Vascular Chapter 19-Multiple Choice
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
The heart & arteries contain ___% of blood volume; veins contain ____%. Why?
35 65, thinner walls are more easily stretched
Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is
90/55
ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, & ANP help regulate blood volume. Which also help regulate BP?
ADH & angiotensin II
Blood volume will decrease in response to
ANP
Which statement best describes arteries?
All carry blood away from the heart
Select the correct statement about blood flow
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
After 1.5 liters of blood loss, what will help restore venous return and improve cardiac output?
Epi & NE induced vasoconstriction, ADH & aldosterone secretion, and recall of interstitial fluids
This substance will increase heart contractility (positive inotropic effect), directly increasing cardiac output, and indirectly increasing blood pressure
Epinephrine
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?
Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier
Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?
It branches off of the inferior vena cava
Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?
Low blood pressure is associated with longer lifespan than high blood pressure
How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) determined?
MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
Which of the following is an example of a local vasoconstrictor?
Prostaglandins
A fall in blood pressure in the kidney will most directly cause an increase in
Renin
Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?
The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter
A person who stands all day is likely to suffer from what condition?
Varicosities
Which of the following is true about veins?
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?
a local increase in pH
The term ductus venosus refers to
a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver
ACE inhibitors will act to prevent
aldosterone & ADH secretion
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and blood-borne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?
altering blood volume
Which is a unique characteristic of arteries, when compared to veins?
an internal elastic lamina
Which of the following types of shock causes increased fluid leakage out of capillaries due to histamine?
anaphylactic
The circle of Willis protects the brain by serving as an important example of
arterial collaterals
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called
arterioles
The vessels that reduce blood pressure the most are
arterioles
Secondary hypertension can be caused by
arteriosclerosis
Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?
backflow of blood is more likely at low pressure
Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?
blood clotting
Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries?
blood flows slowly, exchange occurs quickly
Why might a person faint while standing in the hot sun?
blood pools in the lower extremities, heat causes ↓ cardiac output, ↓ blood to brain, and sweating causes ↓ blood volume
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?
blood vessel diameter
Without vasa vasorum
blood vessel walls would die
If all vasomotion were paralyzed, shock would follow primarily because
blood volume could not fill vessels
Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb
brachiocephalic, subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, palmar arch
The organ that is in greatest danger of damage without steady blood flow, and therefore regulates its own blood flow the most precisely is the
brain
Permitting the exchange of nutrients & gases between blood & tissue cells is the primary function of
capillaries
The vessels that have the slowest flow velocity are
capillaries
An increase in _____ will stimulate chemoceptors, causing a rise in blood pressure
carbon dioxide
Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?
cardiac output increases and resistance in visceral vessels increases
Which of the following types of shock would be best treated by raising the head of a patient's bed?
cardiogenic
The hepatic portal vein
carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
Tissues that contain no capillaries are
cartilage and epithelium
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?
changes in arterial pressure
In the fetal circulation, the ductus venosus
collects blood from hepatic & umbilical veins and empties into the inferior vena cava
The most common type of blood capillary is the
continuous capillary
If sympathetic nerves to the intestines are stimulated, blood flow will _____, and peripheral resistance will _____ to those organs, so that digestion will _____
decrease, increase, decrease
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except
decreased size of the heart muscle
From large to tiny arteries, as arteries get smaller, elastic tissue proportion _____, muscular proportion _____ relative to the thickness of each wall
decreases, increases
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
emotional state
Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?
falling blood volume
A thrombus in the popliteal vein prevents blood flow from the ___ vein(s) to the ___ vein(s)
fibular & tibial, femoral
_____ BP will stimulate increased activity from baroceptors located in the _____
high, aortic arch & carotid sinus
Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?
hydrostatic and osmotic pressure
Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?
hydrostatic pressure is higher
If a person developed a blood clot obstructing the vein beyond, net filtration pressure in the upstream capillaries would _____, causing fluid to move from _____ to _____ spaces
increase, intravascular, interstitial
If a person had a drop in plasma protein levels, net filtration pressure in the capillaries would _____, causing fluid to move from _____ to _____ spaces
increase, intravascular, interstitial
Peripheral resistance
increases as blood viscosity increases
Blood flow to the skin
increases when environmental temperature rises
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Brain blood flow autoregulation
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure
is the same as capillary blood pressure
Where are fenestrated capillaries important? Why?
kidney, for rapid filtration of H2O & solutes
What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?
ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
A stroke in the basilar artery will damage which regions of the brain?
medulla, pons, and cerebellum
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the
muscular arteries
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
nitric acid
If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?
not necessarily
The hepatic portal system delivers
nutrients to the liver
The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry
oxygenated blood
Aldosterone will
promote an increase in blood pressure
Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to all of the following destinations, except
quadriceps muscles
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
rapidly falling blood pressure
What happens if net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative?
reabsorption is occurring
Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?
renal regulation
The function of valves is to
resist flow reversal
If vessel diameter doubles, how is resistance affected? What equation expresses this
resistance is 16 times less, R ~ 1/r4
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called
sinusoids
The velocity of blood flow is
slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
In an MVA, celiac trunk injury will affect
stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas
The pulse pressure is
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
What causes a higher blood pressure in the aorta than the inferior vena cava?
the aorta precedes the IVC in the circuit
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include
the dural sinus reflex
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
the vessel selected to palpate
Histologically, the _____ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer
tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
tunica intima
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining BP and continuous blood circulation?
tunica media
Factors that aid venous return include all except
urinary output
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
If baroreceptors are unresponsive during hypertension, the patient will experience
vasoconstriction, high CO, low flow to the brain
The vessels that have the lowest pressure are
veins
The vessels that have valves and become diseased when these valves fail are
veins
Blood flow through a vessel will be increased by increasing
vessel diameter
