FFF Exam 3

What are the main steps in wine production? How are yeast involved in the making of wine? What is the name of spent yeastand the person who removes them?

- grapes are crushed and squeeze to produce grape juice (grape juice is contaminated with other debris) - special yeast is added to the solution and the juice starts to ferment & the process continues until the wine gets to 12-14% range which denatures the yeast - sulfur is added to solution to inhibit bacteria from making vinegar- racking is done to separate dead yeast cells from wine - fining agents added to clarify the wine

???What is Opiocordyceps sinensis? What does it parasitize? Can it be cultivated? What benefits does its use have?

-"caterpillar fungus" parasitizes larvae of ghost moths -cannot be cultivated -benefits

How is it determined if indoor mold counts are dangerous?

-A good count can be determined by comparing the mold count within the home and that seen outside for the home, for mold count tends to be dependent upon seasonal factors such as weather or humidity -Typical spore counts: 100-20,000 spores/m3

What is Kombucha? How is it generally made?

-A health drink made from sweet black or green tea inoculated with a "starter"consisting of various yeasts and lactic acid bacteria -Kombucha is made by introducing a SCOBY (symbiotic colony of bacteria and yeast) into brewed black or green tea, and sugar. The mix is then left to ferment for a week to a month

What is toenail fungus? Why is it harder to treat?

-A toenail fungus is an infection that occurs within the nail bed, causing an increase in keratin production. -need to treat with oral antifungal medication becasue it needs to penetrate deeper than the skin and into nail matrix

Who were the 3 scientists involved in mass production of penicillin and what were their roles?

-Alexander Fleming was initial discoverer and main researcher -Ernst Chain (biochemist) purification and Howard Florey (physician) human trials

???What are statins? What do they treat? What edible fungus is known to produce large quantities of statins?

-Aspergillus terreus and others -used to lower cholesterol and treat heart disease -oyster mushroom

What is whiskey fungus? Why is it a problem?

-Baudoinia -Found near distilleries, bakeries, spirit maturation facilities -Use ethanol as a carbon source -Class action lawsuits filed for damage

What is candidiasis? What fungus causes it? What causes the fungus to overgrow and become a pathogen? How does this fungus change when it becomes a pathogen? What are the symptoms?

-Candida albicans -Normal inhabitant of mammalian digestive tract and other mucous membranes. Cause of common genital yeast infections in both men and women -Overgrowth occurs due to antibiotics,steroids, pregnancy, immunesuppression -turn into a filament AKA when it becomes problematic and causes overgrowth -cause inflammation and thrush (oral candidasis), In rare cases can be systemic-invasice candidiasis

What is chytridiomycosis? What animals are affected? Where did the fungi come from? How do these diseases lead to death of the animals?

-Caused by a true fungus in the Chytridiomycota, the whole group are water molds with swimming asexual spores with one flagellum -frogs -Africa -The sporing body of chytridiomycosis loses its flagella and infects the skin of their amphibian host, creating a structure than inhibits the gas exchange amphibians such as frogs implement to breathe

What is mycetoma? How are people affected? Where is it endemic?

-Caused by several species of fungi -Deep infection (usually of limbs) resulting in drainage sinuses and granules -Madura foot is endemic in Africa, India and the Central and South Americas

What is cryptococcosis? What fungi cause it? What special feature do these fungi have? What are the symptoms? What is it associated within the environment? Which people are most affected?

-Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii -caused by yeast with thick cell walls-capsule structure -Lung dysfunction (pneumonia-like symptoms), skin lesions, meningitis -associated with bird/pigeon poop -Most problematic in people with weakened immune systems

What is a dermatophyte? What do dermatophytes consume? What are some example conditions caused by dermatophytes? Are they spread from people to other animals and back?

-Dermatophytes (keratin-loving "skin plants") -Athlete's foot, Ring worm, Jock Itch, Toenail fungus -Interspecies transmittance is uncommon but possible among dermatophyte caused diseases.

What drugs are used to treat mycoses? How do they each work?

-Griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvin) - inhibits mitosis -Polyenes (Amphotericin (IV; AmphoTerrible), Nystatin (topical)) - bind ergosterol more than cholesterol making cells leaky -Sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (azoles) (ketonazole, fluconazole, miconazole, itraconazole) - inhibit synthesis of ergosterol -Echinocandins - new class of antifungals that inhibit synthesis of beta glucans in cell wall

How can mold allergies be combatted?

-OTC allergy meds -Rx or allergy shots, if severe -Air purifier - HEPA filter -Avoidance of mold

What is white nose syndrome? What animals are affected? Where did the fungi come from? How do these diseases lead to death of the animals?

-Pseudogymnoas cus destructans -bats -Europe -This fungus thrives in cold environments, and so when bats go into a reduced metabolic state for hibernation infection tends to occur, causing them to wake up from their hibernation. This premature awakening is what kills the bats, for they essentially starve due to the fact that they are still amid winter and insect populations are still low (depleted food supply)

What is sporotrichosis? What fungus causes it? What materials is it found on naturally? What symptoms does it cause? What animal (in addition to humans) is very susceptible?

