US History Unit 2 Study Review
Why are colonists usually not considered immigrants?
Colonists are still part of their old nation, which is expanding into a new area.
___ were entities created for the pooling of investors.
Corporations
The Great Sioux War of 1876 might better be called the ___.
Great Cheyenne War
1890
Idaho and Wyoming
Where did the two railroads join?
Promontory Point, Utah
How did technology benefit cattlemen in the American West?
Railroads provided a way for cattlemen to get their livestock to market. Barbed wire made it practical to establish large ranches.
What cabinet level position was added to the President's cabinet in 1889?
Secretary of Agriculture
_______ was preferred for making railroad tracks.
Steel
What was the name of the act that provided money for establishing experimental fields for agricultural research?
The Hatch Act
What was the name of the act that established agricultural extension services?
The Smith-Lever Act
How did the desire for wealth impact the owners' concern for workers?
The desire for wealth caused the owners to disregard the health and safety of the workers.
What actually led to the end of the nomadic lifestyle of Native Americans living on the Great Plains?
The nomadic lifestyle of Native Americans changed when the bison herds were destroyed.
What caused the range wars?
The range wars were caused by cattlemen of the open range coming into conflict with homesteaders who sought to protect their property from cattle.
Which statement best describes how advances in communication changed the world during the time of industrialization and expansion?
The result of the advances was that people could communicate around the world almost instantaneously.
If conditions were so bad in the factories, why were so many people interested in taking these jobs?
There were few jobs available, and the jobs gave the workers a better life than that of agriculture or unemployment.
Why did immigrants desire to come to the United States?
They came because they saw opportunity for a better life with jobs, food, and prosperity.
staple
a basic and necessary food item, such as corn, wheat, or sugar
trust
a corporation made up of other corporations, acting on behalf of all the entities
bloc
a group of people who act as one because they have a single purpose
range
a large, open area of land for the use of livestock
Men who invested in businesses were called ___.
capitalists
maimed
caused to lose an arm or other body part
detrimental
causing great harm; hurtful
reprimanded
rebuked for wrong actions, especially by an authority
shanties
small, poorly-built houses
Which of the communication technologies was invented in the 19th century?
telegraph telephone
What massacre of troops took place on the Bozeman Trail?
the Fetterman Massacre
terrain
the natural physical features of an area of land
evict
to use legal means of removing people from their homes
Why were land grants important to the railroad industry?
Land grants allowed the railroad to pass through territory and to raise money through the sale of lands.
What was a good source of meat for growing Eastern cities?
Longhorn cattle
What three factors kept new immigrants from becoming assimilated into the mainstream American culture?
Many immigrants did not speak English. Many immigrants did not want to give up their native languages and culture. Many immigrants wanted to be surrounded only by people like them.
In the 1880s, huge deposits of iron ore were found around ____ ________, particularly in ___________.
Minnesota
The state not included in the Nez Perce reservation was ___.
Montana
1889
Montana, Washington, North Dakota, South Dakota
1867
Nebraska
1864
Nevada
1912
New Mexico and Arizona
1907
Oklahoma
Why were people interested in building a transcontinental railroad?
People wanted to connect the west coast, especially California, with the eastern states for faster travel and greater business profits.
Many historians use the terms "push factors" and "pull factors" when discussing immigration. What do you think they mean by these terms?
Push factors are those which cause a person to leave his home nation. Pull factors are those which cause a person to be attracted to a new place.
What was "standard gauge"?
Standard gauge was the name for the 4 feet, 8½ inches between the inner sides of the rails, the track gauge used for the transcontinental and all major connecting railroads.
_______ was preferred for railroad tracks and the bodies of locomotives and railroad cars. However, _______was still used for many years to create the steam boilers.
Steel; iron
How did the Act in Part A help farmers?
The Act allowed each county to have an agent who kept farmers informed about current developments in agriculture.
What was the Bozeman Trail?
The Bozeman Trail was a trail leading from Colorado to Montana through several mountain passes and valleys.
What was the purpose of the Homestead Act of 1862?
The Homestead Act of 1862 allowed settlers to buy land provided they followed certain provisions.
