Week 8 PATHO 370 CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING

The most common source of osteomyelitis is

an infection that migrates via the bloodstream

Which treatment is helpful in neuropathic pain but not used for acute pain?

anticonvulsants

rheumatoid arthritis involves joint inflammation caused by

autoimmune injury

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a rheumatic disease attributed to

autoimmune mechanisms

To avoid the progression of cutaneous lesions, a patient diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) should

avoid sun exposure

The gate control theory of pain transmission predicts that activity in touch receptors will

decrease pain signal transmission in the spinal cord.

a patient presenting with a severe, pounding headache accompanied by nausea and photophobia is likely experiencing a ________ headache

migraine

It is recommended that women of childbearing age take folic acid daily for prevention of

neural tube defects

Bone healing may be impaired by

nicotine use

The physiologic mechanisms involved in the pain phenomenon are termed

nociception

A bone disorder that results from insufficient vitamin D is referred to as

osteomalacia

which disorder usually causes skeletal pain and involves significant bone demineralization from vitamin D deficiency

osteomalacia

A malignant bone-forming tumor is referred to as an

osteosarcoma

Before making a diagnosis of Alzheimer disease

other potential causes of dementia must be ruled out.

A tool used to assess levels of consciousness is

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

the pathophysiology of osteomalacia involves

Inadequate mineralization of osteoid

the disorders characterized by softening and then enlargement of bones is referred to as

Paget disease

Orthostatic hypotension may be a manifestation of

Parkinson disease

What effect do demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis have on neurotransmission?

Slower rate of action potential conduction

cerebral aneurysm is most frequently the result of

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Which statement is true about the incidence of multiple sclerosis?

The age of onset ranges from 20 to 50 years.

parkinson disease is associated wtih

a deficiency of dopamine in the substantia nigra

Pain is thought of as

a subjective experience that is difficult to measure objectively.

Most muscle strains are caused by

abnormal muscle contraction

The stage of spinal shock that follows spinal cord injury is characterized by

absent spinal reflexes below the level of injury

Leakage of CSF from the nose or ears is commonly associated with

basilar skull fracture

It is true that encephalitis is usually

because of a viral infection in brain cells.

The most important preventive measure for hemorrhagic stroke is

blood pressure control.

People who have osteoporosis are at risk for

bone fractures

the most common symptom of multiple myeloma is

bone pain

A severe complication of elevated intracranial pressure is

brain herniation

A compound, transverse fracture is best described as a bone that is

broken and protruding through the skin

inflammation of the sacs that overlie bony prominences is called

bursitis

The physiologic change most likely to lead to an increase in intracranial pressure is

cerebral vasodilation

subarachnoid hemorrhage is usually managed with volume expansion and blood pressure support to enhance cerebral perfusion. This is necessary becasue subarachnoid hemorrhage predisposes to

cerebral vasospasm

It is true that epidural bleeding is

characterized by a lucid interval immediately after injury

a fracture in which bone breaks into two or more fragments is referred to as

comminuted

Following a bone fracture, the most likely event to occur is

development of a blood clot beneath the periosteum.

The pain of nonarticular rheumatism ("growing pain") is worse

during the night

tophi are

deposits of urate crystals in tissues

a risk factor for osteoporosis is

early menopause

Modulation of pain signals is thought to be mediated by the release of

endorphins

In older women, osteoporosis is thought to be primarily because of

estrogen deficiency

A laboratory test result that helps confirm the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is

positive antinuclear antibodies.

The classic manifestations of Parkinson disease include

rest tremor and skeletal muscle rigidity.

Systemic disorders include

rheumatoid arthritis

The disease that is similar to osteomalacia and occurs in growing children is

rickets

The first indication of brain compression from increasing intracranial pressure (ICP) may be

sluggish pupil response to light.

In the acute phase of stroke, treatment is focused on

stabilization of respiratory and cardiovascular function

the displacement of two bones in which the articular surfaces paritally lose contact with each other is called

subluxation

enteropathic arthritis is associated with

inflammatory bowel disease

Assessment of an extremity six hours after surgical alignment and casting demonstrates pulselessness and pallor. The priority action to take is to

initiate action to have the cast split or removed

a college student living in a dormitory reports a stiff neck and headache and is found to have a fever of 102 F. This information is most consistent with

meningitis

Which group of clinical findings indicates the poorest neurologic functioning?

