of L.O.N, called condemners hypocrites militarists expanded control of Japan by assassinating officials, censorship, and propoganda Leading to WWII: Japan and Italy 1931-1937: Militarist Japan seize control of Manchuria, China. League of Nations condemns the actions, and Japan leaves the L.O.N. Fall of 1935: Italy advances on Ethiopia May of 1936: Ethiopia has fallen. League of Nation does nothing Leading to WWII : Germany Military Buildup 1933: Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations 1935: German Military buildup violates Treaty of Versailles, one year later takes the Rhineland: French/German/Belgium regional border. League does nothing to stop them. Leading to WWII: Appeasement of Germany Next Czechoslovakia: 3 million German speaking people in Sudetenland Hitler accused Czechs of abusing Sudeten Germans France/Britain: Ready to defend Czechoslovakia Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlin believed Hitler that Sudetenland would be "the last territorial demand". Signed over Sudetenland without conflict to Hitler. (HITLER LIED) Appeasement: Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor Leading to WWII : Germany Nonaggression Pact 1939: Hitler does the same thing to Poland=Claims they need protection! Could Start War: France/Britain Protectors of Poland German Fear of two Front War: France/Britain (West) & Soviet Union (East) 1939: Nonaggression Pact with Soviet Union/Nazi: Won't Attack each other and divide Poland (Second Secret Pact)🡪No two Front War! Nazi Attacks Soviet Union: June 22nd, 1944 Leading to WWII: Germany attacks Poland Nazi attacks Poland September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg or Lighting War Fast Tanks, Powerful Aircraft (Longer Distances), attack fast before time to react Over in three weeks: Before French/British Response could come Germany: Annexed Eastern Half Soviets: Annexed Western Half WWII Started Start of WWII: Waiting for Action Phony War: French/ British fortify Maginot Line Meanwhile: Stalin in 1939: Annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland Hitler: Surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway to strike at G.B. and France. Then goes after Belgium, and Luxemburg. Start of WWII: France Falls Defenses on Border/Maginot Line: Ineffective. German's bypass through Ardennes (Forested Area thought unpassable). Italy joins and attacks from the South, Germans close in on Paris from North. France falls=Nazi set up Puppet Government Start of WWII: Battle of Britain Summer of 1940 Germany wants to invade GB Air War and Sea War: Germans cannot compete at sea, so fight in the Air. Luftwaffe or German Airforce: bomb for 2 months straight Royal Air Force (RAF): Fight back (use radar) and repel Nazis. Hitler invasion called off

Castle Garden

- Battery Park (theater, band), southern tip of Manhattan, New York - middle upper class didn't want this to ruin their nice park because immigrants attracted a lot of criminals - 3000 immigrants a day processed Process: - customs inspector on board (1st and 2nd class privilege) - baggage examined - ferried to Castle Garden - clerks register the immigrants (name, nationality, former residence, destination) - doctors give a cursory inspection - Labor Bureau provides work assistance - jug of water provided to bathe in a trough - you must leave by night fall (no sleeping quarters) Trouble Outside Castle Garden: - con men or ladies of the evening - runners, baggage handlers - robberies - money- changers - railroad agents - closed in 1890 (35 years, 8 million) - 2% rejection, usually for diseases - shut down and shifted to federal hands in Ellis Island - Ellis Island was an island, which solved the criminal problem (- special symbols for different problems at Ellis)

Angel Island

- Fong See was looking for his father and trying to find a fortune - Fong See faced prejudice (Chinese Exclusion Act, isolated from relatives) - not able to legally marry and be buried next to Caucasian wife - hard conditions at Angel Island (25% rejection rate) - most came for fortune, marriage (to help pull family over), or to join family - the interrogation was most traumatic for most immigrants - paper sons and daughters were fake identities immigrants posed as to get entry (Chinese Exclusion Act only allowed merchants and relatives of citizens entry) - everyone was trying to get a better life Poems: - wrote all over walls (carvings or ink) - true feelings of anguish, frustration, sadness, anger, humiliation, disappointment - felt like prisoners Passage: - month long passage - steerage - forging papers (studying materials to help pass interrogation) - some people with jobs like exporting goods and people to the U.S. helped others forge identities Separation: - separated by ethnicity and gender - no communication between separated groups - locked doors and fence (intimidation tactic, they're on an island with sharks in the water, there's no need to corral them) Women Quarters: - under lock and key - caring for children - 20/30 per room - clean bathrooms (only the women's) - suicide was prevalent - fenced backyard Process: - invasive medical inspections - denied admission = deportation (they looked for every reason to send them back) Men's Quarters: - doors locked - room for recreational activities and past-times - recreational yard - dirty bathroom outside Interrogations: - only merchants and relatives of citizens could get in - 2/3 day preceding - some said the language was not scary, but it felt scary

Iron Jawed Angels

- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - racism within the ranks - men in the movement - Prohibition - WW1 - Helen Keller it's considered treasonous and unpatriotic to picket a war-time president political prisoner: a person who has been put in prison for criticizing the government Emily Davison died under the King's horse, Anmer, at The Derby on 4 June 1913 suffragists were charged with obstructing traffic, given an unfair trial, and were beaten and starved Alice Paul is sent to prison for organizing a rally burning up Pres. Wilson's words, also charged with obstructing traffic hunger strike's purpose was to prove she won't compromise her cause, and to invoke change (news got out to press and American public) 19th Amendment was passed with 43-43 tie broken by Harry Burns of Tennessee (his mother Febb Ensminger Burn sent him a telegram/letter into the courthouse encouraging him to vote yellow)

Clashes on the Prairie

- ask for tribal name (American Indian, Indigenous American) - the horse and buffalo were the Native American's way of life (hunter-gatherer); everything they used and ate came from them (food, shelter, clothes/transportation, hunting) - white settlers saw the land as something to be conquered, Native Americans saw the land as a spirit that they coexisted with - boarding schools took them away from their family/culture and contact with nature - whites cut their braids (cut hair = disrespect), made them wear strange clothes, and forced them to learn their religion (they lost their values, culture, and religion) - with buffalo destroyed, Native Americans became weak (no power to change their position) - Dawes Act of 1887 gave each Native American individual rights and their own land; this drove the community apart; the land had to be cultivated for 25 years and it wasn't even good land, the government took away some of it to prevent them from forming together - December 28, 1890 'Battle of Wounded Knee' (the victor writes the story) was a massacre in South Dakota in winter wherein 250 not-well-equipped men, women, and children were killed by white cavalry after a mistaken shot - the Native Americans believed the Ghost Dance would make the whites go away and start the earth anew, but this led to the Battle of Wounded Knee, which was essentially the end of the Indian Resistance - in stories sent East, Native Americans are heavily villainized (Buffalo Bill Cody's Wild West Show)

The Transcontinental Railroad

- in 1865 there were 30 million buffaloes in the Great Plains, by 1889 there were 85 left - before the Transcontinental Railroad (2,000 miles long) it took 6 months to cross the continent over land and was 18,000 miles over sea. After the railroad it took 10 days over land - railroad brought on a wave of settlers that 'tamed the wild', this was vital to expanding America - Irish immigrants, civil war vets, railwaymen, African Americans, and Chinese laborers worked on this railroad - Union Pacific hired Irish immigrants since they immigrated to the U.S. in the area the railroad would be built, in addition to African Americans (ex-slaves) - Central Pacific hired Chinese Laborers since China was closer to the West Coast, and immigrants were immigrating into that area - the government paid the companies in money but didn't have enough (right after Civil War) so paid the rest in land (land = power) with the condition that the railroad had to be done in 15 years - the two companies meet in Promontory, Utah to complete the railroad - completed in 1869 - by 1900 there were 5 transcontinental railroads Challenges (Union Pacific): - Native Americans were a threat - cramped quarters - gambling, drinking, other dangerous activities Challenges (Central Pacific): - mountains (Sierra Nevada) - dangerous explosives (black powder, nitroglycerin, etc.) - landslides - volatile weather (hot summers, heavy snows and frigid winters) (- Donner Party didn't make it out 20 years prior) Challenges (homesteaders on the Plains): - hot summers -> prairie fires - no trees - little rain - insects + snakes - massive storms (no mountains to block harsh winds) - they lived in Tornado Alley - prehistoric locusts spread like a plague -> no crops How the U.S. used buffalo: - hide - leather -> belts, coats, shoes - bones -> buttons - skeletons -> ground down for fertilizer + fine china (- lucrative, one could earn more than the President on a good day) How the Native Americans used buffalo: - sinews -> bow strings - bones -> cups + spoons - hide -> clothes, teepees, coffins (- the Native Americans wasted nothing) the Native Americans became expert horsemen after taming horses, they became much more efficient at hunting buffalo, as they were faster and could shoot many more arrows once the buffalos disappeared from overhunting, the Native Americans starved because buffalo was their lifestyle and were forced onto reservations

The Journey To America

- most immigrants traveled in steerage class (cargo hold) - steerage was cramped, had no fresh air, disease, was narrow, had lice + vomit, 10-30 day journey, difficult to wash (no fresh water for wash), and little rations - women faced food issues and no privacy - people who died onboard (10%) were thrown overboard - 2nd Wave of immigrants is significantly greater everywhere but Central/South America

Carnegie: Prince of Steel

- scottish immigrant - father was was linen textile craftsman (refused to industrialize his craft, family became destitute) - Carnegies immigrate to Pittsburg, Pennsylvania in 1848 (Andrew is 12) to escape destitution and need for charity - Bessemer Process made him a billionaire - famous for building libraries - promised mother not to get married while she was alive (consequently, married late and had one child late) - devout to his mother - philosophy about money should not be left to family but to philanthropy - vertical integration (control every aspect/mining-making-selling-shipping)

Far and Away

- social club - social club runner - Steven Chase burned down Joseph's house because rent wasn't paid - Shannon left Ireland because of the potential arranged marriage, traditional life, economic problems, government, and confinement - Joseph and Shannon were led to America by land and modernity - Shannon and Joseph didn't travel steerage class or go through Ellis Island because Shannon had money and paid for first class - the Ward Boss Mike Kelly helped Shannon and Joseph find shelter and find jobs in return for votes - Ward Boss controlled people by exploiting weaknesses - one bathroom in the whole boarding house - this was tail end of Victorian Era (very confining, especially to women) - Mike Kelly's social club was a bar/gambling venter/prostitution center - boarding house was run down and cramped and outdated - the factory where they started working plucking chickens was harsh and loud (the line boss kept making people go faster and faster) - they were saving up money for the Oklahoma Land Race - Joseph lost the match and defied the Boss which cost them the boarding house (Mike Kelly throws them out and takes their money) - city council member -> ward boss - Ward Boss can tell the police what to do or what to turn a blind eye to - Shannon's parents come to America because of the burned down mansion (Captain Moonlight: peasant rebellion against the rich) and to find Shannon

Rockefeller Note Guide

- synonymous with wealth and power - in the beginning of the oil boom, oil was used for kerosene (for lamps) - in 1855, J.D. Rockefeller moved to Cleveland and went to trade school to become an accountant - J.D. Rockefeller started Standard Oil in 1870 - by the 1880s, 95% of the refining business was controlled by Standard Oil - J.D. Rockefeller had several philanthropic ventures including in 1880 helping to found Spelman College for African American Women, helping set up the Rockefeller Medical Research Institute, and donating millions to the University of Chicago - the invention of the light bulb threatened the kerosene business that built Standard Oil - the internal combustion engine made J.D. Rockefeller a billionaire - to improve his public image (Ivy Lee) J.D. Rockefeller began to give away dimes - horizontal integration (refining everything/monopoly)

Spotlight on Child Labor

-most children worked - children worked to support the family - children as young as 5 worked - they were cheap labor - worked similar to adults but with lower pay - dangerous conditions led to injuries - very low pay - higher accident rates than adults - children worked in fields, factories, and mines - how it started was industry needed cheap labor (they were less likely to strike, and were smaller than adults and more agile) - Lewis Hine's photos humanized the children and showed the public what child labor really looked like - after acts were passed, children could go to school - muckrakers and unions helped - child labor was unhealthy for the children and not good or ethical - the paradox: families weren't happy about child labor acts because the kids have no way to support the family anymore (another mouth to feed) - in the end, child labor acts were driven down because they were competition for the adult workers and drove down wages

