VMIR Mid term Questions Ch. 1-6

The main difference between the NCVS and the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) is which of the following?

-NISVS: a conscious effort to avoid preconceptions about VMIR crimes -NCVS: a crime survey; responses are based on participants' conception of what is or is not a crime

According to the authors estimates of child prostitution have ranged from ______ to ______.

1,4oo - 326,000

Which of the following statement best describes why children are incapable of providing informed consent to sexual interactions with adults?

Developmental status limits their understanding of what they are consenting to and they may not be able to decline because of the adult's authority status.

Which of the following is NOT one of the six categories of parental behavior that constitute child psychological maltreatment according to the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children's revised guidelines?

Distressing

According to the authors which of the subcategories of child neglect has caused the most disagreement in its definition?

Emotional neglect

Beginning in 1988, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect included which of the following in the definition of child abuse?

Endangerment standard and a harm standard

Because defining child sexual abuse is difficult, which of the following is one way to distinguish between abusive and nonabusive behaviors?

Evaluating the intent of the perpetrator

Which of the following is the most consistent risk factor for child sexual abuse?

Female sex

According to the authors which of the following is a likely explanation to the statistics that females perpetrate slightly more child maltreatment than men?

Mothers spend more time with their children than fathers do

The two most common causes of death of the 1580 children that died in 2014 were which of the following?

Neglect and physical abuse

Even though age varies widely among child sexual abuse offenders, the authors cite studies that show two distinct age periods for the onset of offending which are ______.

adolescence and thirties

Hebephilia refers to ______ child sexual abuse.

adult-to-adolescent

Mandatory reporting laws ___________________.

apply to individual who have regular contact with vulnerable populations including children, adults who are dependent due to a disability, and senior citizens or elderly adults

Interventions for psychologically maltreating parents, particularly those who emotionally neglect their children are based on _____________ theory.

attachment theory

Why are rates of VMIR so much harder to accurately estimate than other crimes such as homicide?

attempting to estimate the dark figure for VMIR poses various problems including creating definitions of ambiguous concepts such as "child neglect", difficult variable operationalization, and insurmountable data collection barriers

The primary factors that distinguish child psychological maltreatment from nonabusive dysfunctional parenting are that patterns of child psychological maltreatment are _____________.

chronic, severe, and escalating

According to the authors it is difficult to interpret disparate risk factors among different races and ethnicities because _________________.

the difference may be related to SES and there is a disproportionate rate of nonwhite children living in poverty

According to the authors, claim making refers to ______________________.

the process by which individuals, or interest groups that express concerns about a particular social condition

The sex distributions of reported cases indicate that females are _____ as likely to be reported as perpetrators of emotional neglect compared to males.

twice

While many saw Nicholas v. Scoppetta as a victory for women's rights, child protection authorities argued that _____________.

women were at fault for engaging in domestic violence

The social constructionist perspective purports that _____________________.

Social problems come and go as societal reactions to given conditions and responsive behaviors change

Which of the following is NOT true of the Uniform Crime Report?

The UCR is the most accurate estimate of VMIR crimes available

The authors explore this "it just happens" argument in order to underscore ___________.

The broad cultural acceptance that makes VMIR more likely to occur

Deterrence theory refers to what concept?

The certainty and severity of formal legal punishment

Sociologists define social control as which of the following?

The collective efforts of a society to ensure conformity and prevent deviance

The authors use the example of legal infanticide in 4th-century Rome and Greece to highlight which of the following?

The condemnation of child ab use, and the idea that children should be loved and nurtured is a relatively modern notion

The authors cite the differences in U.S. and European definitions of male circumcision to highlight which of the following?

The definition of child sexual abuse depends on the historical period, cultural context, and values of specific social groups.

The case of Mary Ellen Wilson led to which important development in the recognition of child abuse as criminal?

The founding of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in 1874

Level II of the funnel metaphor described by the authors refers to which of the following?