-Rose Handler's Disease (Sporothrix schenkii) -common in peat moss and hay materials -painful lesions -Really bad in cats: feral cats fighting with each other (Rio de Janero)

Which yeast is often used in research? What accomplishments have been made with it?

-Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a model organism in biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics -Several Nobel prizes have been awarded for workusing yeast

What is toxic black mold? What is the fungus? What kind of materials does it like to grow on? What toxic compounds does the fungus make? What effects do they have on people?

-Stachybotrys chartarum -straw or paper -preference for high cellulose and low nitrogen environments that are very damp and therefore often grows upon dry wall. -Trichothecene mycotoxins (satratoxin): protein synthesis inhibitor and weakens blood vessels -Cyclosporine: immune supressor -toxins can cause severe rashes and hemorrhage -Common symptoms in humans were rash, skin inflammation, pain and inflammation of the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat, conjunctivitis, a burning sensation of the eyes and nasal passages, tightness of the chest, cough, bloody rhinitis, fever, headache, and fatigue

What is sick building syndrome? What are mold allergies and asthma (due to mold)?

-Term describes a situation in which the air quality in a building produces generalized signs and symptoms of ill health in the building's occupants -Symptoms same as other types of allergies, but occur year round, and/or get worse in damp weather: Sneezing, runny nose, itchy throat, watery eyes, wheezing, rash, hives, The molds are not causing an infection, Symptoms are result of immune response, 5% of Americans estimated to have mold allergies, For people sensitive to molds, inhaling mold spores can trigger a dangerous asthma attack

What is Agarikon?

-The panacea mushroom "remedy for all disease": Injuries, bruises, falls, and fractures, Kidney disease (difficulty in passing urine), Menstrual insufficiency, Liver problem, Hysteria Dysentery, Epilepsy... etc -wood decaying fungus

What is cyclosporine? What does it treat? What has it allowed surgeons to do that could not be done before it was discovered?

-Tolypocladium inflatum -immunosuppresant used to prevent the body from rejecting a transplanted organ -allowed surgeons to transplant organs and prevent organ rejection

???What is coccidiodomycosis? What is the common name of the disease? What fungus causes it? Is it endemic? Where? What are the symptoms? Are other animals affected? Which animal is especially susceptible? Why? Why is this an issue in prisons in the Central Valley of California?

-Valley Fever -Coccidioides immitis -endemic to central and southwest California in desert soils -Begins in the respiratory tract, but can become systemic, causes bas skin lesions -Dogs get it a lot because they like to dig in the dirt, can cause bone infections and cause anorexia -animals in zoos affected -Got bad in a prison at one point in California: prisoners hadnt been exposed to it so it affected them worse

What are yeasts? What are their characteristics? How do they reproduce?

-Yeast are not a related group but a superficial lumping of fungal organisms with a similar growth habit -single celled, reproduce by budding or fission, sometimes with a mycelial form (dimorphic) -Many can reproduce sexually by making ascospores or basidiospores

What are actinomycetes? Which antibiotics do they make?

-a bacterium of an order that typically has a nonmotile filamentous form. heterogenous group of gram positive bacteria -Actinomycin, streptomycin, chloromycetin, tetracycline

What is Noble rot? What types of wines are made from it?

-beneficial from of grey fungus that affects grapes -Botrytis cinerea -Botrytised wine

What is Malassezia? What condition is it associated with? What does Malassezia consume?

-dandruff fungus, oil-loving fungus

What is turkey tail? What is the active compound in Turkey Tail and what does it do?

-fungal organism with multicolored appearance and disk shape -antitumor activity of protein bound polysaccharides (PSK)

What are the activities of the active ingredients within Ganoderma lucidum?What are the fungus's common names? Is this fungus common or rare in nature? Is it cultivated?

-ganoderic acids: steroid hormones with hepatoprotective properties -polysaccharides and beta-glucans: boost the immune system -common names "reshi" or "lingzhi" -common -can be cultivated

What are the important active ingredients in Ganoderma lucidum?

-important active ingredient beta 1-3 glucan and ganoderic acids

What are the active medicinal compounds in shiitake? What are their activities?

-lentinan: complex polysaccharide from cell walls of the mushrooms, antitumor via enhanced immune function -LEM: lentinula edodes mycelial extract from powered mycelium. Complex mix of vitamins, nucleic acids, and suagrs, with antiviral (esp. HIV) activity

Who is Otzi the Iceman? What fungi was he discovered with?

-mummy of a man that lived in 3000 BC and discovered in 1991, was 5,300 years old (Neolithic Era). -birch polypore and tinder polypore

What are mycoses? Why are they increasing?

-mycoses are diseases that are brought about by fungal infection Increasing due to: -Increased awareness by diagnosticians & clinicians -Improved diagnostic techniques -Increased use of medical procedures that compromise the healthy immune system -Increased incidence of HIV/AIDS -Aging population -Movement of fungi through increased international travel and trade, and climate change

What is antibiotic resistance and how does it develop?

