USAHS Conditions Exam 2

Medication management for coming off substance abuse

-Buprenorphine is used for eliminating symptoms of opioid withdrawal. -Methadone reduces opioid cravings. -Naltrexone is used to prevent relapse in sober adults who have detoxed from opioid addictions. -Acamprosate reduces alcohol withdrawal symptoms. -Disulfiram causes an adverse reaction to the consumption of alcohol. -Naltrexone helps prevent relapse in sober individuals.

Depression disorder

Bipolar II disorder is characterized by depression and hypomanic episodes that do not turn into major manic episodes. Depressive episodes include feeling sad or empty, having little energy, decreased activity, feeling worried, having difficulty concentrating, changes in appetite, and thoughts of suicide

Manic-depressive disorder

Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive illness, can be classified as bipolar disorder I, which involves manic episodes of more than seven days and depressive episodes lasting a few weeks Manic episodes include feeling very high or elated, having lots of energy, becoming more active than usual, talking quickly, being irritable, racing thoughts, and doing risky things.

Biplolar disorder

Is marked by extreme mood changes, energy levels, and behavior. Signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder include periods of intense emotion, changes in sleep patterns, activity levels, and unusual behaviors

Down syndrome (intellectual disability)

Down syndrome is a type of intellectual disability that occurs from a genetic mutation in trisomy 21. It occurs in 1 out of 800 births. Down syndrome is more present in the children of mothers of an advanced maternal age. There is considerable variation in the intellectual impact of Down syndrome on a person and their ability to function.

ADHD · Signs and symptoms

For children who primarily present with hyperactivity and impulsivity, their symptoms may include the following: • Frequent movement or an inability to sit still • Running around or climbing and engaging in situations that are inappropriate • Inability to engage in hobbies quietly • Constant talking, blurting out answers, or interrupting others • Difficulty taking turns

PICA

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay, paper, sand, cotton balls. things that are not food

Schizophrenia medication management

antipsychotic medications such as clozapine, risperidone, and haloperidol.

Different types of anxiety disorders

anxiety disorder panic disorder various phobia-related disorders.

Spina Bifida Characteristics

flaccid or spastic paralysis bowel & bladder incontinence sensory disturbances MS deformities Latex allergy

cormobidities with down syndrome

heart defects vision problems hearing loss infections hypothyroidism blood disorders hypotonia (poor muscle tone) problems with upper spine dental problems epilepsy digestive problems celiac disease mental health

Different types of ADHD

inattentive type hyperactive-impulsive type combination type

Substance abuse effects

Reduced inhibition slurred speech motor impairment confusion memory problems concentration problems coma breathing problems death, accidents, risky behavior, violent behavior, suicide, increased risk of cancer

What are the DSM different components

the diagnostic classification the diagnostic criteria sets and the descriptive text.

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

which is a brain disorder with deficient B1 resulting in encephalopathy and psychosis obsessive drinking

Medication management of biplolar disorders

mood stabilizers such as lithium antipsychotics such as risperidone, antidepressants antipsychotics such as Symbyax anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines

Sensory Processing Disorder · Over vs under responsivity

over- senses are heightened. lights and scratching make people cringe Under responsivity- need that input (a lot of pressure, holding something, give bear hugs, hold weighted objects)

Anorexia nervosa

With anorexia, people severely restrict their food, appear very thin or emaciated, have an intense fear of weight gain, and have a distorted body image or self-esteem that is based on their weight and shape. People with anorexia also develop additional systemic problems from lack of nutrition. They experience changes in their bones, muscles, hair, nails, skin, blood pressure, digestion, and heart function. They may even incur brain damage or multiorgan failure as a result of their lack of nutrition.

Substance abuse characteristics

1. Taking larger and larger amounts of the substance 2. Wanting to cut down or stop using a substance but not being able to 3. Spending a significant amount of time related to obtaining, using, recovering from the substance 4. Cravings to use the substance 5. Not being able to perform roles and responsibilities because of the substance 6. Developing relationship problems as a result of using the substance 7. Giving up occupational activities because of the substance 8. Using the substance despite being put in danger 9. Continuing to use the substance even when you know there is a problem 10. Developing a tolerance to the substance 11. Developing withdrawal symptoms when not having the substance (DSM-V)

OCD what does it impact ?