Why was the migration of the U.S. White population to the West detrimental to Plains Indians?
The White settlers and their assumption of territory meant further displacement for Native Americans, the threat of eradication by disease, and impacted their hunting due to land treaties and the decreasing herds of bison.
What are the ways in which the land-grant programs benefited the nation at large?
The country was brought closer together by the railroads. The railroads added jobs and stimulated growth in other industries. Western states could seek statehood. The railroads changed trade relations with Asia. They helped populate the West. The mind-set of settlers was changed by the railroads.
What was the reason for varying amounts of low interest loans for each mile of track?
The loan amounts varied based upon the difficulty of laying track through the terrain.
Why did immigrants desire to leave their homelands?
They left because their homelands were in crises.
Why did many cattle ranchers go out of business?
They lost too many cattle during dry seasons.
How did the government end Sioux attacks on the Bozeman Trail?
They sent all the Sioux to a reservation in South Dakota with fixed boundaries.
Why did cattlemen build ranches in the Great Plains?
They wanted to be closer to the rail yards and cow towns.
Why did factory owners open their factories?
They wanted to make money.
What happened if workers complained about conditions or about long hours?
They were discharged and replaced.
Why did factory owners hire children?
They were trying to save money to make a larger profit.
What event caused an end to the range wars?
Two terrible winters were marked by blizzards and hard freezes.
Who administered Native American policies during war?
U.S. Army
1896
Utah
tycoon
a powerful business person who has great influence within an industry
connotation
a secondary meaning of a term, other than the term's implicit or primary meaning, created by long association and usage
What was the earliest occupation of Plains Indians?
agriculture
scarcity
an insufficiency of supply; shortage
Advent
arrival; the coming
ineptitude
being completely without ability; foolish and awkward
Bill Gates
billionaire founder of Microsoft
Mining communities, called _______, sprang up almost overnight.
boom towns
Sam Walton
built the Walmart™ chain of discount stores beginning with a single store
innovations
changes made that improve techniques, processes, or items; new ways of doing
Estee Lauder
child of immigrants who built a cosmetics empire
Big corporations often forced smaller companies out of business to eliminate ___.
competition
In time, most mining claims belonged to mining _______.
corporations
decimated
destroyed a large proportion
annihilated
destroyed completely so that no trace remains
exploited
destroyed completely so that no trace remains
mutilated
disfigured by removing a body part or parts
What two types of power made a difference in the late 19th century?
electric; steam
The railroads did not cause all the new growth, but they ________ it.
enabled
The Dawes Act provided that ___.
every Native American couple would receive 160 acres from the reservation every unmarried Native American would receive 40 acres the unclaimed reservation lands would be sold to settlers
prowess
exceptional skill or ability
Miners who came to Colorado for the gold strike in 1858 were called "________."
fifty-niners
_______ mining involved digging deep into ore-bearing rock.
hard rock
devastating
having the result of complete destruction
subsistence
having to do with the source of food and other necessities, especially the minimum required
Crazy Horse died when ___.
he was bayoneted while resisting being placed in prison
What were three distinguishing characteristics of the Bureau of Indian Affairs?
ineptitude, inefficiency, and corruption
The two main natural resources needed for iron and steel production are ______ and ______.
iron ore; coal
What were some innovations in farming techniques that led to great productivity?
irrigation pest control crop rotation uses for grain products inorganic fertilizers
Miners had a strong sense of ________ and formed committees to maintain ______.
justice; order
What two sources of land were available to settlers?
land purchased from the railroads land through the Homestead Act
The regulations passed by citizen committees became the foundation for _______ in the western states.
mining codes
capital
money that is put to work in starting or financing a business
Some businesses established practical ___ of a business sector and controlled prices, wages, and transportation rates.
monopolies
The Nez Perce's Chief Joseph vowed ___.
never to fight again
exclusive
not shared; reserved for the use of one
What was done to punish those who had participated in the massacre?
nothing
mundane
ordinary; not special; common
consolidated
placed together into one entity
Much of the growth in American cities can be attributed to the _______.
railroads
What were the three distinct but confused positions of the federal policy toward Native Americans?