The Ugly Diagram

1- Serbia is independent country (former A-H colony) 2- Bosnia (colony of A-H that wants independence) 3- Serbia wants to help Bosnia (both Slavic) 4- A-H wants to keep Bosnia and sends Franz Ferdinand to be strong presence on their "Independence Day" (assassinated) and believes it to be Serbia's fault 5- A-H makes demands to Bosnia and issues an ultimatum to Serbia (48 hours) this is very unreasonable because how do you transfer nearly full control of the country within 48 hours? 6- Germany promises A-H full support (blank check) they wanna be in this to get territory/ they were late to the game 7- Russia connected to Serbia (both Slavic and Eastern Orthodox Christian heritage) 8- Russia says suffer the consequences of messing with me and my bro :( 9- Russia talks to Germany (intervening about 48 hours ultimatum) 10- Germany says no when Russia asks for extra time 11- A-H declares war on Serbia 12- Germany declares war on Serbia 13- Russia declares war on A-H in response to Serbia being attacked blank check: to give them full freedom or unlimited scope and authority to act as they see fit, especially in regards to money (carte blanche)

Events Leading to WWII

1931-1937: - militarist Japan seizes control of Manchuria, China - L.O.N. condemns the actions, and Japan leaves L.O.N. 1935-1936: - Fall 1935:: Italy advances on Ethiopia - May of 1936: Ethiopia has fallen, L.O.N. does nothing (Ethiopia leader pleads "today it is me, tomorrow it is you") 1933-1936: - 1933: Hitler pulls Germany out of the L.O.N. - 1935: Germany Military buildup (takes Germany out of Depression) - 1936: takes the Rhineland (French/German/Belgium regional border) 1938: - March 1938: Austria annexed by Germany -> 6/8 Million of Austrians were Germans who favored unification with Germany -> Germany is unopposed - Next Czechoslovakia: 3 million Germany speaking people on border (Sudetenland) -> Hitler accused Czechs of mistreating Sudeten Germans; used "abuse" to justify annexation - Munich Agreement: Neville Chamberlin appeases Hitler (deposed of after it all goes down) 1939: - Hitler accuses abuse of German-speaking population by Polish; claims they need protection! - Non-aggression Pact with Soviet Union / Nazi: won't attack each other and divide Poland GM- east USSR- west (Second Secret Pact) no two-front war! - Nazi attacks Poland September 1, 1939 -> Blitzkrieg (lightning war) - over in three weeks, before French and British Response could come - WWII officially starts - Phony War: French and British fortify Maginot Line; German troops stare back from other side - Stalin in 1939: annexes Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Finland - Hitler: surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway to strike at G.B. and France; then goes after Belgium and Luxembourg *North Sea - remember WWI blockade 1939-1940: - 1939: Germans bypass French forces - Italy joins and attacks from the South, Germans close in on Paris from the North - France falls, Germans set up puppet government - Summer 1940: Germany wants to invade GB: air and sea war *Luftwagge (German airforce): bomb for 2 months straight -> Royal Air Force (RAF) fight back (using new invention-radar) and invasion is called off (remember NIGHT WITCHES)

Europe After WWI Map

9 new nations: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Finland, (+ Ottoman Empire changes to Turkey) Russia, Serbia, and Austria-Hungary do not exist after the war Greece and Romania gained territory Yugoslavia formed from Serbia and Austria-Hungary Russia lost land to Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Germany, Poland, and the U.S.S.R. Austria-Hungary became Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary; some of its territory became part of Yugoslavia Germany might have been divided into two separate parts along the Baltic Coasts to be easier to control

Life in the 1860's

Agrarian society: - most Americans live on farms - candles for light - working from down to dusk - self sufficient Cities: - unsanitary and primitive

Postwar America

America's Involvement In The Global Economy Post World War: - Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced war as a national policy; this promoted disarmament, but had no reinforcement - European nations faced inflation and tariffs in trying to pay back debts - America made issues worse by using tariffs and taxes on foreign goods - Dawes Plan tried to fix this: American investors loaned to Germany -> Germany paid back Britain / France -> paid U.S. Post War Fears In America: - xenophobia: unreasoned fear of things or people seen as foreign / strange - nativism: prejudice against foreign-born people - isolationism: policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs (opposite of internationalism) Implementation Of Post War Fears In Politics: - Emergency Quota Act: policy that placed strict limitation on number of immigrants entering U.S. -> targeted Eastern / Southern Europeans (Poles, Balkans, Mediterranean, etc.) -> no limit on Canadians / Mexicans - reduced immigration greatly The Rise Of The KKK: - new Klan from the one in Civil War - there was a rise in membership because of nativism, xenophobia, "The Birth Of A Nation" endorsed by Wilson, nationalism, Mary Phagan, nostalgia; targeted ethnic minorities (African Americans), religious groups (Catholics, Jews, etc), immigrants, anarchists / communists - influenced politics by having KKK members as incumbent candidates, had social clubs / rallies, 6 million members by 1924 - fell off influence by violent tactics and scandals, as well as newspapers printing names "roll call", 30000 members by 1930 Problems After The War: - economy slows down - veterans readjust - women / minorities lost jobs - African American veterans face discrimination - death causes gloom -> the "lost" generation Presidents in the 20s: - endorsed isolationism, pro-business, nativism - Harding, Coolidge, Hoover - Washington Disarmament Conference 1912 - Kellog-Briand Act - 6[

The U.S. Enters WWI

Approaching War: - British has most advanced navy in the world - the blockade means the North Sea is mined, this continued through the war, which made it hard for the CP Unrestricted Submarine Warfare: - 1915 February 18 German U-boats mobilizes and announce unrestricted submarine warfare in war zones -> any ship within specific areas would be attacked even if neutral -> response to the British Blockade -> U.S. wants free seas because this is hurting the economy (selling goods to both sides) -> response to August 1914 British Blockade -> May 7, 1915 sunk Lusitania off west coast of Ireland, 1959 passengers (1198 died, 128 Americans die) this was a British ship that carried ammunition -> in September agreed to stop sinking passenger ships but in February 1917 they resumed - the sinking of the Lusitania led the U.S. to the war because there were American casualties and Germany never stopped sinking civilian ships (the blockade made them desperate) American public's opinion changes Zimmerman Telegram / Note: - Zimmerman Telegram in January 1917 was telegraph from Germany forging alliance with Mexico (sent from foreign minister to German ambassador), asking Mexico to reclaim their former territories TX, NM, AZ (Germany thinks U.S. will get involved eventually and wants to distract them); intercepted by the British The Russian Revolution: - Germany sends a dissident in exile back to Russia (Lenin), who promoted communism; this led to a revolution - February 1917-> communist Russia surrenders and pulls from the war -> U.S. needed to get involved (to not lose money) Wilson Asks For War: - in 1916 Wilson won reelection with his neutrality campaign - gave speech to Congress April 2, 1917; on April 6, 1917 the U.S. declared war - his reason is to make the world safe for democracy - he was reluctant because the morals and principles in his diplomacy - wanted to ensure Allied repayment of loans and prevent Germans from threatening US ships Americans Mobilize: - Congress passes Selective Service Act in May 1917 because not many wanted war (arbitrary selection) -> passed May 1917; need for more troops required men to register with the government -> randomly selected for military service -> by end of 1918: 24 million registered, 3 million drafted - people thought this would be quick and easy as war was a "gentleman's sport" 369th Infantry Regiment (the Harlem Hellfighters): - African American regiment - fought alongside the French Army (basically given as backup) - Henry Johnson got stuck in no-man's-land yet still fights off German raid (Kaiser's best) - awarded Croix de Guerre from French government, but nothing from the U.S. until 75 years after his death: Legion of Merit - the paradox: they are brave soldiers fighting for a nation that disdains them Convoy System: - after Russia left, the CP started throwing against Western front, which meant the Allies needed reinforcements quick -> but how to get soldiers to Europe quick without losing them to U-boats? - May 24, 1917 Britain introduced convoy system -> 10-50 merchant ships (+ maybe a troopship) escorted by cruiser, six destroyers, 11 trawlers, and a pair of torpedo boats with aerial reconnaissance equipment to detect submarines - submarines would be attracted to the ships and destroyed - 100% effective and cut sub attacks-- only deaths at sea were accidents - cuts u-boat attacks in half - 637 / 2 mill lost, but not from u-boats - added freshness and enthusiasm the Allies were lacking and tipped the balance A New Kind Of War: - industrialization -> change in convention -> some weapons used on civilians :( - machine guns -- 600 rounds per minute - airships and airplanes (Zeppelins) -- loaded with bombs - tanks (1916)-- mowed down barbed wire and soldiers - poison gas -- gas masks become standard -> April 1915, GR: yellow green chlorine gas fog sickened, suffocated, burned and blinded victims -> first used on poor Belgium - ships -- torpedos - SIGNIFICANT casualties; these weapons become standard -> addressed in Geneva Conventions - all this caused a war of attrition to form... - trench warfare: soldiers in deep trenches surrounded by barded wire occasionally going up and engaging the enemy -> no man's land: space between sides on the battleground (25 yards - mile wide) -> soldiers experience trench foot, dysentery, trench mouth, lack of sleep, "shell shock" (PTSD)

"After-Immigration"

Challenges: - finding shelter and job - adapting to new language + culture - dealing with Nativism Ethnic Neighborhoods: - many immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods that served as life rafts for them - could practice own culture, customs + traditions - religious practices (churches, synagogues etc.) - schools and social clubs (learning to assimilate, which was the goal) - comfort food - jobs in local shops and small businesses irony in the fact that unless you are a Native American, everybody is an immigrant, don't be a hypocrite Seeking Opportunities: - majority of European immigrants settled in cities - often got low-paying jobs in factories/mills/mines (because they were poor they were unskilled) - jobs were dangerous (especially mining), dark cramped mines with cave-in threats, fatal methane, dirty stagnant water, coal dust, rats (mine accidents: 3/10) - in 1884 Japan allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers; this caused a boost in Japanese emigration - by 1886 most farm workers in the U.S. were of Asian descent (Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Filipino) - 16 hours/day in the hot sun, few legal protections, low wages, unsanitary conditions, and couldn't enter labor unions because of low skill level (they were poor) many native-born Americans thought of their country as a melting pot (a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs) The Rise of Nativisim: - like northwestern Eurasia, disdain southeastern Eurasia and Central America, did not like other religions (anything other than Protestant Christianity) - nativism is overt favoritism toward native-born Americans - like Anglo-Saxons (Germanic ancestors of the English) British, German, Scandinavian - did not like the Slav, Latin, Asiatic races - rejected some religious beliefs, especially Roman Catholic and Jewish because they thought they would undermine the democratic institutions established by the country's Protestant founders Legislation: - Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 banned entry to all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials - Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 was that Japan limits emigration of unskilled workers in return for the U.S. eliminating the San Francisco segregation order - Bill of 1897 (vetoed by Cleveland) required immigrants to read 40 words in English or else denied entry