A person with OCD cannot control their behaviors. They spend more than an hour a day on their obsession or compulsion they may feel a release of anxiety after performing their rituals, and their obsessions interfere with daily life. Sometimes a tic disorder develops along with OCD

intellectual disability

An intellectual disability is characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning or adaptive behavior that develop before the age of 18. Intellectual functioning involves the mental capacity for learning, reasoning, and problem-solving. The term "intellectual disability" encompasses a variety of conditions, including intellectual disability in reading, math, writing, motor skill deficits, language deficits, and auditory and visual processing issues. People with mild intellectual disabilities may have challenges in a few of these areas, and people with severe impairments may have disabilities in all of the areas described.

ADHD · Characteristic

Behavioral: aggression, excitability, fidgeting, hyperactivity, impulsivity, irritability, lack of restraint, or persistent repetition of words or actions Cognitive: absent-mindedness, difficulty focusing, forgetfulness, problem paying attention, or short attention span Mood: anger, anxiety, boredom, excitement, or mood swings Also common: depression or learning disability

cerebral palsy characteristics

Cerebral palsy is actually a group of disorders that impacts a person's motor control. It's caused by abnormal brain development or damage to a person's brain. Cerebral palsy varies in symptom severity from person to person. You may know people who have cerebral palsy, but you would have no idea unless they told you, because they have a very mild form that they have adapted to. There are also severe cases of cerebral palsy in which there are extreme limitations in movement, communication, and functioning. It's important to note that cerebral palsy is not progressive, though symptoms may change during a person's life. The actual damage to the brain that caused cerebral palsy does not change or worsen. Cerebral palsy may be discovered at birth, or it can be detected in early childhood by monitoring developmental milestones. If the brain damage that leads to cerebral palsy occurs before, during, or within the first month of birth, it is considered congenital cerebral palsy and makes up the majority of children who have the condition. Some brain damage that causes cerebral palsy can occur after a child is one month old, typically due to infections or head injuries.

Intellectual disability characteristics

Cognitive: low intelligences, problems with processing information, comprehension, memory. Difficulty with changing conditions, attention, memory, and decision making. Decision making ability varies, impaired language development. Cognitive/Perceptual Abilities: Need more preparation and movement time. Postural Development: Clumsy, awkward, lacks balance. Motor Development: Delays in motor development, delays in postural reflexes.

Developmental Coordination Disorder

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is described in the DSM-5 as a child who has motor coordination below expectations for their chronological age and may have delays in early motor milestones. Children with DCD may appear clumsy and have difficulties in either gross or fine motor movements, or both. These coordination difficulties interfere with occupations including school and ADLs.

dsm criteria for cerebral palsy

Diagnosis based on clinical presentation of a) delays in fine and gross motor development, b) persistence of primitive reflexes beyond age expectation, and c) distinct abnormalities presented on a neurological exam. •Cranial ultrasound •Brain MRI •Genetic/ metabolic testing

ASD · Pragmatic/echolalia

Echolalia: repeating like a parrot

PTSD characteristics

For people living with PTSD of any form, daily tasks, interpersonal relationships, and general functioning can be greatly impacted. Some people may avoid driving and, thus, rely on others for community mobility because of a car accident. They may have angry outbursts that his or her family that impact their satisfaction and quality of life. They may become socially withdrawn to avoid an episode in public or a trigger. They may not attend the annual family 4th of July picnic because the fireworks may trigger a flashback from a combat trauma, and so much more. These impacts on daily functioning, changes in roles, habits, social engagement, and so on can deeply impact someone's emotional wellbeing.

Brain Structures involved in ASD

Four social brain regions, :the amygdala OFC TPC and insula

Best course of treatment for anxiety

Most of the time the best type of management for anxiety disorders is a combination of pharmacological interventions as well as psychological interventions Antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) are used frequently to treat anxiety disorders The most effective management for anxiety disorders is really cognitive behavioral interventions and relaxation training. Understanding how to behaviorly change what you're experiencing and how you're approaching what you're experiencing with the anxiety disorder is really how you can begin to manage it yourself

ASD characteristics

Not showing interest in objects, people, and/or environments ● Having difficulty relating with others, including lack of eye contact, challenges understanding other people's feelings, and preferring to not be touched ● As they develop, loss of communication abilities they once had and difficulty expressing their needs ● Participation in repetitive actions or speech ● Unusual reactions to sensations ● Challenges adapting to changes in routine

Hypochondriasis

Obsession with the idea of having a serious but undiagnosed medical condition. Hypochondriasis usually develops during adulthood. Symptoms include a long-term and intense fear of having a serious condition and worry that minor symptoms indicate something serious. A person may frequently visit or switch doctors.

