Vision, hearing, vestibular disorders

What is Cataracts. Risk factors? Manifestations?

-Lens opacity (clouding) that interferes with the transmission of light to the retina -Usually bilateral -Aging is most common cause -Risk factors: sunlight ultraviolet radiation, diabetes, trauma, drugs (corticosteroids) -Manifestations: blurred vision and visual distortion

Strabismus

-Strabismus is any misalignment of the eyes. -Eye can turn in various directions u -The 3 cranial nerves (III, IV, VI) responsible for eye movement can be weak or palsied and cause strabismus.

What is the difference between bacterial, viral, allergic conjunctivitis?

Bacterial- unilateral or bilateral, large amount of yellow/green drainage, eyelids are sticky and tender, transferred from mom to baby during delivery Viral- unilateral or bilateral, highly contagious-through direct contact, hyperemia(redness), copious tearing, minimal exudate of the eyes Allergic- bilateral, tearing, itching, and hyperemia(redness) of the eyes

conjuctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva

AMBLYopia

-Also called "Lazy Eye" -Eye and the brain are not working well together. -Decrease in visual acuity resulting from abnormal visual development in infancy or early childhood. -Most common cause of monocular visual impairment. -Responsive to early treatment -Before 6 years

Vertigo? Central vs peripheral vestibular disorders?

-An illusion of motion occurs -The person may be stationary, but senses the environment is in motion -Motion sickness is a form of physiologic vertigo -Vertigo can occur due to a Central or Peripheral Vestibular Disorder: Central -Occurs from dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus in the brainstem Peripheral -Occurs because of dysfunction of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear

Macular Degeneration

-Degenerative changes in the central portion of the retina -Results in loss of central vision -Age related is most common

Meniere's Disease. possible causes?

-Disorder of the inner ear -Triad of Manifestations... -Hearing loss -Vertigo -Tinnitus -Fluctuating episodes of symptoms occurs -Can be so severe as to lead to inability to sit or walk Possible causes... abnormality in the structure and/or the amount of fluid in the inner ear -Infection, trauma, endocrine, vascular -High sodium diet causing fluid increase in ear

Glaucoma

-Increased intraocular pressure in the eye •Imbalance between the aqueous humor production and drainage •Elevated pressure will damage the optic nerve and impair vision

Nystagmus? Pendular nystagmus vs Jerk nystagmus?

-Involuntary unilateral or bilateral rhythmic eye movement. Pendular nystagmus -regular back and forth movement Jerk nystagmus -one phase of the eye movement is faster than the other

What is the best menu selection for a client prescribed a low sodium diet for Ménière's disease? a)Seafood stir-fry with fried rice b)Baked chicken with steamed broccoli c)Canned spaghetti with garlic bread d)Salami sandwich on rye bread with pickle

ANSWER: B. A low sodium diet helps to minimize fluid retention and has been recommended for treatment of Ménière's disease. Foods high in sodium include many processed foods such as TV dinners, salty snacks, cheeses, cured meats, seafood, broths, gravy, salad dressings, pickles, and soy sauce.

The nurse documents the presence of nystagmus when assessing a client. This can be interpreted as: a)Voluntary eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field b)Involuntary eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field c)Fixed eye movements that preserve eye fixation on unstable objects in the visual field d)Unilateral eye movement that preserve eye fixation on unstable objects in the visual field

ANSWER: B. Nystagmus refers to the involuntary eye movements that preserve eye fixation on stable objects in the visual field during angular and rotational movements of the head. As the body rotates, the vestibular-ocular reflexes cause a slow compensatory drifting of eye movement in the opposite direction, thus stabilizing the binocular fixation point.

Amblyopia, or lazy eye, occurs at a time when visual deprivation or abnormal binocular interactions occur in visual infancy. Whether amblyopia is reversible depends on what a)The child has to be older than 5 years b)The child has to have bilateral congenital cataracts c)The child has to be able to wear contact lenses d)Maturity of the visual system at time of onset

ANSWER: D. The reversibility of amblyopia depends on the maturity of the visual system at the time of onset and the duration of the abnormal experience. The other answers are incorrect.

Conductive, sensorineural vs mixed hearing loss?

Conductive -Stimuli is NOT conducted to the middle ear -Impacted ear wax, otitis externa... Sensorineural -Stimuli IS conducted to the middle ear...BUT the inner ear structures (cochlear apparatus or auditory nerves) prevent conduction of sensory messages to the brain -Ototoxic drugs, Noise, head injury... Mixed -Includes both conductive and sensorineural loss