Assumes decorticate posture with light touch, no verbal response

The earliest manifestation of scleroderma is

Raynaud phenomenon

Pain in fibromyalgia involves

changes in pain transmission in the spinal cord

the primary reason that prolonges seizure activity predisposes to ischemic brain damage is that

the lack of airway maintenance can lead to hypoxia

Slow pain sensation is transmitted primarily by

unmyelinated C fibers

"Tell me again the name of that chemical that makes crystals when my gout flares up," asks the client. The nurse's best response is

uric acid

Rickets is characterized by soft, weak bones resulting from a deficiency of

vitamin D

Referred pain may be perceived at some distance from the area of tissue injury, but generally felt

within the same dermatome

intracranial pressure normally ranges from ______ mm Hg

0 to 15

A level of ____ on the Glasgow Coma Scale indicates likely fatal damage.

3

The person at highest risk of a greenstick fracture from falling off a tall ladder is age

8

What type of seizure usually occurs in children and is characterized by brief staring spells?

Absence

myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which

acetylcholine receptors are destroyed or dysfunctional

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke include

acute hypertension

which neurologic disorder is commonly referred to as Lou Gehrig disease

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A patient who experiences early symptoms of muscle twitching, cramping, and stiffness of the hands may be demonstrating signs of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Upper extremity weakness in association with degeneration of CNS neurons is characteristic of

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

________ edema occurs when ischemic tissue swells because of cellular energy failure.

cytotoxic

the chief pathologic features of osteoarthritis are

degeneration of articular cartilage, destruction of the bone udner the cartilage, and thickening of the synovium

The dementia of Alzheimer disease is associated with structural changes in the brain, including

deposition of amyloid plaques in the brain.

Paget's disease is characterized by

excessive bone resorption followed by excessive formation of fragile bone

Pain that waxes and wanes and is exacerbated by physical exertion is likely related to

fibromyalgia syndrome.

Acceleration-deceleration movements of the head often result in polar injuries in which

focal injuries occur in two places at opposite poles.

Seizures that involve both hemispheres at the outset are termed

generalized

Muscular dystrophy includes a number of muscle disorders that are

genetically transmitted.

what type of fracture generally occurs in children

greenstick

Ascending paralysis with no loss of sensation is characteristic of

guillain-barre syndrome

One of the most common causes of acute pain is

headache

Prosthetic joint infection is most often because of

hematogenous transfer.

Autonomic dysreflexia is characterized by

hypertension and bradycardia

An example of inappropriate treatment for head trauma would be

hypoventilation

Individuals diagnosed with systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) are at risk for developing numerous complications of various organs because of

immune injury to basement membranes

Dopamine precursors and anticholinergics are all used in the management of Parkinson disease, because they

increase dopamine activity in the basal ganglia.

Ankylosing spondylitis is characterized by

inflammation, stiffness, and fusion of spinal joints

Ankylosing spondylitis causes

intervertebral joint fusion

The stroke etiology with the highest morbidity and mortality is

intracranial hemorrhage

Clinical manifestations of a stroke within the right cerebral hemisphere include

left-sided muscle weakness and neglect.

The most common site affected in Paget's disease is the

lower spine

The initial treatment of an individual experiencing a seizure is concentrated on

maintaining an airway.

Healing of a fractured bone with a poor alignment is called

malunion

It is true that Bell palsy is a

paralysis of the muscles innervated by the facial nerve

Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm should be suspected if the patient reports

sudden, severe headache

manifestations of acute brain iscehmia (Cushing reflex) are due primarily to

sympathetic nervous system activation

in contrast wtih osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis may be associated wtih

systemic aching in the musculoskeletal system

A clinical finding consistent with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis would be

systemic manifestations of inflammation.

a unique characteristic feature of fibromyalgia is the presence of

tender point pain

Complete healing of a bone fracture occurs when

the callus has been completely replaced with mature bone