OCD characteristics

Obsessive thoughts include urges or mental images that cause anxiety, such as fear of germs or needing to have things in a perfect order. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that are performed in response to an obsessive thought. They may include excessive handwashing in response to an obsessive thought about germs or the compulsive ordering of objects as a result of an obsessive thought about perfect order

OCRD's in the DSM- what is it?

Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders (OCRD) is the umbrella term that describes disorders that have several features in common, including obsessive preoccupation and repetitive behaviors. These disorders have enough similarities to group them together in the same diagnostic classification, but enough important differences to exist as distinct subtypes. The DSM-5 OCRD cluster, comprising obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, hair-pulling disorder, and skin-picking disorder, represents some of the most costly, functionally disabling, and treatment-resistant brain disorders.

PTSD signs and symptoms

People with PTSD have all of the following symptoms for at least one month: • One reexperiencing symptom (flashbacks, bad dreams, frightening thoughts) • One avoidance symptom (staying away from reminders of the traumatic experience, avoiding thoughts or feelings related to this traumatic experience) • Two arousal or reactivity symptoms (being easily startled, feeling tense, difficulty sleeping, angry outbursts) • Two cognitive and mood symptoms (difficulty remembering, negative thoughts, guilt or blame, loss of interest in activities)

Bulimia nervosa

People with bulimia have recurrent bouts of eating unusually large amounts of food, binge eating followed by episodes of vomiting, fasting, excessive exercise, or excessive use of laxatives and diuretics to rid themselves of the extra weight. People with bulimia may be slightly underweight, normal weight, or even overweight. They typically have chronic sore throats, swollen glands, difficulty with their teeth, gastrointestinal issues, and chronic dehydration.

Schizophrenia characteristics

Positive symptoms are psychotic behaviors, including hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders, and movement disorders. Negative symptoms are inappropriate emotional and behavioral symptoms, including flat affect, depressive symptoms, difficulty with sustained attention, and decreased talking. Cognitive symptoms include difficulties with executive functioning, challenges in paying attention, and difficulty with memory.

OCD medication management

Serotonin reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) can reduce OCD symptoms if given in higher doses than typical for people experiencing depression. Antipsychotic medications may also be prescribed.

Major depression characteristics

Signs and symptoms of depression include feeling: empty hopeless irritable guilty fatigued restless, having difficulty concentrating and remembering, changes in appetite, physical feelings of pain without cause, and thoughts of suicide

cerebral palsy common types

Spastic cerebral palsy: increased muscle tone with stiffness and awkward movements. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy: includes athetoid. It involves problems controlling the movement of hands, arms, feet, and legs. Sitting and walking are both challenged. Movements appear writhing or slow. Ataxic cerebral palsy: involves challenges with balance and coordination. People with ataxic CP may appear to have difficulty with writing, walking, or reaching. Mixed cerebral palsy: includes people who have more than one type of CP; *spastic-dyskinetic CP is the most common

Spina Bifida

Spina bifida is a common, permanent birth defect that affects the neural tube and develops during the first month of gestation. Spina bifida can range from very mild to very severe forms depending on the type of malformation and its location.

When is sensory processing disorder a problem

These kids often don't handle change well. They may frequently throw tantrums or have meltdowns. But therapists consider a diagnosis of sensory processing disorder when the symptoms become severe enough to affect normal functioning and disrupt everyday life.

OCRD characteristics

Typically, OCRD are characterized by obsessions and compulsions. Obsessions are persistent and intrusive thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that result in anxiety. Compulsions take the form of overt behavioral acts or rituals, or covert mental acts. Compulsions may also include repetitive washing, checking, touching, counting, and ordering/arranging.

Substance abuse occupational performance

When it comes to caring for clients with substance abuse problems, kind of a unique role for us that may be not fully addressed by other professions who are also on the team is looking at the habit patterns and routines of clients because folks with substance abuse problems have spent most of their time revolved around either planning to engage in use of substance, engaging in the use of substance or recovering from the use of the substance. For folks who are sober, they need to learn how to be able to engage in life without that substance and so that means restructuring their use of their time and what they're doing with that time and help clients kind of come to terms to understand this issue.

Agoraphobia

is a fear of situations in which they may not be able to escape, so feeling of safety in home allows them to avoid situations that they may not be able to escape, so it's actually more of a social anxiety as opposed to a fear of leaving their home. It's actually a fear of where they're going as opposed to and what could happen as opposed to those types of experiences.

What is the DSM used for? Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (5th version),

is the handbook used by health care professionals in the United States and much of the world as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders. DSM contains descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders.

Medication management for depression

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors