Week 2: Ch. 3: Perception

11. Which of the following is an example of a scene schema contributing to our perception of an object or a scene? a. Perceiving a kitchen and identifying a loaf of bread faster than a mailbox. b. Perceiving an umbrella on the beach as driftwood from a distance. c. Perceiving an image with indentations as bumps when the image is flipped upside down. d. Perceiving a rope as a single strand rather than a segmented strand when obstructed.

A

2. What are two Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization? a. similarity and good continuation b. universality and pattern recognition c. patter recognition and good continuation d. similarity and universality

A

20. The "what" pathway is also known as: a. The perception pathway b. The action pathway c. The dorsal pathway d. The how pathway

A

21. Which of these options is a reason why templates for pattern recognition do not work in real world examples? a. Interpretations could be different, based on context. b. The real world is more complicated. c. icon memory shows that we memorize everything we see for a short period of time. d. Patterns are always the same for a given stimuli.

A

26. What is the ability called that allows humans to recognize an object even when it is seen from different viewpoints? a. Viewpoint invariance b. Viewpoint variance c. Inverse Projection Problem d. Projection Problem

A

32. Several experiments were conducted to determine how much information we can perceive from a single glance. Each experiment provided varying results based on different report methods, but ultimately it appears we are better at perceiving information than we originally thought. Which of the report methods below yielded the most accurate subject performance results? a. Partial Report - spatial (row) b. Whole Report c. Partial Report - Categorical (type) d. Partial Report - Single Item, Circle Marker

A

37. When Naz is viewing a series of characters, she perceives it as something she's seen before and comes to a conclusion that it is a cat. She has never seen this photo before. What process did she use to come to her conclusion? a. Top-bottom processing b. Bottom-top processing c. Top to top processing d. Bottom to bottom processing

A

39. The fact that we know the sound pre and tty are part of the same word (pre-tty) but it is less likely for tty and ba to be part of the same word (tty-ba) is an example of which of the following? a. Likelihood principle b. Principle of similarity c. Transitional probabilities d. Principle of good continuation

A

40. What was involved in Ungerleider and Mishkin's well known cognitive psychology experiment? a. Lesioning parts of monkeys' brains and assessing their abilities on object discrimination and landmark discrimination problems. b. Rearing cats in horizontal or vertical environments and recording neuron responses. c. Flashing objects quickly into participants' field of vision, and getting them to identify the objects. d. Presenting nonsense words to infants, and recording their attention span to the words.

A

43. Which of the following best describes perception? a. Interpreting sensory information b. Reception of stimuli c. Top-down processing d. Initial encoding stimuli

A

44. Where do the Photoreceptors pass their information to before it reaches the brain? a. Bipolar Cells b. Ganglion Cells c. Visual Cortex d. Optic Nerve

A

9. What is the pathway called that leads from the striate cortex to the temporal lobe? a. What Pathway b. Occipital Pathway c. Where Pathway d. Dorsal Pathway

A

17. Name the type(s) of photoreceptors. a. Spheres and cones b. Rods and cones c. Bipolar cells d. Ganglion cells

B

25. Until now, it is still difficult to design a "perceiving machine" with high accuracy. Humans can accurately identify a partially exposed pen that is covered by paper, but perceiving machine usually identify it incorrectly. Which type of difficulty does it belong to? a. Inverse Projection Problem b. Objects which be hidden or blurred c. Objects look different from different viewpoints d. Scenes contain high-level information

B

28. "Our perceptions are a result of unconscious assumptions, or inferences, that we make about the environment" This theory of unconscious inference was developed by: a. Sperling b. Helmholtz c. Goldstein d. Gibson

B

29. What is the main difference between Sensation and Perception? a. They are interchangeable. b. Sensation refers to stimuli encoding into the nervous system and perception refers to the interpretation of the stimuli. c. Sensation refers the interpretation of the stimuli and perception refers to stimuli encoding into the nervous system. d. Sensation is apart of sensory memory and perception is apart of longterm memory.

B

3. What are the two factors that influence one's estimate of the probability of a given outcome, according to Bayesian Inference? a. Future probability, prior probability b. Prior probability, likelihood of a given outcome. c. Likelihood of a given outcome, future probability. d. Current situation, future probability

B

30. Within which lobe is the Fusiform Face Area (FFA) situated in the brain? a. Occipital b. Temporal c. Parietal d. Frontal

B

36. Which of the following is NOT a problem with pattern recognition? a. Orientations/Viewpoints b. Template c. Occlusion d. Interpretations

B

41. The law of perceptual organization that says that when points are connected, they result in straight or smoothly curving lines that are seen as belonging together. a. Law of pragnanz b. Principle of good continuation c. Principle of similarity d. Principle of semantic regularities

