Water Treatment <studies>
Multimedia filter rates shall not exceed
6 gpm/ft∆2
pH fluctuations
Daytime pH goes up and Nighttime pH goes down.
Water that drains from saturated or impermeable surfaces, into stream channels and then into natural or artificial storage sites or into the ocean in costal areas is called?
Direct Runoff
universal solvent
Dissolves into anything (Water).
D/DBP stage 1
Establishes a technique or enhanced coagulation & softening and sets a Total Organic Carbon removal based on the alkalinity of the raw water.
D/DBP Stage 2
Establishes an initial Distribution Evaluation and moves the sampling calculation to locational Running Annual Average.
Nitrogen based fertilizers runoff into reserviors causing:
Eutrophic conditions
state regulation: Turbidity at the combined filter effluent...
"shall be less than or equal to 1 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month NEVER to exceed 5 NTUs.
MCL: Bromate
.01 ppm
MCL: HAA5s
.06 ppm
MCL : TTHMs
.08 ppm
ideal flocc size should be about...
.1 millimeters to 3 millimeters
MRDL: Chlorine Dioxide
.8 ppm
if you continuously monitor, the Turbidity shall not exceed...
1 NTU for more then 1 hour
MCL: Chlorite
1 ppm
In the operation of water treatment plants, three basic objectives are controlling...
1) production of a safe drinking water, 2) Production of an aesthetically pleasing drinking water, 3) production of drinking water at a reasonable cost with respect to capital and also operation and maintenance costs.
Fusible metal plugs are soft metal plugs that melt between
158 - 165°F
Full Chlorine cylinders weigh about
280 lbs
Single media filter rates shall not exceed
3 gpm/ft∆2
MRDL: Chloramines
4 ppm
MRDL: Chlorine
4 ppm
We want detention times for Flocculation to be...
5 to 20 minutes for direct filtration. 30 minutes for conventional
Density Currents
Is the uneven distribution of suspended solids that reduce the performance of the bed by adding to the short Circuiting problem.
this type of pump uses an impeller-diffuser to push water using a Venturi throat to get velocity...
Jet Pump
absorption
is the taking in of something into the body of another. This creates a situation where the body is saturated.
The purpose of disinfection
is to destroy or inactivate pathogenic organisms. We do not check for specific organisms or steralize the water.
Alkalinity is NOT the same as pH...
it is the capacity of water to neutralize acid.
Hypolimnion zone
lower layer
Metalimnion / Thermocline
middle layer in a stratified reservior
Chemical differences between waters include
mineral content and the presence or absence f constituents such as fluoride, sulfide, and aacids.
Industrial Discharges such as..
mining operations produce: Cyanide, asbestos, and in GW: solvents (TCE, PCE) and Perchlorate
physical characteristics relate to the sseensory qualities of water for domestic use such as the water's
observed coor, turbiditu, temperature, taste, and odor.
Biological character of water refers to the
presence of organisms, alive or dead, and their metabolic products
Sedimentation settling zone
provides the calmness necessary for the suspended flocc to settle. optimal time in this one is 3 to 4 hours.
Organic matter
puts a huge demand on Chlorine and forms disinfection byproducts.
Examples of inorganic matter include...
silt, dissolved metals, salts, and ammonia
Filter types: conventional gravity filter media makeup
single media- sand dual media- sand and anthracite coal multimedia- sand, a. coal, and garnet Activated Carbon- burned coconut shells
Generally, surface water is characterized by traits such as....
soft water, turbidity, suspended solids, some color, and microbial contamination.
The "shaft" of a pump...
supports the impeller, is covered by a sleeve, and can be made of several different metals depending on the liquid being pumped.
If you don't grab sample method...
the Turbidity shall not exceed 1 NTU at 4 hour intervals and shall not exceed 1 NTU for more then 8 consecutive hours.
When flash mixing...
the lower the temperature of the water, the less effective coagulant is. we'll have to add more chemical or allow for a longer detention time.
The more turbid the water...
the more demand it puts on the Chlorine.
Backwashing is necessary when...
there is an increase in Turbidity at the effluent if the bed, when there is a head loss approaching terminality, or UFRV is approaching unreasonable limits.
Suspended and collodial matter have a negative charge so....
they naturally repel each other. This is called the ZETA Potential.
Reciprocating Pump
uses a piston or diaphragm to move liquid and is also used for injecting chemicals into our water.
Rotary Pumps
uses a rotating mechanism to move liquid also used for injecting chemicals into our water.
What types of water rights are acquired with title to the land bordering a source of surface water?
Riparian Water Rights
Slow Sand Filtration
A rarely used process in turbid Waters of less then 10 NTUs. There is no backwash. 20-60 day filter runs.
Epilimnion
An upper layer of warm water with high levels of dissolved oxygen (upper part of a stratified reservior)
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in the metalimnion & hypolimnion causes...
Anaerobic conditions: rotten egg odor, increase iron and magnanese
What type of water rights are acquired for the beneficial us of water by following specific legal procedure?
Appropriative Water Rights
Rectangular Sedimentation Basins
Are usually constructed of concrete or steel and the bottom is sloped downward so that sludge can be easily removed.
