Vascular Chapter 19-Multiple Choice

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension?

170/96 in a 50-year-old man

The heart & arteries contain ___% of blood volume; veins contain ____%. Why?

35 65, thinner walls are more easily stretched

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is

90/55

ADH, angiotensin II, EPO, & ANP help regulate blood volume. Which also help regulate BP?

ADH & angiotensin II

Blood volume will decrease in response to

ANP

Which statement best describes arteries?

All carry blood away from the heart

Select the correct statement about blood flow

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood

After 1.5 liters of blood loss, what will help restore venous return and improve cardiac output?

Epi & NE induced vasoconstriction, ADH & aldosterone secretion, and recall of interstitial fluids

This substance will increase heart contractility (positive inotropic effect), directly increasing cardiac output, and indirectly increasing blood pressure

Epinephrine

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries?

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false?

It branches off of the inferior vena cava

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable?

Low blood pressure is associated with longer lifespan than high blood pressure

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) determined?

MAP = 2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP

Which of the following is an example of a local vasoconstrictor?

Prostaglandins

A fall in blood pressure in the kidney will most directly cause an increase in

Renin

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels?

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter

A person who stands all day is likely to suffer from what condition?

Varicosities

Which of the following is true about veins?

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds?

a local increase in pH

The term ductus venosus refers to

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

ACE inhibitors will act to prevent

aldosterone & ADH secretion

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and blood-borne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following?

altering blood volume

Which is a unique characteristic of arteries, when compared to veins?

an internal elastic lamina

Which of the following types of shock causes increased fluid leakage out of capillaries due to histamine?

anaphylactic

The circle of Willis protects the brain by serving as an important example of

arterial collaterals

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called

arterioles

The vessels that reduce blood pressure the most are

arterioles

Secondary hypertension can be caused by

arteriosclerosis

Why are valves located in veins, but not in arteries?

backflow of blood is more likely at low pressure

Which of the choices below does not involve tissue perfusion?

blood clotting

Which of the following is an important characteristic of capillaries?

blood flows slowly, exchange occurs quickly

Why might a person faint while standing in the hot sun?

blood pools in the lower extremities, heat causes ↓ cardiac output, ↓ blood to brain, and sweating causes ↓ blood volume

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance?

blood vessel diameter

Without vasa vasorum

blood vessel walls would die

If all vasomotion were paralyzed, shock would follow primarily because

blood volume could not fill vessels

Trace blood from the aortic arch to the right thumb

brachiocephalic, subclavian, axillary, brachial, radial, palmar arch

The organ that is in greatest danger of damage without steady blood flow, and therefore regulates its own blood flow the most precisely is the

brain

Permitting the exchange of nutrients & gases between blood & tissue cells is the primary function of

capillaries

The vessels that have the slowest flow velocity are

capillaries

An increase in _____ will stimulate chemoceptors, causing a rise in blood pressure

carbon dioxide

Why does blood pressure increase during exercise?

cardiac output increases and resistance in visceral vessels increases

Which of the following types of shock would be best treated by raising the head of a patient's bed?

cardiogenic

The hepatic portal vein

carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

Tissues that contain no capillaries are

cartilage and epithelium

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

changes in arterial pressure

In the fetal circulation, the ductus venosus

collects blood from hepatic & umbilical veins and empties into the inferior vena cava

The most common type of blood capillary is the

continuous capillary

If sympathetic nerves to the intestines are stimulated, blood flow will _____, and peripheral resistance will _____ to those organs, so that digestion will _____

decrease, increase, decrease

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except

decreased size of the heart muscle

From large to tiny arteries, as arteries get smaller, elastic tissue proportion _____, muscular proportion _____ relative to the thickness of each wall

decreases, increases

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

emotional state

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following?

falling blood volume

A thrombus in the popliteal vein prevents blood flow from the ___ vein(s) to the ___ vein(s)

fibular & tibial, femoral

_____ BP will stimulate increased activity from baroceptors located in the _____

high, aortic arch & carotid sinus

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls?

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

Why does most filtration take place at the arterial end of a capillary?

hydrostatic pressure is higher

If a person developed a blood clot obstructing the vein beyond, net filtration pressure in the upstream capillaries would _____, causing fluid to move from _____ to _____ spaces

increase, intravascular, interstitial

If a person had a drop in plasma protein levels, net filtration pressure in the capillaries would _____, causing fluid to move from _____ to _____ spaces

increase, intravascular, interstitial

Peripheral resistance

increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin

increases when environmental temperature rises

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Brain blood flow autoregulation

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure

is the same as capillary blood pressure

Where are fenestrated capillaries important? Why?

kidney, for rapid filtration of H2O & solutes

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth?

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

lungs

A stroke in the basilar artery will damage which regions of the brain?

medulla, pons, and cerebellum

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the

muscular arteries

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?

nitric acid

If blood pressure is almost normal in a person who has lost blood, does that mean the tissues are receiving adequate blood flow?

not necessarily

The hepatic portal system delivers

nutrients to the liver

The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry

oxygenated blood

Aldosterone will

promote an increase in blood pressure

Blood in the left internal iliac artery could travel to all of the following destinations, except

quadriceps muscles

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?

rapidly falling blood pressure

What happens if net filtration pressure (NFP) is negative?

reabsorption is occurring

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure?

renal regulation

The function of valves is to

resist flow reversal

If vessel diameter doubles, how is resistance affected? What equation expresses this

resistance is 16 times less, R ~ 1/r4

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?

right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called

sinusoids

The velocity of blood flow is

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

In an MVA, celiac trunk injury will affect

stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas

The pulse pressure is

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

What causes a higher blood pressure in the aorta than the inferior vena cava?

the aorta precedes the IVC in the circuit

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include

the dural sinus reflex

Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?

the vessel selected to palpate

Histologically, the _____ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer

tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?

tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining BP and continuous blood circulation?

tunica media

Factors that aid venous return include all except

urinary output

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

If baroreceptors are unresponsive during hypertension, the patient will experience

vasoconstriction, high CO, low flow to the brain

The vessels that have the lowest pressure are

veins

The vessels that have valves and become diseased when these valves fail are

veins

Blood flow through a vessel will be increased by increasing

vessel diameter