Week 1 quiz

How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? -Anaerobic cellular respiration. -Sulfuric acid respiration. -Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. -Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. -Aerobic cellular respiration.

Anaerobic cellular respiration.

How did the earliest single-celled microorganisms produce energy to drive metabolic processes? -Sulfuric acid, aerobic, and anaerobic respiration. -Aerobic cellular respiration. -Anaerobic cellular respiration. -Both aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. -Sulfuric acid respiration.

Anaerobic cellular respiration.

Which of the following are at the classification level of domain in the taxonomic hierarchy? -Bacteria -Archaea -Eukarya -Animalia -Amoebozoa

Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Scientists agree that mitochondria were acquired through endosymbiosis before chloroplasts, as shown in the figure above. How do they know this? -Because mitochondria are derived from proteobacteria, while chloroplasts are derived from cyanobacteria. -Because mitochondira are autonomous, while chloroplasts are semiautonomous. -Because all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but only plants and some algae have chloroplasts. -Because photosynthesis cannot occur without mitochondria.

Because all eukaryotes have mitochondria, but only plants and some algae have chloroplasts.

Chromosomes- Archaea: Eukarya: Initiator tRNA- Bacteria: Archaea: Promoters of structural genes- Bacteria: Archaea: Membrane lipids- Archaea: Eukarya:

Chromosomes- Archaea: circular Eukarya: usually linear Initiator tRNA- Bacteria: Formylmethionine Archaea: Methionine Promoters of structural genes- Bacteria: -35 and -10 sequences Archaea: TATA box Membrane lipids- Archaea: ether-linked Eukarya: ester-linked

What techniques were used to determine the evolutionary relationships among species of flightless birds? -DNA samples and morphological data was only available for living species, so their relationships to extinct species were deduced by educated guesses. -DNA samples could only be obtained for living species, so their relationships to extinct species were deduced using only morphological data. -Morphological measurements were taken and compared for both living species and museum specimens of extinct species. -DNA samples from both living species and museum specimens of extinct species were sequenced and compared.

DNA samples from both living species and museum specimens of extinct species were sequenced and compared.

Which of the following statements is true about the digestion of lactose by modern humans? -Lactose intolerance is caused by a mutation to the gene that controls the expression of lactase, causing it to stop producing the enzyme after weaning. -Lactose tolerance evolved once in Homo sapiens. -Several thousand years ago, the ability to digest lactose provided humans in northern Europe with greater reproductive success. -Most modern adult humans are lactose tolerant.

Several thousand years ago, the ability to digest lactose provided humans in northern Europe with greater reproductive success.

What features are possessed by all complex multicellular organisms? -They begin from a single cell, which produces daughter cells. -They contain DNA in three distinct organelles. -They have different types of specialized cells. -They are formed by cellular aggregation. -They are formed by cell division and adhesion.

They begin from a single cell, which produces daughter cells. They have different types of specialized cells. They are formed by cell division and adhesion.

True or false: Modern humans show relatively small genetic variation yet exhibit a significant amount of phenotypic variation.

True

The first living cells were most likely ... -aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. -anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. -anaerobic, heterotrophic, prokaryotic. -aerobic, photosynthetic, eukaryotic. -anaerobic, chemotrophic, eukaryotic.

anaerobic, heterotrophic, prokaryotic.

Binomial nomenclature is the naming convention that provides each species with a scientific name that containing two names. Select the two names that are used in binomial nomenclature. -phylum -class -genus -order -species

genus species

Which are members of the family Hominidae? Check all that apply. -orangutans -humans -gorillas -chimpanzees -monkeys

orangutans humans gorillas chimpanzees

According to the phylogeny depicted here, check all of the following that are examples of cladogenesis. -species B into species B and D -species B into species H and K -species C into species G -species D into species H and K

species B into species B and D species B into species H and K species D into species H and K

According to the phylogeny of various plant species depicted here, which species is the most recent common ancestor of species K and J? -species H -species B -species E -species D

species D

Difference between cladogenesis and anagenesis

• Cladogenesis is when speciation occurs by one species splitting into two different species. It can be recognized on a phylogeny by a node the branches into two or more new branches. • Anagenesis is when speciation occurs slowly overtime by small changes building up and changing an organism. It can be recognized on a phylogeny if one species becomes a new species on the same branch.