Diatomaceous Earth Filtration
Are very efficient at filtration but can be harmful if breathed in. These can be used in gravity, pressure, and vacuum applications that add diatoms as the water is being filtered.
Algae and slime growth
Can start to grow on the sides of a sedimentation basin potentially causing taste and odor problems. Control by coating the walls with copper Sulfate/ lime.
Alkalinity in water is caused by..
Carbonates a d Bicarbonates
The warmer the water the more effective...
Chlorine is. the best range is between 70-80°F. Lower temps require longer contact time.
Chemical control of Algal Blooms include the use of...
Copper Sulphate Pentahydrate/ Bluestone and Hydrogen Peroxide
Generally, ground water is characterized by traits such as...
Higher levels of dissolved gasses, lower levels of of color, relatively high hardness, and freedom from microbial contamination.
MRDLs
Maximum Residual Detection Levels
The two types of compounds are...
Molecular and Ionic compounds
Monomictic Lakes
One mixing in Warner climates
Increase in color & chlorination is known as...
Organic Loading
Nutrients promote Eutrophication of a lake from...
Phosphates, Nitrates, organic nitrogen compounds and cause the growth of algal blooms.
What type of rights are acquired by diverting water, to which other parties may or may not have prior claims, and putting it to use for a period of time specified by statute?
Prescriptive Water Rights
Water Intake structures
Provide water to the treatment plant, prevent large debris from entering the treatment process, and constructed to provide pressure to the distribution system.
What is pure water?
Pure water is the absence of soluble and insoluble substances in it.
The pH scale
Starts ad 0 and ends at 14. it is used to show the acidity of a substance or the concentration of hydronium ions
Algal Blooms cause...
Taste and odor problems, very short filter runs, An increase in pH, depletion of dissolved oxygen, and organic loading.
Extreme values of pH on both ends of the spectrum can interfere with Flocculation.
The correct pH balance: 5 to 7.
Destratification
The development of vertical mixing within a lake or reservior to eliminate or separate layers of temperature, plant, or animal life.
The Impeller
The impeller is the heart of the pump that spins liquid outward by centrifugal force.
The Pump Casing
The impeller sets inside the pump casing. The shaft goes through it. There should be no strain whatsoever on the casing.
Reaeration
The introduction of air through forced air diffusers into the lower layers of the reservior.
Aeration
The process of adding air to water. Air can be passed through water or passing water through air.
Coagulation and Flocculation
The purpose of this process is to remove types of particulate impurities called: suspended solids, colloidal matter, and dissolved solids.
Sedimentation Sludge Zone
This is a brief storage area for the settled flocc or sludge. The sludge should compact with each layer.
Effluent or Outlet Zone
This zone collects the water for the next process, which is the filtration process. in this step we want to minimize the amount of flocc particles that enter the filtration beds.
TON
Threshold odor number
Dimictic lakes
Two mixings in colder climates
Microbial conditions include...
Viruses, bacteria, and Giardia (parasite)
The upper surface of the zone of saturation, if not confined by impermeable material, is called the...
Water Table
Short Circuiting
Water bypasses the flow path and reaches the end of the basin before the normal detention time. this is unavoidable.
Adsorption
is the process of removing taste and odor keusing materials using powered activated carbon in the influent water or by using granular activated carbon as a media filter. filter cap
Costs go up to maintain consistent pH because...
We need to add more chlorine & coagulants, or more soda ash or caustic to lower the pH.
Can pure water exist in nature?
Yes and No. Precipitate is pure until it reaches the ground where soluble and insoluble substances leach into it. It can be achieved, however, by in exchange, reverse osmosis, or distillation.
Chlorine is better at disinfecting between
a pH of 7-8
Filtration
a physical and chemical process based on: chemical characteristics (source water quality), types and degree of pretreatment, nature of suspension (physical and chemical), characteristics of particulates suspended in water and filter type and operation.
Flash mixing takes...
about 3 to 5 seconds at the most.
The purpose of the sedimentation process is to:
allow flocc and other precipitates to settle out and reduce the load on the filters, accomplished by decreasing the velocity of water.
The purpose of the filtration process is to remove...
any particulates and floc that did not settle out in the Sedimentation basin.
Dissolved Oxygen Depletion
bacteria feed/metabolize on dead algal cells that causes oxygen to be used up, which in return causes sever fish die offs.
Each individual filter online must...
be monitored and recorded every 15 minutes.
one of the most used pumps that uses an impeller to spin the liquid outward is know as a....
cintrufugal pump
The Flocculation process promotes
contact between particles.
Trihalomethanes, Haloacetic Acids (HAA5s), Bromate, and Chlorite are known as...
disinfect byproducts that cause cancer
a water well is an...
excavation or structure created in the ground by digging, driving, boring, or drilling to access groundwater in underground aquifers.
DIRECT FILTRATION
excludes the sedimentation process
Coagulants need alkalinity in water to...
form flocc
CONVENTIONAL WATER TREATMENT
includes the sedimentation process
Adsorption
is the adhesion of something to the surface of another. This creates a film on that surface.
