What is an animal (zoology ppt1)
Heterotrophic
"other feeder"
Autotropic
"self feeder"
Kingdom plantae
-Eukaryotic -evolved from green algae -have embryos (are embryophytes) -rigid cell walls (cellulose) -multicellular, with different cell types *photosynthetic autotrophs
Kingdom Animalia
-Eukaryotic -heterotrophic (usually ingests food) -Multicellular, with diverse cells lacking cell walls held together with structural proteins like collagen -Tissues* develop from embryonic layers (*not sponges) -capable of movement at some point in life
Archaea
-extremophiles (love extreme environments like dead sea, hot springs ect) -visibly similar to eubacteria (true bacteria) -genetically distinct
holotype
A single specimen (the anchor) used as standard type to name, describe and illustrate, and represent a set of species and subspecies.
what is binomial nomenclature
A system for giving each organism a two-word scientific name that consists of the genus name followed by the species name Latin/greek, binomial=2words, genus and up is capitalized, species is not capitalized, italicized or underlined ex: Apis mellifera (meaning bee that bears honey)
who is the father of binomial nomenclature?
Carl von linne'/Carolus Linnaeus
Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryotic -mushrooms, molds, yeasts, rots -most are multicellular w/ rigid chitinous cell wall -basic body plan is mass of filaments -hyphae -heterotrophs, decomposers. -absorbs nutrition, uses exoenzymes -recyclers
7 important taxonomic levles
Kingdon Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (King phillip came over for good sex)
2 kingdom system used in the 19th and 20th century
Plants (plantae) and Animals (animalia)
Kingdom Monera
Prokaryotic bacteria and bluegreens (cyanbacteria) -simple cells lacking organelles -no membrane-bound nucleus -DNA is a circular chromosome not linear -dna is not associated with proteins ex: bluegreen oscillatoria some are heterotrophic and some are autotropic
Kingdom Protista
Super diverse microorganisms eukaryotic -not monophyletic -maybe 14 separate kingdom/phyla in flux -Mainly are signle-celled -maybe photosynthetic, heterotrophic, both. ex: amoeba proteus
Haeckel proposed "kingdom protista"
They're green because they photosynthesize, is it a plant? is it an animal???? we didn't know so we made it its' own kingdom
5 kingdom system
Whittaker (monera, protista, animila, plantae, fungi)
systematics
an analytical approach to understanding the diversity and evolutionary relationships of organisms
monophyletic
contains ancestral species and all of its descendants (good taxa are monophyletic)
origin of animals...
debating if sponges or ctenophores are the oldest and simplest animal
paraphyletic
does not include all descendants of the common ancestor (ignoring species)
3 domain system (1990)
eukarya, eubacteria (bacteria), archea (we think there are 3 but we might actually only have 2)
Phylogenetic Relationships
evolutionary relationships
trophic hierarchy
ex food chain
Cladogram
graphic representation of evolutionary relationships
Taxa
group at some level
polyphyletic
have ancestors that are not included in the group
Hierarchical system
items are ranked by levels
Taxonomic Hierarchy
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species the further you get to family-species the less diverse.
How should you group living things/organisms?
on similar characteristics that they may have possessed from their ancestors ex: feathers, beaks bad examples: flight
2 domain system
prokaryotes and eukaryotes (supported by much molecular genetic evidence)
Chitin
provides both toughness and flexibility ex exoskeleton
Natural classification system
reflects true relationships between organisms = Phylogenetic Relationships
Taxonomy
science of classification
tree of life
shared common ancestors fungi are closer to animals than plants bc of 16s
Taxonomy
the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying organisms
anchor in taxonomy
when finding a new species you pick 1 organism to base the characteristics after
authorship of taxa
you'll be the author forever
