Water Treatment <studies>

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Multimedia filter rates shall not exceed

6 gpm/ft∆2

pH fluctuations

Daytime pH goes up and Nighttime pH goes down.

Water that drains from saturated or impermeable surfaces, into stream channels and then into natural or artificial storage sites or into the ocean in costal areas is called?

Direct Runoff

universal solvent

Dissolves into anything (Water).

D/DBP stage 1

Establishes a technique or enhanced coagulation & softening and sets a Total Organic Carbon removal based on the alkalinity of the raw water.

D/DBP Stage 2

Establishes an initial Distribution Evaluation and moves the sampling calculation to locational Running Annual Average.

Nitrogen based fertilizers runoff into reserviors causing:

Eutrophic conditions

state regulation: Turbidity at the combined filter effluent...

"shall be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month NEVER to exceed 5 NTUs.

MCL: Bromate

.01 ppm

MCL: HAA5s

.06 ppm

MCL : TTHMs

.08 ppm

ideal flocc size should be about...

.1 millimeters to 3 millimeters

MRDL: Chlorine Dioxide

.8 ppm

if you continuously monitor, the Turbidity shall not exceed...

1 NTU for more then 1 hour

MCL: Chlorite

1 ppm

In the operation of water treatment plants, three basic objectives are controlling...

1) production of a safe drinking water, 2) Production of an aesthetically pleasing drinking water, 3) production of drinking water at a reasonable cost with respect to capital and also operation and maintenance costs.

Fusible metal plugs are soft metal plugs that melt between

158 - 165°F

Full Chlorine cylinders weigh about

280 lbs

Single media filter rates shall not exceed

3 gpm/ft∆2

MRDL: Chloramines

4 ppm

MRDL: Chlorine

4 ppm

We want detention times for Flocculation to be...

5 to 20 minutes for direct filtration. 30 minutes for conventional

Density Currents

Is the uneven distribution of suspended solids that reduce the performance of the bed by adding to the short Circuiting problem.

this type of pump uses an impeller-diffuser to push water using a Venturi throat to get velocity...

Jet Pump

absorption

is the taking in of something into the body of another. This creates a situation where the body is saturated.

The purpose of disinfection

is to destroy or inactivate pathogenic organisms. We do not check for specific organisms or steralize the water.

Alkalinity is NOT the same as pH...

it is the capacity of water to neutralize acid.

Hypolimnion zone

lower layer

Metalimnion / Thermocline

middle layer in a stratified reservior

Chemical differences between waters include

mineral content and the presence or absence f constituents such as fluoride, sulfide, and aacids.

Industrial Discharges such as..

mining operations produce: Cyanide, asbestos, and in GW: solvents (TCE, PCE) and Perchlorate

physical characteristics relate to the sseensory qualities of water for domestic use such as the water's

observed coor, turbiditu, temperature, taste, and odor.

Biological character of water refers to the

presence of organisms, alive or dead, and their metabolic products

Sedimentation settling zone

provides the calmness necessary for the suspended flocc to settle. optimal time in this one is 3 to 4 hours.

Organic matter

puts a huge demand on Chlorine and forms disinfection byproducts.

Examples of inorganic matter include...

silt, dissolved metals, salts, and ammonia

Filter types: conventional gravity filter media makeup

single media- sand dual media- sand and anthracite coal multimedia- sand, a. coal, and garnet Activated Carbon- burned coconut shells

Generally, surface water is characterized by traits such as....

soft water, turbidity, suspended solids, some color, and microbial contamination.

The "shaft" of a pump...

supports the impeller, is covered by a sleeve, and can be made of several different metals depending on the liquid being pumped.

If you don't grab sample method...

the Turbidity shall not exceed 1 NTU at 4 hour intervals and shall not exceed 1 NTU for more then 8 consecutive hours.

When flash mixing...

the lower the temperature of the water, the less effective coagulant is. we'll have to add more chemical or allow for a longer detention time.

The more turbid the water...

the more demand it puts on the Chlorine.

Backwashing is necessary when...

there is an increase in Turbidity at the effluent if the bed, when there is a head loss approaching terminality, or UFRV is approaching unreasonable limits.

Suspended and collodial matter have a negative charge so....

they naturally repel each other. This is called the ZETA Potential.

Reciprocating Pump

uses a piston or diaphragm to move liquid and is also used for injecting chemicals into our water.

Rotary Pumps

uses a rotating mechanism to move liquid also used for injecting chemicals into our water.

What types of water rights are acquired with title to the land bordering a source of surface water?

Riparian Water Rights

Slow Sand Filtration

A rarely used process in turbid Waters of less then 10 NTUs. There is no backwash. 20-60 day filter runs.

Epilimnion

An upper layer of warm water with high levels of dissolved oxygen (upper part of a stratified reservior)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the metalimnion & hypolimnion causes...

Anaerobic conditions: rotten egg odor, increase iron and magnanese

What type of water rights are acquired for the beneficial us of water by following specific legal procedure?