The number of cases that are reported to official agents of social control

Which of the following is NOT discussed by the authors as a way in which the social constructionist perspective helps us understand VMIR?

The social constructionist perspective aids in understanding what motivates perpetrators of VMIR

Which of the following is NOT a protective factor discussed by the authors?

Tow-parent households

The treatment of choice which has shown the greatest evidence of effectiveness for children that have experienced physical abuse is which of the following?

Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

The authors cite which of the following theories as perhaps the most comprehensive theory to date in explaining sexual offending?

Ward and Beech's integrated theory of sexual offending

Which of the following is an example of Peter Berger's outer ring, or formal mechanism of social control?

Child Protective Services (CPS)

The last forms of child maltreatment to attract attention were which of the following?

Child neglect and child psychological maltreatment

Which of the following is NOT a reason cited by the authors that it is problematic to include child outcomes in the definition of child psychological maltreatment?

Child outcomes are often hard to prove in criminal and civil court

According to the authors, the case history at the beginning of the chapter outlining the child sexual abuse suffered by Sashim at the hands of her stepfather, Bhagwan underscores which of the following?

Child sexual abuse is extraordinarily complex in its characteristics, dynamics, causes, and consequences

According to the authors which of the following is NOT true with regard to economic and family contextual risk factors?

Children living with unmarried parents are the most at risk for experiencing child physical abuse.

Which age group of children are the most vulnerable to neglect

Children under 3 years of age

Which of the following examples do the authors use as contemporary examples of sex-selective feticide?

China's one-child policy

The national Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) is ________________.

A federally sponsored data collection system based on data from all 50 states CPS programs

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is _____________________.

A semiannual victim survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice

On average, children spend _________ in out-of-home placement.

2 years

The most representative and methodologically sound self-report surveys in the literature indicate rates of child sexual abuse at ______ for women and ______ for men in North America.

20%; 5-10%

Which of the following is true of shaken baby syndrome?

20-25% of children diagnosed with shaken baby syndrome die as a result of their injuries

The Ms. Magazine Campus Project on Sexual Assault study by Mary Koss found that ____ of college women surveyed had been victims of rape or attempted rape.

27%

In one study, ______ of child physical abuse victims met criteria for PTSD.

36%

Research that focuses specifically on criminal victimization, suggests that approximately how many victims of IPV are women?

4/5

The first National Family Violence Survey using the Conflict Tactics Scale found that _______.

45% of parents reported insulting or swearing at their child

The Youth Internet Safety Survey (YISS) showed that 1 in ______ children in their sample reported having experienced an unwanted sexual solicitation.

5

Children with prior allegations of child maltreatment died from intentional injuries at a rate _____ times greater than children not reported for child maltreatment.

5.9

As the authors discuss, in one review of recent studies, child maltreatment was shown to co-occur with intimate partner violence in as many as ______ of families.

67%

Approximately ___________ of all children maltreatment cases reported to CPS in 2014 were neglect.

75%

Which of the following is an example of polyvictimization?

A 6-year-old child is physically and sexually abused by his father, while also witnessing his father physically abuse his mother

Which of the following is NOT an action that the authors discuss as prenatal neglect?

Abortion

Research shows that LGBTQ couples experience ________ violence than heterosexual couples.

As much or more

Which of the following statements best describes the definitional issues related to child neglect?

At present, no single definition of child neglect is universally accepted making it very hard to measure

The third component discussed by the authors of child sexual abuse involves which of the following?

Broader definitions of child sexual abuse involving the age or maturational advantage of the perpetrator over the victim

The martial exemption law maintained that __________________.

By entering into a marriage contract a wife gives consent to sexual intercourse with their husband

Overt sexual acting out toward adults or other children, compulsive masturbation, excessive sexual curiosity, sexual promiscuity, and precocious sexual play and knowledge is referred to as ______.

sexualized behavior

Lower-income families are consistently __________________________.

significantly more likely that higher income families to psychologically mistreat their children

Which of the following is an example of Peter Berger's inner ring, or informal mechanism of social control?