Changes in City Life at the Turn of the Century

Cities: - cities expanded UP - by 1900 40% of Americans lived in cities - less space = skyscrapers (invention of elevators and Bessemer process/steel allowed for these changes in construction, infrastructure, and transportation) -> development of internal steel skeletons to bear weight - Daniel Burnham Flatiron Building on busy 5th Avenue and 23rd Street intersection in 1902 (285 feet) - 1890-91 construction of Louis Sullivan's Wainwright Building in St. Louis, Missouri "new breed of skyscraper" -> cheapness and availability of steel allows for these advancements - skyscrapers become symbol of rich and optimistic society Transportation: - cities expand OUT and UP - mass transit -> new railroad lines (to go outside city) -> electric streetcars/trolley cars (by 1900 network everywhere) -> elevated trains (the el) in the air -> underground subway (New York) -> river crossings - Brooklyn Bridge: opened May 24 1883 (Emily Roebling given first ride with a rooster which is a symbol of victory); the world's longest suspension bridge of the time; took 14 years to build -> workers in watertight caisson beneath East River (caisson disease = decompression sickness) -> by 1887 30 million travelers per year -> fueled American Dream (with technology, innovation, and hard work, nothing is impossible) - the availability of cheap mass transit allows people to live further away from the city center and is very convenient to get to work and where they live -> helps the city grow with suburbs and branching out (housing along railroad lines outside of city) Migration: - the process of people moving into a new areas in their country to live there permanently - new farming innovations made farming more efficient, but meant fewer laborers needed - two migrant groups: African Americans from the south and farmers from the west - U.S. Economy moving from agriculture -> manufacturing - 1890-1910: 200,000 African Americans moved to northern and midwestern cities (Detroit, Chicago) to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression (KKK) -> conditions only somewhat better: discrimination & segregation in the north -> racial tensions between blacks and white immigrants over job competition -> where people lived in northern & midwestern cities often divided along racial lines - impacts of migration was increasing population, chaos, and unsanitary conditions Living Conditions: - Frederick Law Olmsted led movement for planned urban parks - Calvert Vaux (Englishman) and Frederick Olmsted blue-printed for Greensward = Central Park -> wanted to create natural space to soothe city people - Chicago had explosive and uncontrollable growth (Daniel Burnham helped solve this with Flatiron, he also built the White City for 1893 World's Columbian Exposition with 1st Ferris Wheel) - tenements: multifamily urban dwellings with several apartment-like living quarters -> Jacob Riis (police section, Danish-American) brought awareness to awful tenement conditions with new 'flash photography' technology and the book 'How The Other Half Lives' -> overcrowded & unsanitary -> working-class families, migrants, and immigrants lived here - Social Gospel Movement: reform movement that preached salvation through service to the poor; make changes to help the urban poor - settlement house: organization that provided support services to the urban poor and European immigrants (community centers) often established, led & ran by middle class, college educated women -> education -> healthcare -> childcare -> employment resources - Jane Addams: refurbished Hull House in poor Chicago, Illinois neighborhood in 1889 as first settlement house -> rich family -> emphasized 'helping neighbors' concept, not charity -> born among 1860's-70's 'New Women' -> Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 -> advocated for women in politics (pushed a lot of social boundaries) pushed for child labor/ sweatshop laws -> laid groundwork for future 'social work' -> lived in settlement houses Feeding the Cities: - new technology fed the cities - many farmers had left the farms for the cities - cities needed a lot of food to feed residents - new technologies and ideas -> crop rotation -> 300 uses for the peanut (restored nutrients to the soil) - chemical fertilizers and preservatives (borax not good for health, eventually government put laws on it) - refrigerated railroad cars - George Washington Carver -> botanist -> used science in agriculture -> 1921 House of Representative speech about importance of peanut on behalf of farmers who wanted tariffs on Chinese peanuts (racial discrimination against him) -> born enslaved, later with Emancipation Proclamation was educated by former owners -> went to Simpson College in Iowa, later to was so good at agriculture he went to Iowa State Agriculture College, was first African American to enroll - 1896 established agriculture department at Tuskegee and the school's request -> soil improvement -> introduced peanut/sweet potato/soybean crop as safety for farmers if main crop failed, provided new markets -> spoke to many important people -> peanuts release nutrients into soil Technology: - printing advances -> more books and people were reading more (before, only two books mainly read were the Bible and the Farmer's Almanac) -> books, magazines, newspapers - airplanes -> the (Orville and Wilbur) Wright brothers Dec 17, 1903 (first successful flight) were bicycle manufacturers in Ohio, experimented with engines -> December 17, 1903 at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (120 feet, 12 seconds; within 2 years lasted 24 miles) -> 1920 government established first transcontinental airmail service - travel: cover more distance, quicker - photography become more accessible with new film -> George Eastman invented Kodak camera (brought cameras to the masses) -> became hobby of many people, before only professionals did photography -> more convenient film, prompted photojournalism -> eliminated need for immediate processing -> didn't have to carry around dark rooms Mass Culture: (unified culture) - more literate society (1890 90% literacy rate)/ mass circulation of newspapers (called penny press; the prices dropped so low) advancements in printing -> mills produce cheap durable wood pulp paper -> pleasure reading: light fiction (crime tales & Western adventures) -> promotion of fine arts (realism vs. European abstract) -> more learning created more cultural opportunities - standard of living on the up and up - brand names appeared (Hershey, Coca-Cola, etc.) - leisure time: baseball, tennis, bicycles, amusement parks, boxing, new forms of theater, spectator sports -> 'watch' games through telegraph -> baseball became professional sport (in 1845 Cartwright, an amateur, organized the first baseball club, which caught on and these clubs led to the 1876 National League, 1900 American League, and the 1903 World Series) racial discrimination happened, African Americans organized their own leagues and clubs -> new bicycles that women could ride (freedom for them, plus new fashions) -> tennis came from North Wales 1873-74 -> Coney Island close to Manhattan -> people have more leisure time because they work industrial jobs with set hours, unlike farming "8 hours work, 8 hours rest, 8 hours what we please" - developed culture + society - new cultural opportunities: museums, art galleries, libraries, motion pictures, magazines/news -> 'poor man's university' lots of free libraries - shopping- start of modern consumerism and enormous accessibility -> birth of the mall -> department stores (Marshall Fields in Chicago) -> chain stores - advertising catalogs (Montgomery Ward + Sears Roebuck) -> rural free delivery brought retail merchandise to small towns and every home everywhere basically Pragmatism (Charles Pierce/ William James): to reconcile tensions between science/morality/religion; only the most practical solution Performing Arts: - music, dramas, circus, new motion pictures - vaudeville theater: song, dance, juggling, slapstick comedy, chorus lines from female performers - P.T. Barnum/ Anthony Bailey Circus "Greatest Show on Earth" William Dickson- kinetograph (for motion pictures) - one real, ten minutes - first modern film debuted in 5 cent theaters: nickelodeons (8 minutes) "The Great Train Robbery" - ragtime: African American spirituals/ European musical forms -> jazz -> rhythm -> blues -> rock 'n roll - sheet music and phonograph records spread popular music Thomas Edison 1877 invention of the phonograph recording device - dime novels like Deadwood Dick - some popular authors: Sarah Orne Jewett, Theodore Dreiser, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Willa Cather (must didn't write so polished) - Samuel Longhorne Clemens = Mark Twain (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn) Newspapers: - more and more sensational headlines - Joseph Pulitzer (Hungarian-American) bought New York World in 1883, had popular innovations like sports coverage, a women's section, a Sunday edition, etc. he focused on 'sin, sex, sensation' - William Hearst bought the Morning Journal and San Francisco Examiner and had very exaggerated headlines Shopping: - new shopping center, development of department and chain stores - birth of modern advertisement - made goods accessable nationwide - first shopping center in Cleveland, Ohio in 1890 - in Chicago, MarshalL Field opened first department store - Woolworth chain stores (retail stores offering same merchandise under same ownership) - most advertisements were patent medicines - ad explosion with consumerism - Ward 1872 catalogue - Sears 1886 catalogue - by 1910, 10 million mail-shopped - 1896 post office established rural free delivery which brought packages to every hom

Spotlight: Political Machines

Demands On City Leaders: - better sewers - better cleaner water - new bridges - efficient transit - improve schools - aid to sick and needy the political boss maintained power by using corrupt deals, keeping constituents happy, and using public money to line their own pockets - focused on immigrants political machines engaged in voter fraud by using fake names most notorious political boss of the age was William "Boss" Tweed or New York Tammany Hall (Democrat customhouse) Tweed Good Things: - helped immigrants be naturalized - helped people find jobs - helped people get food and shelter Tweed Negative: - bribes - taking public money - fleecing costs - phony elections (put own people in offices; more votes than residents) - charged for embezzlement + forgery + larceny Tweed arrested 1871, escaped to Spain by bribe, caught by Thomas Nast (German-American) cartoon and died 1878 in jail (Ludlow Street Jail: NY federal prison)

Farmers and the Populist Movement

Economic Problems Facing Farmers: - farmers produce more crops -> causes excess supply -> prices for crops fall -> money earned is less -> on and on... Economics Nationwide: - greenbacks were put into circulation and increased money supply (paper money- not hard money backed by coin) - farmers took out loans during this time - problem with greenbacks is it could not be exchanged for gold or silver; was worth less than hard money - when government took back the greenbacks after the Civil War, people had to pay back loans in more expensive money - less money in circulation constricts the economy - deflation (prices down, money more valuable) - inflation (prices up, money less valuable) Economics Nationwide: - farmers believed if more money was in circulation it would make the money in circulation worth less (helping them pay off loans) - railroad companies increased prices, which influenced market prices of crops (no regulation by the government; monopolize the industry; more expensive to ship from the Dakotas to Minnesota than Chicago to London) Silverites: - farmers, laborers - South & West - Democrats - bimetallism (silver & gold to back money supply) - print more money (increase supply) - stimulate the economy - helps people in debt Goldbugs: - business and industrial - northeast - Republicans - gold standard (only use gold to back money supply) - more stable (- all of this was economic and political opinions - paper money was considered useless unless tradable for coin - economic distress + railroads monopoly = farmers organize) Farmers Organize: - The Grange (1867) was a social outlet, educational forum, and focused on isolated farmers - Farmers Alliance (1875) was to improve economic conditions for farmers, have cooperation and political advocacy - Populist Party (1892) Populist Party: - movement of the people - starts in Omaha, Nebraska in 1892 - reforms - lift burden of debt form farmers - attracted: farmers, silverites, and people in favor of regulating the railroads Populist Party Platform: - limit immigration (laborers want this) - direct election of Senators - single term President/VP - railroad regulation (farmers want this) - increase $ supply (farmers want this) - Federal Loan Program (farmers want this) - Graduated Income Tax (farmers want this) - 8 hour workday (factory workers want this) Gold Bugs/ Silverites: - more silver than gold, more money in circulation - Presidential Election of 1896 - silverites, led by William Jennings Bryan, wanted gold and silver (democrats / populists) - gold bugs, led by William McKinley, wanted just gold to back the paper money (republicans) - Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech Election of 1896: - city dwellers (industry) were afraid of inflation and overwhelmingly voted for McKinley - McKinley won the election 7 million to Bryan's 6.5 million - McKinley carried the East & urban Midwest - Bryan carried the South and farm West (agriculture) - failed to win elections, but many of their goals do happen in the 20th Century

Industry and Invention

Electricity: - Thomas Edison - Lewis Latimer (refined lightbulb) - George Westinghouse (dealt with currents) Telegraph - Samuel F.B. Morse Telephone (the talking telegraph): - Alexander Graham Bell (AT&T) Consequences: factories develop -> immigrant + farmer workers, more light -> more work hours

Life Out West

Farmers: - hot summers, blizzards, locusts - spring tooth barrow prepare soil, grain drill plant seeds, barbed wire fence land - the Morrill Acts of 1862 (funded agricultural colleges, first time the government helped high education)+ 1890 (encouraged racial diversity in schools and led to African American and Native American colleges) - faced debt because of rising transporting fees, droughts/famine, machinery costs - bonanza farms: enormous single-crop spreads of 15,000-50,000 acres, very lucrative but inflexible (which is why they bankrupted) Farming Innovations: - steel windmill - steel plow (slice through soil) - reaping machine (efficient) - spring tooth harrow (soil) - grain drill (planting) - barbed wire (fencing, out West there was no stones or trees) was very important for property safety - corn binder - reaper Miners: - mining boom 1858 ~ 1879 - only 200 in 100,000 strikes it rich - conflicts with Native Americans, Mexican Americans, wild animals - vigilante justice (no government oversight, take laws into one's own hands) Ranchers: - cattle ranching became big business because cities grew, so beef was in demand, as well as the disappearance of buffalo, plus this was all free real estate - Mexico/ Spain had a big influence on American ranching (vaqueros/ cowboy) - long drives took cattle from ranches to markets - ranchers had conflicts with farmers - overstocking led to grazing ground shortage which drove down prices, 1883-1887 bad weather wiped out herds, and conflicts with local farmers led to the end of the open range - Spain brought longhorns to North America, they were basically left wild but then domesticated by Americans for cattle Women: - worked alongside men, also advocated for high education in their communities - this gave them equality in the West, they got state voting rights faster than on the national level African Americans: - Exodusters were African Americans that moved from the South to the West in the 'Great Exodus' - they were escaping racist southerners who attacked them after federal troops withdrew, and they wanted to start a new life in the Plains (land = money/power) Native Americans: - conflicts with settlers that were taking away their lifestyle (buffalo) and forcing them on reservations - overhunting buffalos and settlers expanding America on their native land proved fatal for the Native American way of life

Europe Alliance Map

Franz Ferdinand shot and killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia Triple Entente (Allies): France, Britain, Russia Triple Alliance: Germain, Austria-Hungary, Italy Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire (empire of mostly Middle Eastern lands controlled by the Turks)