B

42. Children as young as _______ old are capable of statistical learning for speech perception skills such as transitional probabilities. a. 5 months b. 8 months c. 1 year d. 5 years

B

7. Which of the following is NOT a Gestalt Principle? a. Principle of Good Continuation b. Principle of Regularity c. Principle of Similarity d. The Law of Pragnaz

B

1. Selfridge's Pandemonium Model is an example of which of the following: a. Bottom-down processing b. Top-down processing c. Bottom-up processing d. Top-up processing

C

12. The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. oblique effect b. speech segmentation c. likelihood principal d. principal of good continuation

C

13. Which of the following best describes the law of pragnanz ? a. Similar things appear to be grouped together . b. We perceive the world in the way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences. c. Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. d. Perceptions were formed by adding up sensations.

C

14. What's the difference between a saccade and a fixation? a. a saccade is when the eyes stop moving to process the visual scene while a fixation is a quick movement of the eyes b. saccades vary in duration while fixations are usually 200 msec c. a saccade is a quick movement of the eyes while a fixation is when the eyes stop moving to process the visual scene d. there isn't much difference between a saccade and a fixation

C

16. In what part of the eye are photoreceptors located? a. Fovea b. Cornea c. Retina d. Aqueous humour

C

23. There are 2 different types of photoreceptors found in the retina; Cones are ______ sensitive , while rods are _____ sensitive. a. luminance , colour b. not, very c. colour, luminance d. light, dark

C

24. Which one of the four conceptions of object perception differs from the others in terms of its approach? a. Regularities in the environment b. Helmholtz's unconscious inference c. Gestalt laws of organization d. Bayesian inference

C

27. Maria drinks from a water bottle she found in the fridge after her workout. Surprised, she spits out the liquid in shock because the container was filled with cold brew coffee instead. Maria likes coffee, but her response was most affected by: a. Focused attention. b. Reception of the stimulus. c. Top-down processing. d. Bottom-up processing.

C

33. Jonathan, a 10-year-old boy, finds that a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence compare to when it is presented alone, this is an example of ________ processing. a. Bottom-up b.Law of Pragnanz c. Top-down d. Direct

C

5. What is the oblique effect? a. Vertical orientations can be perceived more easily than horizontal. b. Horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than vertical. c. Slanted orientations are more difficult to perceive than vertical and horizontal. d. Slanted orientations can be perceived more easily than vertical and horizontal.

C

8. Which of the following best describes the law of pragnanz? a. Similar things appear to be grouped together. b. We perceive the world in the way that is "most likely" based on our past experiences. c. Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible. d. Perceptions were formed by adding up sensations.

C

10. All of the following concepts are based on the idea that "we use data about the environment gathered from prior knowledge and experience when perceiving" except: a. The Likelihood Principal b. Bayesian Inference c. The Oblique Effect d. The Similarity Principal

D

15. Which of these is UNTRUE about direction perception theories? a. bottom-up processing b. parts are identified and put together, and then recognition occurs c. perception comes from stimuli in the environment d. people construct perceptions using information based on knowledge and expectations

D

18. Colour sensitive cone photoreceptors are the most concentrated in the: a. Lens b. Retina c. Optic nerve d. Fovea

D

19. Constructive perception theories argue: a. Bottom-up processing b. Perceptions come from stimuli in the environment c. Parts are identified and put together, then recognition occurs d. Top-down processing

D

22. What were the findings of Isabel Gauthier et al.'s (1999) experiment regarding experience-dependent plasticity? a. They discovered that a part of the brain contains more neurons that respond to faces. b. The human brain needs to interact with the environment in order to understand what is going on. c. The fusiform area only exists in human brains d. continued exposure to things that occur regularly in our environment can cause our neurons to adapt and respond to those regularities.

D

31. Which theory best describes the approach of Gestalt psychologists? a. Likelihood principle b. Top-down processing c. Unconscious inference d. Bottom-up processing

D

34. To which colour photoreceptor is the most sensitive and is found outside the fovea? a. red b. green c. yellow d. blue

D

35. What is the correct definition of template? a. A separable element of a pattern b. Eliminating representations of something that happened earlier c. The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information d. A pattern treated as an unanalyzed whole

D

4. The ability to tell when one word in a conversation ends and the next one begins is a phenomenon called: a. Linguistic augmentation b. phonemic separation c. morpheme detection d. speech segmentation

D

6. Which of the following is UNTRUE of sensory memory? a. It has a much larger capacity than initial thought. b. There are distinct subdivisions of sensory memory such as iconic, echoic and haptic. c. Its duration spans from 1/4th of a second to 4 seconds depending on which type it is. d. Sensory memory processes the semantic details of a stimulus.

D