Colleague reaction to a violation of social norms

A causal link between correlated variables can be established if ________________.

the criteria of time order and nonspuriousness are met

Which of the following statements best describes the current state of child neglect prevention and intervention strategies?

Few intervention and prevention strategies have been devised to address the unique aspects of child neglect.

Victimization rates of intimate partner violence, adult sexual assault, child sexual abuse, and child physical abuse since the early 1990s have ___________.

Gone down

Two protective factors that the authors mention as having been shown to affect resilence are which of the following?

High intellectual function in the CPA victim and the presence of a supportive parent figure

One reason the authors discussed as to why mandated reporting with regard to children's exposure to IPV puts victims in a difficult position is that:

IPV victims may be less likely to seek help

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the frequency of child physical abuse?

In 2014, over 4,000 children died as a result of child abuse

The Advantage of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) definition of child psychological maltreatment is that ___________________.

In considering child outcomes it recognizes harm and potential harm

Which of the following was NOT highlighted by the authors as instrumental in getting domestic violence to be taken seriously at a national level?

Intimate Partner Violence Act

According to the authors, purely objective scientific analysis of society, particularly with relation to VMIR, _______________________.

Is not always truly possible; however, researchers should be careful not to let advocacy commitments lead to poor scholarship

Out-of-home care placements discussed by the authors typically include which of the following kinds of placements?

Kinship care, foster care, and residential group settings

Which social ecological factor is the most powerful predictor of neglect?

Low socioeconomic status

Which of the following are NOT discussed as a potential or observed long-term outcome of child neglect?

Lowered self-efficacy

In terms of sex, are males or females at greater risk for child physical abuse?

Males are at slightly greater risk than females

One reason psychological child maltreatment has received less attention than other forms of child maltreatment is because ____________.

Other forms of abuse are more likely to result in immediate and observable harm

The authors explain that newer models outlining the subtypes of child psychological maltreatment include a suggested ninth subtype which is:

Parental inconsistency

Official statistics indicate that ___________ is most often the perpetrator in child physical abuse cases.

Parents

Which two controversial issues do the authors discuss in terms of the definitional debate of child neglect?

Poverty and parental intent, and cultural context

The Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography Act of 1986 ______.

Provides for federal prosecution of individuals engaged in child pornography

Which of the following is NOT a goal of the Nurse-Family Partnership program?

Providing early childhood and infant immunizations

The recognition of sexual maltreatment and abuse can be traced back to _______________.

Sigmund Freud

No-drop prosecution policies

Requires prosectors to move forward with criminal proceedings even if the victim has recanted or asked that prosecution cease

Which historical event was the seed for the women's right movement?

Seneca Fall Convention

According to the authors it is hard to interpret official reports from sources such as the National Incidence Studies, and self-report surveys because ______________.

There is likely a significant under-reporting for very young children

Which of the following statements IS true about the National Incidence Studies?

These surveys of professionals who are mandated to report cases of child maltreatment to CPS and provide estimates of the incidence of child maltreatment

What is the purpose of safe-haven laws?

They allow mothers to give up children anonymously in safe locations

The authors explain the "it just happens" argument as troubling because ____________.

This argument is not acceptable outside of intimate relationships

Binggeli and colleagues (2001) recommend treatment interventions that focus on three domains that correspond to negative outcomes associated with child psychological maltreatment including which of the following?

interpersonal issues, social and interpersonal issues, behavior, and emotional problems

The authors explain The House of Refuge movement as historically important because ___________________.

it represents the U.S. government's first attempt to intervene in neglect and abuse cases

Child psychological maltreatment is the _________ common form of reported and substantiated maltreatment.

least

According to the U.S. Commission to Eliminate Child Abuse and Neglect Fatalities child fatalities are ________________.

not declining

Unlike physical and sexual abuse child neglect is an act of ______ rather than ______.

omission; commission

The most important preabuse risk factors include ______.

prior traumatic experiences, pior psychological problems, and dysfunctional family environment