The Origins of Progressivism

Goals of Progressivism: - protect social welfare - promote moral improvement - create economic reform - foster efficiency (social reform movements: protecting social welfare, moral improvement, economic reform, industrial efficiency, protect workers political reform movements: clean up local government, state government reform, election reform) - women and African Americans were center stage - progressives passed laws and provided services - executed by middle to upper class college educated women (and men) - journalists, photographers, writers Social Welfare: - Social Gospel Movement - settlement houses - Florence Kelly (Illinois Factory Act) - YMCA (soup kitchens, nurseries, etc.) - Salvation Army (slum brigades) - improve poor conditions Moral Improvement: - prohibition - WCTU - Carrie Nation - Anti-Saloon League - "vote dry" Economic Reform: - Eugene V. Debs (American Socialist Party 1901) - muckrakers - Ida Tarbell (History of the Standard Oil Company) - capitalist vs. socialist - dangerous working conditions (predatory, child labor) - Lewis Hine - progressives began to ally with this movement Industrial Efficiency Movement: - scientific management (Frederick Taylor-ism) - Louis D. Brandeis (Brandeis brief with statistics and figures also reformed future litigations) - Henry Ford (assembly line) -> assembly line was dangerous because it was machine-like and didn't work for humans, so Ford compromised and paid a lot for worker strikes, lowered work hours and gave higher wages Protect Workers: - natural disasters - many states, hundreds of citites worked to fix this - child labor - Keating-Owen Act of 1916 (limited the working hours of children and forbade the interstate sale of goods produced by child labor) Clean Up Local Government: - natural disasters showed inadequacies of political machines and spurred more efficient and good presiding over issues - mayors, city councils, council-manager government, and mayors + government were placed in new hierarchy of check and balance and advice - Tom Johnson - Robert LaFollette (regulated railroads) - Hazen Pingree - William U'Ren - resulted in fairer tax structure and lowered fares for transit State Government Reforms: - progressive governors - Fighting Bob Follette - mayors + government - labor unions - muckrakers - resulted in laws for child labor, taxing railroads, aid for worker casualties' families, aid for women, death benefits Election Reforms: - state-wide policies - William U'Ren and Oregon - initiatives, referendums, recalls - secret ballots - direct senator primaries progressivism is reform for the people workers asked for shorter workdays and higher pay William Taft and Theodore Roosevelt broke up lots of trusts WW1 took attention off of progressivism

The Opening of the West

Gold: - once gold is discovered in California (made state in 1850) in 1848, people from the east rush to California to try to strike it rich - once California 'dries up', people continue looking around the west for gold - boom towns become ghost towns The Transcontinental Railroad: - East to West brings people + goods - West to East brings back gold (why connecting to California is important) - big project - 2 companies - Union Pacific (from Omaha, Nebraska to the west) - Central Pacific (Sacramento, California to the east) - money and land at stake - immigrants could be paid less - extremely perilous - finished May 10, 1869 (telegraph "done"; took 6 years) Infrastructure: - streets + roads - transportation The Civil War: - 1860 to 1865 - North v. South - 13 (abolish slavery), 14 (African American citizenship), 15 (African American men voting rights) Amendments - South is destroyed (Sherman's March to the Sea 'total war') Railroads in the 1860s: - limited (just for the routes everybody takes) and owned by a bunch of different companies -> rates vary, no standard gauge -> no consistency allows for corruption - concentrated in the north + east (North has factories, shipyards, population) - telling time is a problem, can't guarantee train times -> trains could crash - no government oversight -> safety issues The Transcontinental Railroad Results: - economic consequences -> transported goods + people, many new jobs - geographic consequences -> steel + coal mining - time zones are now established Land: - conquered land - Mexican Revolution yielded Texas, California, and more Southwest Territories (Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 after the Mexican-American War) - Louisiana Purchase (Jefferson dreamed of having a country of many small farms) - other treaties + agreements

Territories and Possessions Map

Hawaii: acquired 1898 from Hawaiian natives by coup Midway: acquired 1867 by occupation; previously unclaimed Wake: acquired 1899 by annexation; previously unclaimed Guam: acquired 1898 from Spain through the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War Philippines: acquired 1898 from Spain through the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War Samoa: acquired 1900 from the local chiefs as well as other world powers through the Second Samoan Civil War and the German/U.S./U.K. Tripartite Conventional of 1899 (Germany and U.S. split Samoa until WWI) Cuba: acquired 1898 from Spain through the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War Puerto Rico: acquired 1898 from Spain through the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War Panama Canal Zone: used from 1903-1977; acquired from the new Republic of Panama with the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty

The Land Race

Homestead Act of 1862: - need to settle land previously owned by France and Spain...they didn't colonize so its up for grabs! - government has to motivate people to go into the wilderness → dream of "free land" - remember...LAND = POWER, Wealth, Freedom - government provides 160 acres for $10 → must cultivate the land for 5 years (Why 5 yrs?) - between 1862-1900 600,000 people moved West (many from other countries) about 1 in a 100 people might actually stake a claim Process: - pay $10 dollars (worth more back then) - participate in land race - 'cultivate' land for 5 years - congrats, you get 160 acres!

United States Foreign Policy (the early 20th century continued)

Imperialism: - policy of extending a country's power over another - stronger nation exerting military, diplomatic, or economic control over a weaker nation China: - John Hay was Secretary of State under McKinley - Open Door Policy (implemented 1899-1900) promoted equal opportunity for trade in China between European nations; respect China's territorial and administrative boundaries -> U.S. benefited because now it didn't have to force its way into the scramble (exhausted after wars: Spanish + Philippines) example in history of Scramble for Africa -> other countries agreed cuz of peer pressure - official policy towards Asia until 1945 (non-binding, without formal agreement) President William Howard Taft: - both head of Judicial Branch and of Executive - helped set up Filipino government - appointed by Roosevelt to be Secretary of War - Dollar Diplomacy was promoted by Taft and his Secretary of State; use economy for global influence -> dollars for bullets = substitute money for war, use financial power to extend influence in Latin American countries, improve American commercial/economic power - failure in Latin America -> tried to pay for new president in Nicaragua but had to send in soldiers because political turmoil still happened -> American investors owned lots of land in Mexico, but most Mexicans got little benefits, the benefits went to Americans and the government - didn't change global influence, and money just didn't solve any problems - President Wilson denounced Dollar Diplomacy President Woodrow Wilson: - navigated the U.S. through WW1 - Christian/Confederate family - focused on American neutrality (helped re-election) - won 1920 Nobel Peace Prize - supported 19th Amendment - had strokes (wife Edith and his cabinet carried out duties) - 2nd Democratic president since the Civil War (1st was Grover Cleveland, who got re-elected non-consecutively) - Wilson's foreign policy was called Moral Diplomacy, based on his morals: right / wrong (which may or may not have been racist), democracy, and "consent of the governed" - gave Monroe Doctrine a moral tone - support Democracy in the Western Hemisphere - he saw war-waging predecessors as selfish materialists and denounced them - the chronic political turmoil in Mexico was a problem for Wilson's Moral Diplomacy, and he ended up not giving "consent of the governed" after all

The Harlem Renaissance

Jazz: - phonograph record allowed jazz music to be played everywhere - jazz is linked to ragtime - jazz started when WW1 ended; the story of jazz became the story of two great American cities: Chicago, where black New Orleans musicians found fame and a new white audience, and New York, where two very different neighborhoods, Times Square and Harlem, played host to a group of dedicated musicians each struggling to find his own distinctive voice - Louis Armstrong was described as "American music's Bach...Dante...Shakespeare" because he made jazz America's feature and he came it a point when music became art - Armstrong grew up in a neighborhood nicknamed "The Battlefield" (- very rare to have AfAm bard; he performed on steamboats) - Armstrong received his first formal music training at the Colored Waifs Home for boys, a juvenile detention facility where a court sent him after he fired a pistol in the air on New Year's Eve of 1912 - he played the cornet in New Orleans after leaving the Home - his old jazz band, King Oliver and His Creole Jazz Band was dear to his heart - Armstrong played the trumpet and cornet (+ vocals?) so what was the Harlem Renaissance? - intellectual and cultural "rebirth" of African heritage through music, dance, art, literature, fashion, politics, theater, and scholarships centered around Harlem, NY 1920-30 - black pride - African diaspora celebrating culture - gave American culture it's own "brand" and injected cultural richness

Spotlight: Women at the Turn of the Century

Jobs: - garment trade - clerical/ office -> typist -> new machine worker - domestic sterm-30ervitude -> cleaning -> cooking -> maids - industrial *often paid less than male counterparts (women assumed to be supporting themselves, men assumed to be supporting families) most working women were of lower classes and couldn't afford to stay home women's wages belonged to their family Reform Movement Problems: - temperance (men could use their hard-earned wages and spend it all on bad habits) - child labor (children were job competition, and also the social aspect of it) muckrakers (and photographers, journalists, etc.) made these issues accessible and relevant among the public Elizabeth Cady Stanton: - 1848 Seneca Falls Convention - worked closely with Lucretia Mott and Susan B. Anthony - orator + writer - started as abolitionist (most suffragettes started abolitionists- think African American/women voting trade-off) - wrote Declaration of Sentiments (parody of Declaration of Independence) Susan B. Anthony: - very inspirational - Quaker family (women-men equality customs instilled in her made her motivated to see i t implemented in the rest of the world) - tried to illegally vote many times (forced the courts to test the 14th Amendment) was given unfair trial - spoke to many important people, like Congress and in Europe - born February 15 in Massachusetts NAWSA (National American Women Suffrage Movement): - mergence of two other organizations - leaders included Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, Susan B. Anthony - society plan/winning plan - worked with President Woodrow Wilson and WW1 Sophia Smith (founder of Smith College) wanted women to be able to fully realize their potential Opposition: - liquor industry feared prohibition movement - textile industry feared child labor laws - men feared change 14th Amendment: all citizens have rights 15th Amendment: all male African Americans can vote 19th Amendment: women can vote silent sentinels picket in front of the White House inspired by Europe's suffragists (Emily Davison) more educated women recruited less educated or poorer women door-to-door compaigns NAWSA (older- Carrie Chapman Catt, ladylike, work with system) vs. Congressional Union (younger- Alice Paul/ Lucy Stone, protests, jail time) Plan: - state-wide legislatures passed -> took a long time, also many states were still being added - testing 14th Amendment with court cases -> takes long time - national constitutional amendment -> needed 36 states to ratify -> passed Congress 1919, ratified August 1920 1920 is a banner year for the U.S. because it shows how democracy can be used to help the marginalized

M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI

Militarism: - the policy of building up or creating a large military -> goal-have more and better weapons than everyone else - countries create deterrence and cement ranking by using parades or deliberate show-offs - this can lead to arms race, conflict, and can cause tensions Alliances: - an agreement between 2+ countries to help each other and defend each other when necessary - once a conflict starts, all the alliances are pulled in and it causes a much bigger war - on paper alliances are good, but they lead to more conflict sometimes (secret alliances, countries torn between two alliances, etc.) Imperialism: - a country attempts to extend its power and influence over other countries (diplomacy/economic/military) - this causes conflict between influencer and influenced, imperialistic nation vs. imperialistic nation, etc. Nationalism: - pride in one's country (extreme nationalism- you believe your country is superior and lose empathy for others) - conflicts can start because countries and their people want to prove they are better than others ISMS + Alliances lead to WWI because conflict spiraled beyond the scope of the original disagreement A Shot That Changed The World: - called the "Spark That Caused WWI" because all the alliances got pulled in; they wanted a reason to have war (further territory, get benefits, etc.) - details -> Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary shot by Serb (member of Young Bosnia) in Sarajevo, Bosnia -> born 1863, titled archduke amongst 60-something other archdukes -> inherited estates -> soon became heir presumptive -> not well liked: Duchess not highborn, children not accepted; shunned by high society in some ways -> liked hunting a lot -> very conservative and Catholic views -> security detail and he was somewhat aware there might be an assassination attempt -> 1st murder attempt foiled (bomb thrown on bridge bounced off windshield and injured guards) -> car went off plan and stopped right near the Serb, who shot them both dead a few feet away -> they actually got the wrong guy, the only guy with power to help their cause, leads to unstoppable war

End Of World War One Note Guide

PEACE DIDN'T SOLVE THE PROBLEMS Allies falter after Russia leaves the U.S. enters because the front is gone and the Allies need fresh troops why do they stop fighting? - Ottoman Empire: truce with Great Britain; consecutive losses - Austria-Hungary: swept up in revolution - Germany: too exhausted (sailors revolt, Kaiser resigns) armistice: truce, signed 11/11/1918 at 11 am, which is Veteran's Day Final Toll: - total deaths: 22 million (1/2 are civilians) - U.S. deaths: 110,000 (half of disease) - economic cost: $338 billion (inflation?) Wilson's 14 Points: - rooster is France's symbol - goal of 14-Point Plan was to end WWI and secure world peace - Edward House + Woodrow Wilson - SELF DETERMINATION - resolve territorial issues/ secure borders - open treaties - freedom of the seas/ free trade - reasonable-sized army - leave invaded/ occupied country - 14th Point: League of Nations alliance - however, the Allies wanted vengeance and reparations and only considered the League of Nations Treaty of Versailles: - officially ends the war, not armistice - signed June 28, 1919 in the Palace of Versailles, Paris, France - The Big Four Leaders -> David Lloyd George - Great Britain - objective is to make Germany pay, protect British naval supremacy, retain land for the empire -> George Clemenceau - France - objective is to punish Germany with demilitarization, reclaim Alsace-Lorraine, and get reparations -> Woodrow Wilson -> U.S. -> create League of Nations, avoid blaming Germany, ensure the German government isn't destroyed -> Vittorio Orlando -> Italy -> control Austrian territory - RUSSIA AND THE CP NOT REPRESENTED - key provisions were nine new nations, make mandates (control until they are ready for independence), demilitarize Germany, and get $33 billion as reparations - "War Guilt Clause" forced Germany to take full blame of the war and stripped it of its colonies - new Bolshevik government feels ignored (League actually takes their land for the Treaty) - U.S. Congress doesn't pass the League of Nations for fear of being pulled into European conflict - some consequences: U.S. economy and military shows potential, U.S. is really a powerhouse, Americans show "symptoms of propaganda" but Europe is in mass destruction with many political groups trying to take charge, German people are psychologically crippled with guilt