relocation, eradication, and assimilation
The discovery of gold, _______, and other minerals brought thousands of miners to the West.
silver
Where did longhorn cattle originate?
spain
detrimental
spoke evil of; ruined the reputation of
What were some innovations in farm machinery that led to improved results in agriculture in the Great Plains?
steam-powered reaper (combine) grain drill Steel plow tractor twine binder
In 1980, the Supreme Court ruled that ___.
the U.S. occupation of the Black Hills was illegal
eradication
the act of destroying completely
assimilation
the act of removing differences, such as cultural backgrounds, to bring into the mainstream of society
coercion
the act of using force or the threat of force to gain compliance or agreement
free enterprise
the economic theory that business will regulate itself by the law of supply and demand if allowed to operate free of government interference
massacre
the killing of large numbers of people, especially defenseless or innocent people
entrepreneurship
the principle of starting an enterprise to meet a perceived need, especially if doing so requires vision and risk
rebate
the return of a portion of a payment, usually in return for the promise of future business
perpetrators
those who commit an evil, immoral, or illegal act
retaliation
to give back evil for evil; to get even for wrongdoing by doing wrong in return
desecrated
treated the sacred with no respect; profaned
The Sherman Antitrust Act was an attempt to break up ___ and restore a competitive market.
trusts
Forcing competitors out of business was ___.
unethical
Carnegie used the strategy of _______ organization to make his business profitable.
vertical
The battle at Little Bighorn ___.
was lost because General Custer showed poor judgment and was outnumbered
What two immigrant groups provided large numbers of laborers for the first transcontinental railroad?
western section: Chinese; eastern section: Irish
What crop became popular in the northern part of the Great Plains, especially along the rivers?
wheat
What federal act nearly stopped the flow of Chinese immigrants?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Who led a shameful massacre by militia at Sand Creek?
Colonel John Chivington
1876
Colorado
What were the cities with important rail yards for cattle in the 19th century?
Dodge City, Kansas Abilene, Kansas Ellsworth, Kansas Kansas City, Missouri (or Kansas) Cheyenne, Wyoming Denver, Colorado Topeka, Kansas Wichita, Kansas
The Sioux people turned to their ancient ways and performed the ___ in hopes of getting help from the spirits.
Ghost Dance
The Great Plains region was once called the _______.
Great American Desert
Select the nations from which immigrants came after the Civil War.
Great Britain, Poland, Russia, Italy, China, Japan, Greece
Lional Sosa
Hispanic-American owner of a large advertising agency
What was introduced that was important to Plains Indians to herd bison and become more effective hunters?
Horses
What are the differences between the old-style artisanship and the new division of labor techniques?
In artisanship, one master craftsman learned and performed all the steps necessary to make an item. In the division of labor, the steps required to make an item were divided into small tasks. Each person in the assembly line needed to master only one or two steps.
The greatest oil tycoon was ___.
John D. Rockefeller
The ______ process involved blasting iron with hot air.
Bessemer
The Sioux had taken land in South Dakota from the ___.
Cheyenne
viable
able to survive
subsidized
given assistance; helped with money
The Sioux would not stand by and watch the ___ be desecrated by miners.
Black Hills
Who administered Native American policies during peace time?
Bureau of Indian Affairs
In what two years did America's economy experience a downturn?
1873 and 1890
The majority of American workers are employed by small businesses with fewer than ___ employees.
500
Which events were part of the Plains Indian Wars?
A massacre at Wounded Knee left 200 Sioux dead and ended armed resistance by Native Americans. After a long conflict, the Nez Perce were allowed to return to a reservation in northern Idaho. The Great Sioux War of 1876 included the defeat of the U.S. 7th Cavalry at Little Bighorn.
What group of immigrants, generally speaking, did not come to the United States by choice?
Africans
What is a working definition of the word "immigrant?"
An immigrant is someone who leaves their homeland and moves to a new country.
The most famous of the steel tycoons was ______.
Andrew Carnegie
What two companies began building railroads that would join to complete a transcontinental route?
Central Pacific Railroad and Union Pacific Railroad