VP Lab #5 Respiration

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) and how large is it in young adult males and females?

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the volume of air that can be maximally exhaled at the end of a tidal expiration. It is approximately 1000 mL and 700 mL in young adult males and females.

what is FEV1?

Forced Expiratory Volume in One Second. This is the volume of air that can forcibly be blown out in one second, after full inspiration. It is expressed as liters.

what is FEV1%?

Forced Expiratory Volume. This number indicates what percentage of the total forced vital capacity was expelled from the lungs during the first second of forced exhalation.

What effect would you expect smoking to have on a subject's FEV? Explain your answer.

I would expect to see deficits in FEV which indicates airway obstruction. This is because cigarettes are extremely harmful on your lungs and decrease lung strength. FEV measures the amount of vital capacity that is expired during the first second of a FVC test. Vital capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be inspired and then expired with maximal effort.

The volume of air that can be maximally inhaled at the end of a tidal inspiration.

Inspiratory reserve volume

Explain the difference between obstructive pulmonary disease and restrictive pulmonary disease.

Obstructive pulmonary diseases are those which make it hard to exhale all of the air in the lungs. Obstructive diseases reduce the pulmonary air flow rather than affecting the pulmonary volumes. An example of an obstructive disease is asthma or emphysema. Restrictive pulmonary diseases are those of which make it harder to fully expand your lungs. They reduce the pulmonary volumes and then the lung volumes are decreased. Air flow is not affected. An example of a restrictive disease is pulmonary fibrosis.

The volumeof gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a maximal expiration.

Residual volume

What is the difference between a respiratory volume and a respiratory capacity?

Respiratory volume is the volume of gas in the lungs at a given time during the respiratory cycle. When respiratory capacity is the volume of air in the lungs upon the maximum effort of inspiration.

How many pulmonary capacities are there and what volumina contribute to the Vital Capacity (VC)?

There are five pulmonary capacities. Inspiratory capacity, expiratory capacity, functional residual capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity. Vital Capacity= IRV(inspiratory reserve volume) +TV(tidal volume) +ERV(expiratory reserve volume)

Vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume tend to decrease with age, but functional residual capacity normally remains constant (for ages 20-65). Why?

Vital capacity and ERV decrease with age because as a human ages the lungs become stiff and the elastic recoil of the lungs decreases. This decrease in the elastic recoil makes it more difficult for the lungs to inflate and deflate. The functional residual capacity usually remains constant because there is always air in the lungs. The residual volume increases and traps air keeping the functional residual capacity constant.

Is it possible for a subject to have a vital capacity (single-stage) within normal range but a value for FEV1 below normal range? Why or why not?

Yes. Vital capacity is the greatest volume of air expelled from the lungs. FEV1 is the amount of air that can be forcibly blown out in 1 second, after a full inspiration. In an asthmatic, their lung size is normal and their airways are just narrowed. The vital capacity in an asthmatic can have a normal vital capacity but the narrowed airways cause the FEV1 to be low.

The resultant record of volume change versus time is called a

spirogram

The volume of air a person inhales (inspires) and exhales (expires) can be measured with a

spirometer

what is Peak Expiratory Flow(PEF)?

the fastest speed air can be blown out of the lungs after inhalation.

Tidal volume is one of ______ non-overlapping primary compartments of total lung capacity.

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The volume of air that can be maximally exhaled at the end of a tidal expiration.

Expiratory reserve volume

The vital capacity of humans tends to be increased by ________, but decreased by _______ and some ____.

-Physical training -Advancing age -Diseases

The respiratory minute volume is the product of _______ and _______, while the alveolar minute volume is calculated by subtracting ______ from and ________ multiplying the difference by ________.

-Tidal volume -Frequency of breaths -Volume of anatomical dead space -Tidal volume -Frequency of breaths

Adult vital capacity gradually decreases with age. Give two reasons why.

1) Elastic fibers in the lungs decrease. This causes less expansion and recoil which affects the amount of air one will inhale and exhale. 2) Muscles of the chest weaken with age. The chest muscles help with inspiration and expiration so as the muscles become weaker the muscles have less force to the lungs for inspiration and expiration.

Bronchial asthma is an obstructive pulmonary disease in which vital capacity (single- stage) may be normal. Explain.

Asthma causes the airways to become narrowed. The narrowed airways are caused from mucous, thickening of airway walls, and muscle constriction. Vital capacity is the difference between lung volume after maximum inhalation and lung volume after maximal exhalation. Vital capacity may remain normal in bronchial asthmatics because the lungs are not directly affected so the vital capacity can remain normal. Even though it takes more work for the same volumes of vital capacity because of the airway resistance.