Spotlight: African American Conditions

Plessy vs. Ferguson: - Homer Plessy (mixed) - John Howard Ferguson (criminal court judge) - Plessy sat in white section and refused to leave - found guilty of breaking state law -> went to Supreme Court - he argued it violated his rights (14th Amendment- granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former enslaved people and guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the laws) - "separate but equal" Disenfranchising + Restrictions: - to 'enfranchise' is to grant the privileges of citizenship, especially the right to vote and to 'disenfranchise' or to 'disfranchise' is to remove those privileges - segregation: racially based separation - lynching: racially based hate crimes - vote denial/limits: -> poll taxes -> literacy test (freely complicated; many African Americans were not educated coming out of slavery) -> grandfather clause (for the whites who failed the other tests) -> property test (must own property) (-> registration, multiple box, secret ballot, understanding clause) Du Bois vs. Washington: - both people actually worked to bring greater change than one of them would - background can affect a person's ideals and worldviews - W.E.B. Du Bois -> born in Massachusetts in 1868 -> racially integrated community -> later went to Fisk and Harvard (first African American to get a phd) which were segregated -> wanted equality NOW -> wanted Talented Tenth to lead (elite group of educated black leaders) - Booker T. Washington -> born a slave in Virginia in 1856 -> walked to get to school -> became janitor to pay tuition -> wanted liberal arts education for African Americans (reliance plan to equality) - parallel with new vs. older suffragettes - Du Bois favored outright confrontation, Washington worked with the system Lynching & Ida B. Wells: - suffragette/muckraker/journalist of a local paper who wrote against lynching after her friends were lynched -> asking for federal government to help -> "contempt for law" - 2000 victims in the last 15 years of the 19th Century

Mass Consumption and Growing Business in America

President Warren G. Harding: - pleaser - hands off gov - pro business - Republican - established gov budget - "return to normalcy" means relaxation after the war President Calvin Coolidge: - "Silent Cal" - chief business is business - gave a ton of press conferences (- both presidents felt the government's relation with business should be pro-business and stay out of its way) The Automobile: - Henry Ford's use of the assembly line increased productivity, lowered costs for consumers which grew the business and grew the automobile's popularity - automobile gave transportation from rural to urban settings or urban to rural, which gave relaxation time; was also a breeding ground for romance, but also caused traffic jams - automobile gave young people and women freedom and romance - American landscape changed: urban sprawl, "car cities", driving lessons, sidewalks, streetlamps, garage, mechanics, gas stations (Rockefeller revived), highways Standard of Living: - postwar gives U.S. citizens a lot of wealth, which causes standard of living to soar and increases consumerism - consumerism: exponential acquisition of goods New Technologies: - helped improve urban and rural life because it increased efficiency and free time - helped women by giving housewives more leisure time outside of home Advertising: - capitalized on fear and insecurity and encouraged YOLO - became the modern ads - changed in the 20s with the pictures, colors, headlines to appeal to EVERYONE; used magazines, sports teams, newspapers, intermission, radio, billboards Buying Goods Through Credit: - using credit made things easier because Americans could buy more at one time and it gave them more enjoyment - if families didn't have enough money at the moment, they could use bank loans - economists and business owners worried about this because they feared it was superficial prosperity

The Century: Boom to Bust Video Guide

Prohibition: - 18th Amendment outlaws alcohol - disregarded; still are proprietors, gangs start - all about breaking boundaries (bio, social, geo) Urban Culture: - for the first time, most Americans lied in urban centers than country towns - modern - NYC; embrace new - Wall Street "paved with gold" - Madison, Wall Street, Broadway, 5th Avenue Millionaires in the 20s: - 400% more millionaires - opulence: boats (yachts) - parties and entertainment (- George Gershwin -- Rhapsody in Blue) Jazz and Harlem: - capital of jazz in the 20s is magical Harlem -> Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Bessy Smith (Cotton Club) - Harlem Renaissance was the political and social activity, being proud to be black The Lower East Side: - European immigrants came for the American Dream - mixed city, business-industry-culture - beautiful, easy life Technology and America: - technology spread from the urban heart - electricity allows for extended day for work and play - car gave greater autonomy and freedom - tunnels - highways became nation's infrastructure - roadside advertising (colorful billboards) - buying with credit causes a lot of economy, but it also causes debt -> credit means interest - radio is most desired item of the 20's, makes community nation-wide Social Change: - women lived more for herself: bars, parties, shorter hair, makeup, more skin - called vamps, or more commonly, flappers - Dayton Tennessee summer 1925 case -> Scopes Monkey Trial begins with John Thomas Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching Dawes evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law (case heard round the world; Scopes lost but this was overturned later on a technical violation) - teaching Darwin's evolution challenged ideas held by religious fundamentalists - 1920-19th Amendment - KKK march on capital :/ Sports and Heroes: *anything seemed possible! - Babe Ruth had baseball homerun record - Admiral Burn's South Pole expedition 1929 - Charles Lindbergh was the first solo pilot across Atlantic to Paris (HUGE national celebration / "first celebrity") End: - Hoover's presidency campaign was "blue skies" - October 29, 1929 stockmarket crash led to the Great Depression conflicts between traditional and modern values manifested in the KKK, women's social changes, urban culture, religion vs. science, (newspaper vs. radio)

Spotlight: The Jungle (by Upton Sinclair)

Pure Food & Drug Act (1906): - dangerous ingredients - stopped risky production - ingredients list - must meet government purity levels - "snake oil" Meat Inspection Act (1906): - strict sanitary requirements and selling - government inspections; paid for by government - dates of packing - dangerous preservatives The Jungle: - worked 2 months undercover to gather facts - widespread contamination/disease - human appendages - rat infestations - "I meant to hit them in the heart; instead, I hit them in the stomach." (intention: worker's rights; public received: meatpacking is bad) - pickler: beef soaked in chemicals - downers: cows that died on the journey; slaughtered and mixed in with the rest; dealt with in the dark -> take the bone away -> rub with soda/chemicals to take away scent - could have tuberculosis - "Here and there the grease and filth have caked solid, and the creek looks like a bed of lava; chickens walk about on it, feeding..." - injuries common -> chemicals/acids/blood poisoning -> knives/blades (human flesh processed into the beef) -> fertilizer vats - unsanitary storage -> dirty rooms -> thrown onto ground (poisoned dead rats, rat droppings, grime) -- poison bread for rats

The New Immigrants

Southern + Eastern Europe: - Italy - Austria-Hungary - Russia - Ireland - pushes: religious persecution, rising population, scarcity of farmland, farmer/laborer job competition, famine -> starvation - pulls: jobs, independence, farmland, legal religious freedom - came to Ellis Island Asia: - China - Japan - pulls: gold rush, transcontinental railroad/railroad work, farming land, mining, domestic service, businesses, jobs and high wages, religious freedoms, sugarcane (Hawaii) - came to Angel Island and Hawaii Caribbean Islands and Central America: - Jamaica - Cuba - Puerto Rico - Mexico - other islands - push: scarce jobs, turmoil in home country, overpopulation -> famine + lack of land - pull: jobs for everyone (industry boom happening), new farmland opened up in western states (1902 National Reclamation Act), safety, religious freedom - came through southwestern and southeastern U.S. A push is something bad in your homeland. A pull is something attractive in the United States.

Immigration Political Cartoons

Statue of Liberty: - roman goddess walking forward - broken chains - Joseph Pulizter used his nation-wide newspaper to fund and build statue in New York (Hungarian-American) - golden door = New York - built by Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel (Eiffel Tower) - holding Book of Law - Emma Lazarus's sonnet last 5 lines are engraved on the pedestal: "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me. I lift my lamp beside the golden door." (Dedicated October 28, 1886) people don't like immigrants because President McKinley was shot and died by Polish immigrant anarchist Leon Czolgosz watch out for satire biblical references

Industrialization and Innovation Introduction

Steam-powered Engine: - Edwin D. Drake - dug up oil - collect and refine oil for automobiles Bessemer Process: - Henry Bessemer - turned iron to steel - saves space (build up, not out) - more jobs/industry/economic opportunities - ships replaced by bridges - skyscrapers brought elevators to existence Impacts: - 4,000 millionaires (because of Social Darwinism, and new business strategies) emerged in the U.S. after the Civil War (new uses for natural resources like oil, government support to stimulate the economy, and immigrant labor) - Social Darwinism: the application of Charles Darwin's scientific theories of evolution and natural selection to contemporary social development; in nature, only the fittest survived—so too in the marketplace; this form of justification was enthusiastically adopted by many American businessmen as scientific proof of their superiority (essentially, the poor are poor because they are lazy and dumb, and vice versa) Vertical Integration: - controls everything from product production -> assembly -> market (you control all steps) - cuts out the middle man - this helps you compete better and control everything, you achieve monopoly - you need a substantial amount of money to achieve this Horizontal Integration: - you control one step - you are the middle man - this creates efficacy, more competitiveness, and monopoly J.D. Rockefeller/refines oil/horizontal Andrew Carnegie/refines steel/vertical

Spotlight: Politics in the Progressive Era 3

The Election of 1912: - candidate -- William Howard Taft (Republican Party) -> poor leader -> legal mind -> was a Secretary of War -> consolidated TR policies, not expanding -> hesitated to use bully pulpit - candidate-- Theodore Roosevelt (Bull Moose Party) - candidate-- Woodrow Wilson (Democratic Party) - candidate-- Eugene V. Debs (Socialist Party) - Taft running for a second term (incumbent) - Wilson won -> Republicans lose House for the first time since Civil War (18 years) - Progressive Republicans want change (- in the 1912 Republican Convention Taft supporters try to replace Roosevelt's delegates) - old guard (Taft) vs/ progressives (Roosevelt) -> this is because the Republican Party split apart so the voter base split as well

Causes of the Great Depression Flowchart

The Farm Situation WW1 - made a lot of $ growing wheat for the U.S. and Europe -> put more acres under production & buy new equipment to harvest more -> demand for wheat falls after WW1 and crop prices fall -> to make the same amount of money, they produced MORE so overproduction occurs -> overproduction causes crop prices to keep falling & resulted in soil damage made worse by the drought -> there is no disposable income to buy new products (clothes, appliances, cars, furniture) -> farmers could not make enough money to pay for their equipment (bought on credit) and mortgages -> they lost their farms and defaulted on their loans -> crop prices fall and demand for wheat falls the farm situation spills into the cities: -> demand for industrial products falls (clothes, appliances, cars, furniture) -> workers do not get raises, are laid off, or lose their jobs due to low demand -> workers can't buy food -> workers can't pay their mortgages or car loans -> banks in the cities fail due to people defaulting on their loans -> people can not make their payments on things they bought with credit -> rural banks failed beginning in the 1920s -> workers can not afford to buy food *the Crash is only the spark; the causes have been around since the 20s

The Prohibition Experiment

The Prohibition Experiment: - prohibition: outlaw alcohol - examples of corruption reformers claimed alcohol caused: drunkness, family problems, crime, abuse, health problems, religious reasons - primary support from women, the Anti-Saloon League, Protestant and other Christians Problems With The 18th: - bootleggers: people who illegally transported alcohol into or across the U.S. - speakeasies: unlicensed, private bars - mafia: gang leaders supplied to blind pigs (Al Capone) made millions - Volstead Act: enforced 18th, defined intoxicating beverage as any that contained more than .5 percent alcohol Prohibition 1920-1933: - people wanted prohibition repealed because it caused more problems - 1933 21st Amendment repealed the 18th Demon Rum: - Detroit was important because it was near Canada, which had legal distilleries, which gave people easy money -> Carrie Nation - the theme of prohibition was save the women and kids - Ford believed prohibition would make him a worker boomtown; he was largest employer in city, he was an idealist and wanted to uplift the working class - Detroit was first major city to vote in prohibition (progressive era) - after the automobile, the second largest industry in the Detroit area was bootlegging (glory years) - speakeasy = blind pig - police smashed illegal alcohol found in raids -> enforcement caused gangs / not pretty! - St. Louis had Irish gangs - Chicago had Al Capone (Italian gangs) - Detroit had Jewish gangs (Purple Gang - Abe Bernstein) / replaced by Black Hand - prohibition affected the mafia by giving them money and rise in numbers - gangs shoot gangs which caused a lot of violence - Great Depression sped up the call for the repeal (Michigan was the first repeal) - this repeal was supposed to create new jobs and revenue (Franklin Roosevelt) -> this didn't really create as big an impact as hoped - after prohibition, organized crime reinvested in LAS VEGAS BABY highlighted tradition vs. modern