-over use -failure to follow treatment to completion -drugs in livestock, water supplies, etc.

How else are mycoses managed, other than drugs?

-over-the-counter antifungals -drug therapy -minimize exposure to pathogens; avoid high-hazard sites -boost immune system

What is histoplasmosis? What fungus causes it? Is it endemic? Where? What are the symptoms? What environmental areas are contaminated with it?

-respiratory pathogen caused by a fungus that grows on bird poop -Histoplasma capsulatum -seemingly non-endemic, with this disease's occurrences taking place wherever birds are prominent. Ohio river valley/ Appalachian mountains main area where it is found -infection starts in lungs and causes problems with organs (heart) and tissues if it becomes systemic -areas with lots of birds

How are yeast used in bread making? What are yeast flakes, vegemite andmarmite?

-sugar and yeast combined without oxygen to allow bread to puff -nutritional yeasts

What is alcoholic fermentation and how are yeast involved?

-yeast converts sugars to ethanol and CO2

What are the four most common genera of molds that cause allergies?

1. Cladosporium 2. Aspergillus 3. Penicillium 4. Alternaria

How is beer making different from wine making?

1. Ingredients for beer sterilized; those for wine not quite so clean 2. Different species or strains of yeast used 3. Sugar for beer comes from malted barley; that for wine from grape juice 4. Additives - hops added to beer 5. water added to beer

What are the three general types of mycoses? Which are the worst?

1. Localized, superficial, site-specific 2. Localized, subcutaneous, not site-specific 3. Systemic, disseminated -systematic, disseminated is the worst

What makes wines different from one another?

1. varieties of grape 2. weather and soil 3. native and introduced yeasts 4. other additives

Which of the following fungal diseases is called Valley Fever and is caused by what most consider to be the most virulent fungus to humans? A. Coccidioidomycosis B. Histoplasmosis C. Aspergillosis D. Mucormycosis

A. Coccidioidomycosis

How was penicillin discovered?

Alexander Fleming returned from a holiday to find mold growing on a petri dish of Staphylococcus bacteria and noticed the mold seemed to be preventing the bacteria from growing around it

Which of the following medicinal compounds is not fungal in origin? A. penicillin B. streptomycin C. griseofulvin D. lovastatin

B. streptomycin

Why is Amphotericin called amphoterrible?

Because polyenes such as amphotericin can cause severe symptoms due to cholesterol binding. Can cause kidney toxicity and is very expensive.

Why was penicillin so important in WWII?

Before, soldiers were more likely to die from infections that developed following wounds than from the wounds themselves, so when penicillin was discovered and mass production was achieved it gave physicians a means to combat infections among soldiers.

Other antibiotics from molds:

Cephalosporin (antibacterial) Griseofulvin (antifungal)

Which mycoses is the most virulent, even to people with competent immune systems?

Coccidioidomycosis (aka Valley Fever)

How is mold detected?

Detection can often be conducted by implementing detection devices or implementation of an agar dish/ petri plate

How is Ice Wine made?

Grapes are harvested and pressed while frozen solid (-10°C) so water can be driven out as shards of ice leaving a higher concentration of sugars and after fermentation a higher concentration of alcohol

What group does each of the mycoses discussed fall into?

Localized, superficial, site-specific -athletes foot -ringworm -jock itch -toenail fungus Localized, subcutaneous, not site-specific -sporotrichosis/Rose Handler's Disease -mycetoma Systemic, disseminated -Cryptococcosis -Coccidioidiomycosis -Histoplasmosis Candidiasis is a special case, because where it proves to be site-specific in some patients, it has also shown to be systemic in others.

Which types of mycoses are contagious?

Localized, superficial, site-specific mycoses are the only contagious fungal diseases of humans

How is sake made? What fungi are involved?

Rice + Aspergillus oryzae turns starch to sugar Sugar + yeast makes the brew

What is the extra step in sparkling wine production?

Sugar and more yeast added near the end and bottle is capped to give the "bubbly

???What is Cordyceps?

Used for endurance, to treat fatigue and cancer, protect the liver, as an antidepressant

What is wood ear?

botanically classified as Auricularia poytricha, are a wild, edible ear jelly fungus.

What are the different sugar sources for alcoholic beverages?

brandy: distilled wine bourbon: from corn rum: fermented molasses vodka: fermented potatoes whiskey is very similar to beer

What is the name of spent yeast and the person who removes them?

degorgeur removes spent yeast by spinning the bottle

How is kefir made?

made by fermenting milk with yeast and bacteria

What is the most important first step in mold remediation?

solve the water problem

Why do fungi make antibiotics?

to serve as a natural defense mechanism to kill/inhibit bacteria

What are hops and how do they contribute to beer?

type of flower, make beer bitter and better

What is the main problem that causes indoor mold issues?

water retention