Appropriative Water Rights

Rectangular Sedimentation Basins

Are usually constructed of concrete or steel and the bottom is sloped downward so that sludge can be easily removed.

Diatomaceous Earth Filtration

Are very efficient at filtration but can be harmful if breathed in. These can be used in gravity, pressure, and vacuum applications that add diatoms as the water is being filtered.

Algae and slime growth

Can start to grow on the sides of a sedimentation basin potentially causing taste and odor problems. Control by coating the walls with copper Sulfate/ lime.

Alkalinity in water is caused by..

Carbonates a d Bicarbonates

The warmer the water the more effective...

Chlorine is. the best range is between 70-80°F. Lower temps require longer contact time.

Chemical control of Algal Blooms include the use of...

Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate/ Bluestone and Hydrogen Peroxide

Generally, ground water is characterized by traits such as...

Higher levels of dissolved gasses, lower levels of of color, relatively high hardness, and freedom from microbial contamination.

MRDLs

Maximum Residual Detection Levels

The two types of compounds are...

Molecular and Ionic compounds

Monomictic Lakes

One mixing in Warner climates

Increase in color & chlorination is known as...

Organic Loading

Nutrients promote Eutrophication of a lake from...

Phosphates, Nitrates, organic nitrogen compounds and cause the growth of algal blooms.

What type of rights are acquired by diverting water, to which other parties may or may not have prior claims, and putting it to use for a period of time specified by statute?

Prescriptive Water Rights

Water Intake structures

Provide water to the treatment plant, prevent large debris from entering the treatment process, and constructed to provide pressure to the distribution system.

What is pure water?

Pure water is the absence of soluble and insoluble substances in it.

The pH scale

Starts ad 0 and ends at 14. it is used to show the acidity of a substance or the concentration of hydronium ions

Algal Blooms cause...

Taste and odor problems, very short filter runs, An increase in pH, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and organic loading.

Extreme values of pH on both ends of the spectrum can interfere with Flocculation.

The correct pH balance: 5 to 7.

Destratification

The development of vertical mixing within a lake or reservior to eliminate or separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life.

The Impeller

The impeller is the heart of the pump that spins liquid outward by centrifugal force.

The Pump Casing

The impeller sets inside the pump casing. The shaft goes through it. There should be no strain whatsoever on the casing.

Reaeration

The introduction of air through forced air diffusers into the lower layers of the reservior.

Aeration

The process of adding air to water. Air can be passed through water or passing water through air.

Coagulation and Flocculation

The purpose of this process is to remove types of particulate impurities called: suspended solids, colloidal matter, and dissolved solids.

Sedimentation Sludge Zone

This is a brief storage area for the settled flocc or sludge. The sludge should compact with each layer.

Effluent or Outlet Zone

This zone collects the water for the next process, which is the filtration process. in this step we want to minimize the amount of flocc particles that enter the filtration beds.

TON

Threshold odor number

Dimictic lakes

Two mixings in colder climates

Microbial conditions include...

Viruses, bacteria, and Giardia (parasite)

The upper surface of the zone of saturation, if not confined by impermeable material, is called the...

Water Table

Short Circuiting

Water bypasses the flow path and reaches the end of the basin before the normal detention time. this is unavoidable.

Adsorption

is the process of removing taste and odor keusing materials using powered activated carbon in the influent water or by using granular activated carbon as a media filter. filter cap

Costs go up to maintain consistent pH because...

We need to add more chlorine & coagulants, or more soda ash or caustic to lower the pH.

Can pure water exist in nature?

Yes and No. Precipitate is pure until it reaches the ground where soluble and insoluble substances leach into it. It can be achieved, however, by in exchange, reverse osmosis, or distillation.

Chlorine is better at disinfecting between

a pH of 7-8

Filtration

a physical and chemical process based on: chemical characteristics (source water quality), types and degree of pretreatment, nature of suspension (physical and chemical), characteristics of particulates suspended in water and filter type and operation.

Flash mixing takes...

about 3 to 5 seconds at the most.

The purpose of the sedimentation process is to:

allow flocc and other precipitates to settle out and reduce the load on the filters, accomplished by decreasing the velocity of water.

The purpose of the filtration process is to remove...

any particulates and floc that did not settle out in the Sedimentation basin.

Dissolved Oxygen Depletion

bacteria feed/metabolize on dead algal cells that causes oxygen to be used up, which in return causes sever fish die offs.

Each individual filter online must...

be monitored and recorded every 15 minutes.

one of the most used pumps that uses an impeller to spin the liquid outward is know as a....

cintrufugal pump

The Flocculation process promotes

contact between particles.

Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic Acids (HAA5s), Bromate, and Chlorite are known as...

disinfect byproducts that cause cancer

a water well is an...

excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers.

DIRECT FILTRATION

excludes the sedimentation process

Coagulants need alkalinity in water to...

form flocc

CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT

includes the sedimentation process

Adsorption

is the adhesion of something to the surface of another. This creates a film on that surface.


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