American Neutrality to Engagement: America Enters WWII

The Three Allies Great Britain: - Prime Minister: Winston Churchill -> against Appeasement, remained strong against Nazi offensive - Goal: Defeat the Axis Powers Russia: - Soviet-Dictator: Joseph Stalin -> Communist Totalitarian Leader - Goal: Defeat Axis Powers The U.S.: - President: FDR *neutral at first, we are still isolationist - Goal: Defeat the Axis Powers Other Allied Nations: France, Poland, British India, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and others Financing the Wae American Neutrality into American Engagement The Neutrality Acts: Designed to keep America out of future wars: prevented arms sales or loans to warring countries Cash and Carry Policy: Allowing warring nations to buy U.S. arms if they pay in cash and ship it themselves Lend Lease Act of 1941: Act allows the United States to lend or Lease war supplies to nations deemed "vital to the defense of the U.S.' Atlantic Charter: Pledge of collective disarmament, security, and cooperation after the war; Would be the basis for United Nations and the Allies The Bombing of Pearl Harbor: Why did the Japanese Attack Pearl Harbor? Japanese push towards Manchuria and other parts of China continued. Took French Military base in Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos) US=Protested by stopping oil shipment Japanese Military Code: broken by U.S. so U.S. Knew that Japan was preparing to attack=didn't know when or where. Peace talks fell apart Pearl Harbor: December 7, 1941 Bombing of strategic military base by Japanese (180 War Planes) Goal: Weaken U.S. Naval Power in Pacific and demoralize the United States Result: 2,403 Americans killed, 1,178 more wounded. 21 ships sunk (8 battleships) More damage to U.S. Navy than WWI FDR: Asks for Declaration of War and Congress Approves

Conflicts With Labor

Why Workers Start to Organize: Working Conditions: - 7 work days a week (steel) - 12+ hours a day (garment) - 6 days/week (garment) - no vacation, sick leave, unemployment or injury reimbursement - in 1882 an average of 675 laborers killed each week - dirty and poorly lit working conditions - low wages - everyone works, including women + children Early Labor Organizations - 1866 National Labor Union (first large scale national organization of laborers) - 1869 Knights of Labor (open to anyone regardless of race, gender, skill, "equal pay for equal work" by men and women, 8 hour work day, they very rarely used strikes) - strike: when workers in a particular place stop working to achieve what they want - American Federation of Labor (started by Samuel Gompers, used strikes frequently and successfully, preferred closed shops and collective bargaining) - collective bargaining: union officials representing workers negotiate with company leaders for things that union members want (power in number) - closed shop: in order to be hired, you automatically must join the union Violence/Strikes: - May 4 1886 Haymarket Affair (3,000 people gathered in Haymarket Square in Chicago, after this people think unions are violent police-hating anarchists) - 1892 Homestead Strike (a bloody confrontation ensued between the workers and the hired Pinkerton security guards, ultimately killing 16 people and causing many injuries) Carnegie wanted his reputation so his chairman did his dirty work; he condoned the poor conditions he himself had suffered in; government/management kept trying to quell dissatisfaction with brute force - 1894 Pullman Company Strike (widespread railroad strike and boycott that severely disrupted rail traffic in the Midwest of the United States for a month) Labor Day was created by President Cleveland as a bid for support to stop other unions from helping the railroad strikers Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: - in a sweatshop in New York City, a fire breaks out and 146 people are killed from the fire or from jumping off the building to escape it - no exits/escape routes - no safety regulations/procedures - child labor Businesses Fight Back: - yellow dog contracts (if you join a union I can fire you) - prison labor - the Sherman Antitrust Act used to dispel industry monopolies is used on worker unions (unions have 'monopoly' on workers)

WWII Map Introduction

at the end of WWI, the following countries were dismantled: Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire What happened to Germany after WWI? - demilitarization - lost territory - recession - huge debt - humiliation After the Nazi party came to power in Germany, their dream was to take back land and unite german speakers (believed in an empire, Aryan "master race", and anti-semitism) Italy was dissatisfied with the amount of territory it got after WWI beginning in 1922, Benito Mussolini ruled Italy Italy aided Francisco Franco in Spain to test armies and get closer diplomatically to Germany Japan took advantage of the Chinese Civil War to invade new territories in Asia the first two territories to be taken over by Nazi Germany were Austria and Czechoslovakia What did Germany and the U.S.S.R agree to in 1939? non-aggression agreement to prevent two-front war secret pact: annex and divide Poland together When Germany invades Poland, England and France as protectorates are provoked to declare war on Germany and officially begin WWII

The Nation's Sick Economy

at this point... laissez-faire economy, high tariffs, lowered taxes for the rich Causes Of The Great Depression Industry: key industries that affect other industries barely made a profit -> leads to layoffs or reduced hours -> less money in consumers' hands - boom industries (automobile, construction, consumer goods) → credit and overproduction leads to far more products than consumers could buy - housing → real estate prices too high → housing market decline leads to decline in related businesses (furniture, lumber) Agriculture: DURING WWI = "Feed the troops!" -> AFTER WWI = deflation -> farmers' response = plant more crops - farmers flooded the market (high supply + low demand = prices drop) farmers sink deeper into debt - farmers lose land/homes back to the rural banks → rural banks fail because they're stuck with a bunch of land no one can buy Consumer Spending & Credit: rising prices vs. stagnant wages -> widening gap between rich and poor -> overbuying on credit initial loan = $1,200 + 1% monthly interest (time to pay back = 1 year) -> monthly payment = $100 + 12 (total back to the bank = $1,344) THIS VERY QUICKLY SNOWBALLS OUT OF CONTROL (which is why buying little things on credit is safer) Wealth Distribution: rich get richer, poor get poorer -> 1920-1929 wealth of 1% rose 75% -> the other 99% rose 9% - 70% of families earned less than $2,500/year (minimum standard of living) → average person bought a new outfit of clothes only once a year - many didn't have the money to purchase all the goods factories produced The Stock Market: crash DIDN'T cause the Depression -> speculation -> buying on margin - unrestrained buying and selling fueled the market's upward spiral → not a true representation of a company's worth - if the value of stocks declined, people who bought on margin had no way to pay off loans - people gamble life savings on stocks

Spotlight: Politics in the Progressive Era 2

born into wealthy New York family in 1858; sickly child (asthma), but strove to succeed through physical feats (riding, sports, hunting- taxidermy, boy scouts; master marksman and horse rider. boxer and wrestler at Harvard, blinded in left eye from boxing, galloped 100 miles on horseback bc why not?) very involved in New York politics since young 3 terms in NY State Assembly, NYC Police Commissioner, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, NY Governor, Vice President (black hole of presidency), leader of Rough Riders (Spanish-American War) / San Juan hill made him famous, become President in 1901 after President McKinley was assassinated (immigrant) The Modern Presidency: - youngest president ever at age 42 (JFK youngest elected at 43) - thought federal government should assume control if states were incapable (bigger government) - bully pulpit: could influence news media and shape legislation - square deal: various progressive reforms sponsored by his administration Trustbbusting: - trust: assets/bonds/money of a big company - Roosevelt thought that not all trusts were harmful; only went after those that hurt the public good - filed suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act in order to break up trusts - broke up 44 trusts 1902 Coal Strike: - 140,000 Pennsylvania coal miners (labor union) wanted 20% raise and 9 hour workday; went on 5 month strike; TR intervened when coal reserves ran low - set precedent for fed government to intervene when problems got out of hand

The Spanish American War

colony: a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country; countries can acquire colonies through wars/treaties/purchase/expansion if not already occupied Cubans Rebel Against Spain: - in the 1800's Spain held colonies in the Philippines, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rico and some outposts in Africa - 1868 to 1878 the Cuban people rebelled against Spain for independence -> they did not win but were able to abolish slavery -> this opened sugar cane plantations which many Americans purchased - Cubans rebelled again using guerrilla warfare -> deliberately destroyed American property to provoke the U.S. in the Treaty of Paris 1898, the U.S. gained Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines the U.S. found these places important because these territories could help the U.S. gain access and power in other regions of the world (imperialism), they were economically important, and the U.S. could use it as a naval/military base The Situation In Cuba: - America tried to buy Cuba from Spain many times before, unsuccessfully - America was interested because of Cuba's economy (sugarcane) and because it was extremely close to the U.S. (too close for comfort) - the first Cuban Revolution was unsuccessful but they managed to emancipate slaves - thereafter American capitalists began investing big money in large Cuban sugar cane plantations - in the 2nd Cuban Revolution that José Martí launched, he used a guerrilla campaign (there's a reason for this) and destroyed property, including American-owned sugar mills/plantations (he wanted to provoke American intervention) - some businesses were angry and wanted the government to help Spain put an end to the rebellion - most people were sympathetic because Cuba's cry for independence was similar to the American revolution The Causes: - yellow journalism: unverified sensational news (born from NY Hearst vs. Pulitzer circuit) - Hearst publishes De Lôme letter, which insults President McKinley by calling him a people pleaser and weak, which enrages Americans and embarrasses the Spanish government - yellow journalism makes people believe Spain blew up USS Maine which was docked in Havana (in reality, the fire was an accident) -> blew up Feb 15th, was bringing home U.S. citizens in Cuba caught in crossfire -> "Remember the Maine! To heck with Spain!" - 3 reasons U.S. declared war on Spain on April 20th, 1898: yellow journalism (remember the Maine!), sentiments towards Cuban revolutionaries, and agricultural/economic interests The War: - the first battle was in the Philippines in 1898 -> US navy defeats that Spanish fleet and US troops enter the Islands -> US troops combined with Filipino rebels defeat the Spanish - Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt sent the Marines there in advance; when they arrived they met up with Filipino rebels - Teddy Roosevelt resigned as Assistant Secretary to head a voluntary cavalry unit called the Rough Riders made up of sheriffs, boxers, cowboys, etc. -> two narratives: one that he is a hero, the other that he was actually a mess -> yellow journalism and his presidential campaigns pushed his Hero status -> navy blockades the Spanish in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba (had already proven navel abilities) -> US soldiers who were mostly volunteers invade Cuba -> Rough Riders lead by Theodore Roosevelt and African American cavalries defeat the Spanish on San Juan Hill -> Spanish tried to escape at the harbor but were again defeated by the U.S. - war lasts 15 weeks/4 months, both sides meet in Paris for peace talks The Treaty of Paris 1898: - U.S. gets Guam, Puerto Rico, pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines, and Cuba technically gets free, but it is still a U.S. protectorate - Foraker Act for Puerto Rico -> Philippines furious over not getting their own independence (imperialist -> imperialist); leads to 3 year revolt and costs U.S. much more that is took to buy the Philippines - Spain frees Cuba but... - the Platt Amendment allowed the U.S. to interfere in Cuban affairs where it saw fit, required Cuba to lease lands to the U.S. for coaling stations/naval bases (Guantanamo Bay - also used as detention center), prohibited Cuban government to make treaties with other nations that compromised Cuba's independence, and required that Cuba couldn't go into debt the government could not pay The Aftermath: - Treaty of Paris touched off great debate in the U.S. about imperialism - Americans were mixed on the annexation of the Philippines but McKinley favored imperialism -> he justified it: statement of benevolent assimilation -> Filipinos furious -> U.S. becomes an empire - some said they are victims and we are helping - some said it was hurting them even more

The Twenties Woman

during WW1, women were called to take up jobs to help the war effort in the 20s, marriage changed: more casual dating, equal status, more based on love; children at school American society changed rapidly in the 20s, as urban areas grew and women adopted new lifestyles: whalebone corsets, ankle length dress, long hair vs. jet black bobs, waistless knee-length dress, beads / necklaces, makeup, casual + independent, smoked and drank in public, flappers / vamps (of course rural areas were still more traditional victorian than modern) women moved into office, sales, and professional jobs; women voted in local and national elections; women were elected to public office Rebecca Latimer Felton became first female U.S. Senator (for a day) double standard: men had greater freedom in courtship than them More Opportunities For Women! - college - women's professions - but... few managerial positions (earned less than men, double standard) Women's Professions: - teachers - nurses - librarians - secretaries - operators Clerical Workers: - typists - secretaries - stenographer (transcribe speech in shorthand) Broke Stereotypes: - pilots - taxi drivers - oil drillers birth rate dropped in the 20s because of birth control, invented by Margaret Sanger, who established the American Birth Control League in 1921 - this gave new opportunities and choices appliances freed up time for wealthy wives -> country clubs, bridge clubs, social activities greater equality in marriage, romantic love Children in school instead of work → beginning of "adolescence" = being a kid

Urbanization: Life in the Cities + Political Machines

gilded: decorative gold plated/leafed things Mark Twain and Charles Warner's book The Gilded Age probably meant to use gilded as a metaphor for America: America isn't as glamorous as it looks on the outside Patronage: - giving government jobs to people who helped you get elected (in the Andrew Jacksonian era this was called spoil system) - some people weren't qualified at all - civil service: jobs should go to those most qualified (exam) - this makes government corrupt and ineffective Graft: - politician uses their influence for personal gain - illegal: kickbacks, bribes (think Boss Tweed) - kickbacks: taking taxpayers' money for your own gain under the guise of your public service job Tariffs: - taxing imports - American businesses wanted higher tariffs to protect their own goods - Democratic Party opposed high tariffs (lower classes wanted free trade and more choice) ward: collection of neighborhoods Political Machine/Boss: - number 1 goal is to get votes for the boss (also money/control) - political boss -> city council member -> Ward Boss - Ward Boss has private job, wants a public civil service patronage job from the city council member - targeted people in need/ immigrants (helped them get shelter, job, citizenship) - system good because they needed to keep constituents happy (- general welfare, infrastructure, naturalization, parks, sewage, waterworks, fund hospitals, fund schools, fund orphanages) - system bad because they could influence courts, had lots of corruption, had lots of power (could unfairly punish you), had access to business licenses, used illegal means to gain control (bribes), and used fixed elections Fixed Elections: - access to election process - you could vote multiple times - no privacy (different color ballots) - punishments Why Want Public Jobs: - job security (no firing on a whim) - what you can do with this job (grafting) - city mayor protection (if he turns a blind eye, no one can do anything about it) - police were commissioned by the mayor (under his control) Pendleton Civil Service Act: - negative: stronger bond between big businesses and politicians (politicians wanted funds, businesses wanted higher tariffs) - bipartisan group to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system (examination) - positives: public administration was more honest/efficient; no more pressure on employees by political officers for campaign involvement Reconstruction Era ended with Hayes election to office Rutherford B. Hayes: - took office 1877 (Republican) - named independents in cabinet - set up commission to investigate customhouses (centers for patronage) and arrested top officials there who were part of the Republican Party - this act angered New York Senator/ Republican political boss Roscoe Conkling and his supporters the Stalwarts - after not running for a second term in 1880, there was a stalwarts vs. reformers stalemate - independent Ohio congressman James Garfield appointed James Garfield: - Republican Chester Arthur as balance vice president - angered stalwarts by giving patronage to reformers - Charles Guiteau was denied a job when he set up a meeting and asked for patronage (very common) - July 2, 1881 Guiteau shot Garfield in the D.C. train station twice (Garfield died September 19) Chester Arthur: - turned reformer after getting presidency - first message to Congress: pass civil service law - Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1833 authorized bipartisan civil service commission group that made appointments to federal jobs through merit system (performance examination) Grover Cleveland: - 1884 office (first Democratic Party win in 28 years) - tried to lower tariffs but Congress barred his way - 1888 Cleveland vs. B. Harrison (grandson of 9th president William Henry Harrison) Benjamin won in electoral votes (not popular vote) - elected again in 1892 (only president to be elected to two nonconsecutive terms) - Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 passed without his signature (but he supported Wilson version, not Gorman amendments) Benjamin Harrison: - signed McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 (highest tariffs yet) William McKinley: - 1897 took office (vs. William Jennings Bryan "Cross of Gold") - raised tariffs Theodore Roosevelt: - Rough Rider/ Spanish-American war hero - 1898 New York State Republican political machine run by Thomas Platt chose him for governor - up against Tammany Hall candidate Augustus Wyck (close victory to NY 33rd governor) - ignored Republican political machine and refused to do patronage - tricked away to replace VP Garret Hubart in 1901 40% of jobs were civil service jobs

Growing Pains

manifest destiny + the world = imperialism "breadbasket of the world" imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomatic (diplomatic relations, 3rd part actions), economic (markets- cotton/textile/manufacturing), or military force (conquering or preventing wars) doesn't matter the size of the countries Changes That Made Imperialism Possible: - Immigration -> led to population + economic growth -> 45% of Americans were immigrants -> 1/3 lived in cities -> jobs in cities (factory- low paying) *massive shift from agrarian to manufacturing - City Growth -> urban growth -> big cities -> poor transport, unsanitary, crime rates, housing, corruption -> agriculture down -Industrialization -> iron/steel > meat/flour -> importing goods + trade -> farmers rely on railroads for transporting goods to market -> new farm machinery -> immigration-jobs-immigration - International Trade -> America competes -- no history like Germany/Britain/France/Spain do (they won't want new interference; will impose tariffs) -> begins to overproduce -> sells the surplus to underdeveloped countries (Latin America/China) --Latin America + China not already involved in world trade -> raw goods- steel, lumber, cotton, tobacco, wheat, food Motives For Imperialism: - The End of the Frontier -> defined American values = frontier values = spread religion, freedom/individuality -> fueled economy -> new territory, resources, trade opportunities -> no the only place to go is out off the current continental U.S. - Desire For Military Strength -> last war was Civil War -> see other countries wielding global power (ex. Britain) -> citizens believed in American supremacy -> Alfred Thayer Mahan convinced government to build up military (specifically naval power) -- large cruisers; became 3rd largest naval powers -- wrote "The Influence of Sea Power on History" - Thirst For New Markets -> technology -- machine work/Bessemer Process/ McCormick reaper/ steel plow/ barbed wire -> lots of surplus -> need new raw materials -> manufacturing up -> saw new markets as solution to unemployment + depression (Panic of 1893) - Belief In Cultural Superiority -> xenophobia (Chinese Exclusion Act) -> Social Darwinism in global setting -> "duty" to "civilize" "inferiors" In Action- Alaska: - natural resources (oil/timber/minerals/gold) - previously Russian colony - would give us Pacific power - Andrew Johnson -> William Seward for $7.2 million (2 cents per acre for landaround the size of continental U.S.) - state June 3, 1959 - lumber-oil-gold - "frozen wasteland" - opponents: other imperialist nations In Action- Hawaii: - previous Hawaiian Kingdom - good trade and income (sugarcane); military + trade positioning to East Asia and Australia - American planters overthrew the Queen; Provisional Government - state 1959

Americans Question Neutrality

neutrality: not attached to any side, no particular opinions - the U.S. is neutral in 1914 when the war starts The U.S. Before Joining The War: - at the beginning, Americans had a Central Power bias; because of strong immigrant demographic they wanted neutrality - they got involved by giving humanitarian, economic aid, as well as the Allies banker; cited peace but financed weapons of war - American opinions started to changed with common British ancestry and British-censored reporting, yellow journalism, submarine warfare, new people advising the president - they couldn't join even though National Defense prep was underway, as Russia was not a democracy Allies borrowed $2 billion (+ interest!), while the CP only borrowed $27 million Divided Loyalties: - socialists--the war is a capitalist/imperialistic struggle between Germany and Britain - pacifists (conscientious objectors) -- war is evil, don't fight - parents -- did not want their sons to be soldiers (draft was quite young) - naturalized U.S. citizens (immigrants) -- rooted for home countries and did not want to fight homeland Why The U.S. Is Now Sympathetic To Allies: - common ancestry and governmental processes (+ shared language) - anti-German propaganda (the line is cut and the British control what news reaches America) - stronger economic relations with the Allies (2 billion vs. 27 million) The War Hits Home: - result of the British blockade was that American goods couldn't pass, food and fertilizer was labeled as 'contraband', so German civilians starved, and famine caused 750,000 deaths - Americans angry at restricted seas and stopped merchant ships -> Lusitania!

Fireside Chats with FDR

no money = no homes, no jobs, no banks, no food, stock market crash, farmers hit hard Early Life of FDR: - Old Wealthy Family -> Herbert Hoover born poor ->Private Tutors, Columbia University Graduate - Entered Politics as State Senator in 1910 (Democrat) - Secretary Assistant of the Navy - 1921: Stricken with Polio and became partially paralyzed from waist down (used leg braces to stand) - Governor of New York in 1928/Distant Cousin to Teddy Roosevelt - Married Eleanor Roosevelt (Niece of Theodore Roosevelt / 5th cousins?) sweet home alabama Electing FDR and Changes In Congress: - Results of the Presidential Election of 1932: -> Republican President Hoover: 59 Electoral Votes/16 Million Votes -> Democrat Nominee FDR: 472 Electoral Votes/23 Million - Roosevelt Won an overwhelming victory due to Americans' Anti-Hoover sentiment - Senate: Democrats claimed 2/3's majority - House: Democrats won almost ¾'s of the seats. Greatest Democrat Victory since the Civil War Presidential Transition Period (4 Months): - 20th Amendment moved inauguration to January: not ratified till February 1933 - FDR during waiting period the began to create a "brain trust" of advisors: a select group of professors, lawyers, and journalists to formulate a series of policies designed to alleviate problems of the Great Depression - FDR promised a "New Deal for the American People". -> New Deal: Set of policies focused on three general goals. leading up to ww2, FDR spoke about the 4 freedoms (press, worship, no want, no fear) and declared war on japan on that basis Taking Office: First Steps Towards Change: - Launched a period of intense activity known now as "The Hundred Days" -> March 9 to June 6, 1933 - Congress Passed: 15-16 major pieces of New Deal legislation -> addressed banks, market fraud, debt/ finance, and inflation, amongst others -> Expanded Federal Governments role in the economy and connection between the State & Federal Government - No longer Lassie-Faire Stance!!! - First Step as President: Reform Banks/Finance - 1933: Banking failures resulted in American's losing faith in system - March 5th: One Day After Taking Office declared a Bank-Holiday - Closed All Banks to prevent further withdrawal - Persuaded Congress to Pass the Emergency Banking Relief Act: -> Authorized Treasury Department to inspect Country's Banks. -> Those found sound safe to open at once -> Those that were unable to pay debts: remained close -> Those that needed help would receive loans HOW IS THE ROOSEVELT ADMINISTRATION GOING TO CONVINCE THE AMERICAN PEOPLE THAT THIS IS A GOOD IDEA? WHAT DO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE WANT FROM THEIR GOVERNMENT? Fireside Chat With Roosevelt: - March 12: Roosevelt gives his first of many Fireside Chats or radio talks about public concerns. -> Uses clear language to explain New Deal Policy solutions - Goal of calming Americans fears about banking crisis, promised they would be strong! - Explained that the crisis was caused by too much panic withdrawing of cash. Explains that it's impossible for any system to handle that much demand. - As a result of this talk over the next few weeks: Americans started to return their savings to Banks Further Regulating Banks and Finance: - Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) -> provided fed insurance for individual bank accounts up to $5,000 (which is a lot at that time!); prompts banks to act cautiously - Federal Securities Act (May 1933) -> required corps to give full info on stock offerings, liable (responsible by law; legally answerable) for misinterpretations - Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) -> regulate stock market -> prevented "rigs" with insider info

Propaganda & The War At Home

propaganda: biased information that is used to influence people's thoughts/ actions used during wartime to keep people's morale and support up - front propaganda - homefront propaganda - foreign propaganda freedom of speech / press sometimes lost so that the war was always supported they wanted to inspire hatred for the enemy and pride for the nation U.S. used propaganda: Wilson's Creel Committee, illustrations, war posters, 4 minute men, paid products, cartoons / cinema, etc. Wartime Agencies War Industries Board: - Bernard M. Baruch - encouraged companies to use mass-production -> increase efficiency; eliminate waste and standardize products - increased production by 20% National War Labor Board: - deal with management-laborer disputes; "work or fight" mentality but also improved worker's rights - kept production going / reduced strikes Railroad Administration: - government controls railroads; stop robber barons from hurting the war effort - crucial because government used railroads to transport supplies Fuel Administration: - monitor coal supplies, ration gasoline / heating oil; reduce cooking and heating energy; introduced Daylight Savings Time in March 1918, which was campaigned by Benjamin Franklin in the 1770s - "gas-less Sundays" and "lightless nights" Food Administration: - produce and conserve food - didn't ration, but advocated for "gospel of the clean plate" - Herbert Hoover: designated meatless, sweetless, wheatless, and porkless days of the week - victory gardens - shipments tripled Committee on Public Information (CPI): - popularize the war - propaganda agency: influence people's thoughts and actions - George Creel - increased support for the war w/ war bond competitions, newspapers, posters, 4 minute men (they thought the human attention span was just 4 minutes), etc. Selling The War: - U.S. spent $35.5 billion on the war - 1/3 of the money raised through taxes -> progressive income tax: tax higher incomes at higher rates -> higher excise: tax tobacco, liquor, luxury goods -> war profits tax: tax the stuff you get off the war - 2/3 of the money raised with public borrowing by selling Liberty and Victory Bonds/ Loans Espionage & Sedition Acts: - it is now illegal to interfere with the war effort; saying anything disloyal, profane or abusive about the government - socialist, labor leaders: Eugene V. Debs opposed war and after September 1918 speech against draft was put 10 years in prison but had 10 counts of seditions so served about 2 years (actually ran for president 1920 election in prison and received a million votes but he himself couldn't vote) Financing The War: - 1/3: taxes - 2/3: bonds / public efforts -> public borrowing -> liberty / victory loans -> volunteers sold bonds -> "a friend of Germany" propaganda Women: - opportunities for new jobs (the industry has to continue for the soldiers) -> railroad, cook, dockworker, bricklayer, shipbuilding - 1 million began working; most left jobs after the war - volunteers: Red Cross, encouraging bonds, growing victory gardens - didn't fight in the front - helped get Wilson's support for the 19th Amendment - this experience helped set the gears for social change moving (PAY DISCREPANCY) Great Migration: - push factor: Jim Crow laws - large scale movement of southern blacks to cities in the north - they moved for jobs and to escape discrimination -> Ford assembly lines -> voting -> still prejudice in the north -> overcrowding caused tensions Flu Epidemic: - Fall 1918 - international epidemic - infected 1/4 of U.S. population - impacted economy and troops - 500,000 Americans died-disappeared 1919 - 30 million died worldwide

Robber Barons vs. Captains of Industry

robber barons: people who take advantage of workers and use unscrupulous means to achieve monopoly/max profits captain of industry: a successful person who makes the economy stronger (teaching/job opportunities) and is philanthropic (- Carnegie and Rockefeller were really just the same type of person, one just had the better reputation than the other)

Spotlight: Politics in the Progressive Era 1

secret ballot makes it harder for political machines to manipulate or change the ballot initiatives and referendums limit the power of political machines because they had no way to interfere with the laws people wanted passed direct primary: voters elect candidates for public office recall (not during 1st or last year of term) initiatives/referendums/recalls/primaries: state legislatures (to recall in Michigan: must have 25% of votes cast for all Governor candidates, collected within 60 days and must have clear + factual language before being approved) Amendments: - 13th: abolishment of slavery (1865) - 14th: citizenship rights and equal protection under the law (1868) - 15th: African American men suffrage (1870) - 16th (NEW): federal income tax (1913) -> created to make up income from lowered tariffs - 17th (NEW): direct election of senators (1913) -> gave power to the people and less to political machines and wealthy heads of corporations - 18th (NEW): prohibition (1920) -> WCTU; Anti-Saloon League; women; Protestants - 19th (NEW): women suffrage (1920) -> African American women still experienced voting challenges

Westward Expansion

technology and manifest destiny (white settlers' idea that they had the divine right to rake over the continent from "sea to shining sea") converge

The American Experience: Hawaii's Last Queen

the U.S. was interested in Hawaii because it was easy access to international markets in Asia, and because Hawaii's sugarcane made it extremely profitable and economically powerful in 1876, King Kalakaua traveled to the U.S. to sign a treaty allowing Hawaiians to sell sugar to the U.S duty free good: economic security, satisfied sugar plantations bad: planters brought in lots of foreign labors, very little natives left after diseases Missionary Boys: grandchildren of missionaries; goal was to make Hawaii a "state of high civilization" Hawaiian League: oppose the monarch's power, make a colonists' democracy (Lorrin Thurston) U.S. signed Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 for duty-free imports, in exchange for good faith in Hawaii's sovereignty, and exclusive rights to Pearl Harbor Kalakaua originally was not going to budge, but he was held at gunpoint to sign it (additionally the Bayonet Constitution made him a puppet) Hawaiian League wanted annexation for duty-free sugar Grover Cleveland's emissary James Blunt, after four months of investigation, gave a scathing condemnation that the U.S. was wrong and urged the U.S. to find a pragmatic + moral solution Cleveland calls for Queen Liliuokalani to be reinstated, planters refuse and start barricading, Cleveland doesn't want to shed American blood and recognizes the Republic of Hawaii but doesn't annex McKinley took office Marines were called in without U.S. approval the Queen's former Captain of the Guard instigated a coup; for this she was imprisoned in her palace Jan 17, 1893 by Marines she surrenders; takes pride that she never shed a drop of blood for her cause forced to sign abdication Provisional Government President Dole called for annexation to the U.S. Hawaii was a good naval power base, with the Spanish American War McKinley considered; Aug 12, 1898

The Red Scare of the 20s

the red scare: isolationism, communism, nativism The Communist Manifesto: - capitalism will eventually self-destruct -> oppressed majorities exploited by minorities -> workers (proletariat) -> industrialists (called bourgeoisie in Marxist contexts) - replaced by Socialism - eventually Communism will emerge - work according to ability, receive according to need - goal is a stateless and classless society Communism in the Soviet Union: - economic and political system - the government owns all land and property (no private property) - a single political party controls the government - individuals have no rights the government is legally bound to respect Characteristics of Communism: - classless - no private property (no cars), no materialism - social equality (no individuality) - against democracy *the number 1 thing that scared Americans about Communism was exploitation of labor and threat to lifestyle (reaction to Soviet Union) the Communist gov promises to stir up revolutions in other countries and spread communism throughout the world (spread to China and Cuba) red scare: panic in the US around the threat of Communism; reaction to the Soviet Union; Communist Party formed in the U.S. Red Scare Intro: - there was such widespread fear because they didn't want to give up their lifestyle, and the October Revolution example - Americans became nervous about immigrants coming to the U.S. from Eastern Europe because they feared they were communist or Soviets - got it's name (Red Scare) because red was a nickname for the communists; was the Soviet flag - most fear in the U.S. was caused by hysteria and paranoia Palmer Raids: - Palmer used key words like "eating", blaze", "revolution", "sharp", "churches", "sacred", and "burning" to incite American emotions - focused on political radicals: suspected socialist, communist, anarchist - he didn't provide evidence for his claims because HE DOESN'T HAVE EVIDENCE!!! - A. Mitchell Palmer was Attorney General of the U.S. under Wilson - U.S. Justice Department launched the Palmer Raids November 1919 to June 1920 because of public unrest (included anti-capitalism), was very violent, no warrants (UNCONSTITUTIONAL) and no freedom of speech or trial - they were raided in their hones and deported without trial; innocents suspected of being anti-American (anarchists, communists, socialists- viewed as "transition communists", communists) - eventually Palmer lost standing with the public because he had no evidence of revolutionary conspiracies or explosives; this was all just a presidency campaign Labor Unions during The 20s: - membership decreased - Americans began to believe unions were linked to communist revolutionaries due to employers' machinations -> communism is "for the worker" Marcus Garvey was an African American who wanted to connect African diaspora and racially separate them, forming independent African nations; he established a lot of organizations and political thinkings to do so Sacco & Vanzetti: - the Red Scare & nativism combined into one of the most famous examples of post war hysteria - shoemaker Sacco and fishmonger Vanzetti (Italians) arrested, found guilty, and executed after being accused of murder and armed robbery in May 1920; admitted to being anarchists and draft avoiders but denied crime - Massachusetts; Italian Immigrants; Anarchist Radicals (the perfect storm) Immigration Reform: - Americans in this time thought that immigrants were political - government adopted nativist attitude (new immigration restriction laws (National Origins Act of 1924 - put severe quotas on immigration, blatantly discriminated against Roman Catholics, Jews, Eastern / Southern Europeans, and even no Japanese) -> xenophobia: dislike or fear of people from other countries -> why hate towards immigrants? taking jobs: labor issues -> quota system: limit immigration from certain countries (SE Europe) -> 1927: only 150,000 max per year KKK: - KKK responded to these fears with nativist attitude, stamped out saloons / unions, killed anyone not white Protestant -- AfAm, foreign born immigrants, Catholics, Jews, unions (new klan from Civil War klan) - 100% Americanism, increase in membership 3-5 million - klan eventually lost popularity and membership after scandals of murder and assault which led to jail (increased involvement in criminal activity) Summary: - people feared anarchy and communism - these fears caused by propaganda and the Russia Bolshevik example - the country responded with the Palmer Raids and the KKK

President Theodore Roosevelt and Imperialism

warmonger: a person who encourages or advocates aggression towards other countries or groups having a navy means having a prepared country for the 20th Century Imperialist? This is how a country is set on the Global Stage; believed the U.S. was ready to be part of this: a world power was convinced to be VP, originally was Governor of NY convinced to be VP to William McKinley; thought it was boring ("black hole of politics") became president after McKinley's assassination in 1932 Roosevelt's love of the environment created the forest service, 150 forest reserves, and 50 bird reserves + more he was teddy bear's namesake because he was hunting (a favorite sport of his) and didn't want to shoot a tied up bear; thereafter a candy store owner made the teddy bear stuffed animal line Roosevelt as an Imperialist: - believed the Navy was important for the U.S. because we lost/prolonged the War of 1812 because of lack of naval power, and to prepare America for 20th Century - gave speeches on imperialism, liked war, supported "Social Darwinism" in the global setting -> he believed that life was tooth and claw, and the most fit, the U.S., should take its place at the top - in light of the Spanish-American War, he supported the Cuban rebels, boosted the rebellion, blamed Spain for the USS Maine, took advantage of Secretary of Navy's absence to prepare for war (- "Large Policy", Washington's "Gentleman Imperialists") - warmonger: a person who encourages or advocates aggression towards other countries or groups Roosevelt Corollary: - Monroe Doctrine 1832: European powers need to stay out of the West - Roosevelt Corollary: America will intervene to keep order in the Western Hemisphere and protect American interests (Gunboat Diplomacy/Big Stick Diplomacy) -> "speak softly and carry a big stick" proverb -> becomes policeman of latin america and has stronger presence there - this added the stipulation that America would intervene in the West if needed - this document shaped foreign policy under Roosevelt as it cemented the belief of imperialism and American superiority/moral standard TR Foreign Policy Events The Great White Fleet: - 16 new battleships with white-painted hulls sent around the world in 1907 -> 6 continents, 43000 miles, 16 stops, 14 months - Roosevelt's purpose was to demonstrate U.S. prowess, warn off Japan, and generally create deterrence Nobel Peace Prize: - Roosevelt earned a 1906 Nobel Peace Prize by negotiating peace in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-5 over control of Korea / Manchuria; resolved dispute with Mexico with arbitration - seen as controversial, people said he was a warmonger, that Norway was trying to buy him off after Sweden split, etc. - Treaty of Portsmouth: TR helped to negotiate with the 2 countries in secret Panama Canal: - U.S. wanted Panama Canal to ship goods easier between Atlantic and Pacific (much faster) - Britain and France were also interested, but Britain didn't get past planning and France dealt with so much disease and debt they called it off - under Columbian control -> U.S. + French agent started rebellion after undesirable contract terms - completion of Canal symbolized U.S. technological + economical power - French Company sold rights - U.S. needed permission from Colombia; supported Panamanian Independence - $10 million with $250,000/year rent - many obstacles: diseases, environment - cost $380 million, 5,600 died - increased tensions between LA countries & the U.S. - Dec 31, 1999 given back to Panama - symbolizes our growing imperial power in the region

Ellis Island

years of operation: 1892-1954 (12 million immigrants processed) The Passage: - Atlantic Crossing took 1-2 weeks - 3,000 people per ship - steamship was faster and cheaper, which made it safer disease-wise, so it was very attractive to people - someone is an emigrant when they leave their country of origin and an immigrant when they arrive in their new country The Arrival: - passengers saw the Statue of Liberty when they arrived in New York Harbor - 1st and 2nd class passengers were health-checked and left quickly for New York Ellis Island Baggage Room: - noisy, hot, cramped, smelly, and the officers in inspections didn't even try to accommodate Stairs to the Registry Room: - stairs were built so doctors could surreptitiously pick out the people with health problems - immigration process took about 3-5 hours Registry Room (Great Hall): - this was for waiting for medical and legal inspections - women were detained because government was afraid they would have to care for them if they couldn't support themselves - some immigrants adopted orphans Medical Exam: - six second physical was when doctors looked over them and identified abnormalities - 1% of the 12 million (120,000) were denied entry based on medical reasons Legal Inspection: - 29 questions asked to every immigrant (marriage status, financial status, etc.) Detainees: - Hearing Room was for legal detainees' case to be heard - detention could take 1 few days to a month The Stairs of Separation: - led to wherever you needed to go (also had post offices, railroad ticketing, social workers, money exchange offices) - paperwork was not required until WW1 1925 (now immigrants would apply for passports/visas in their home country's U.S. consulate/embassy) The Kissing Post: - called this because this is where families were reunited - family and friends knew when loved ones would arrive because it would be in the paper/those on the ship could send out messages ahead of the ship