Word Study: Analysis and Identification

Strategies that can be used to best build growth in word analysis and identification include all of the following except:

"popcorn" reading in which one student starts reading a passage in front of the class and another says "popcorn" and continues the reading.

The following sentence is missing several words. It can be ___(1)___ to find a moment to ___(2)___ your thoughts into the ___(3)___ when there are many people participating in a ___(4)___. A word with the prefix inter- would best fit in which of the following blanks?

(2) The prefix inter- means between or among. A word like interject would work well in blank number 2 because the speaker is attempting to insert their voice and ideas among many other voices.

Morpheme

A combination of sounds that has meaning in speech or writing and cannot be divided into smaller grammatical parts. This includes prefixes and suffixes. write, cat, laugh, box

Final Stable Syllable

A consonant + -le syllable occurs at the end of a word. If the consonant + -le syllable is found next to an open syllable, then the vowel in the open syllable stays long. If the consonant + -le is next to a closed syllable, the vowel in the closed syllable stays short. bugle, candle, bubble, circle, and trample

Prefix

A letter or letters at the beginning of a root word that changes its meaning re, de, un

Suffix

A letter or letters at the end of a root word that changes its meaning s, es, ed, ing, ly, er, or, ion, tion, able, and ible

Affix

A letter or letters that change a root word's meaning

Which activity would fit in a unit focusing on enhancing student abilities in word recognition?

After studying some common prefixes, suffixes, and root words, play a game where students generate as many words as possible that use a specific root, prefix, or suffix.

Root

Base words to which prefixes, suffixes, and syllables can be added

The words trying, writing, happening, heating demonstrate which of the following principles?

Depending on the ending letter of the root word, the addition of a suffix may impact the spelling of the root.

Decoding

In reading out loud, being able to sound out words by breaking them into simple forms. In reading for comprehension, the understanding of how to read each letter or letter pattern in a word to determine the word's meaning

Which of the following describes a way that spelling instruction can support the decoding skills of early readers?

Memorizing common letter patterns through spelling can then be applied to unfamiliar words with similar structures when reading.

Which of the following activities would best support a student's ability to decode multisyllabic words?

Provide practice matching prefixes, roots, and suffixes to create new words.

Syntax

Rules that govern the construction of words in order to make phrases, clauses, and sentences.

Which of the following best describes decoding?

Students sound out the phonemes of the word and associate the sound of the word to the correct definition.

R-Controlled Syllable

Syllable that contains a vowel followed by the letter r; the r controls the vowel and changes the way the vowel is pronounced car, guitar, mother, and manor

Closed Syllable

Syllable that ends in a consonant; vowel has its short sound hot, help, dog, mistake

Open Syllable

Syllable that ends in a vowel; the vowel has its long sound vacant, brutal, agent

Morphology

The study of forms of words, including affixes, roots, stems, and parts of speech.

Semantics

The study of word or symbol meaning.

Vowel-Consonant-E Syllable

The vowel-consonant-e syllable has a silent "e" and makes the vowel before it long; this syllable is usually found at the end of a word name, mice, cake, compete

Phonics / Graphophonemic Principle

Using the relationship between symbols (letters and words) and sounds of a language to read and write

Which of the following syllable types is the first syllable of the word "excellent"?

a closed syllable A closed syllable has a consonant at the end of a syllable. The first syllable in "excellent" is "ex"; the syllable "ex" ends in a consonant.

Denotative Meaning

a literal, dictionary meaning of a word

Which of the following syllable types is the first syllable in "eating"?

a vowel team syllable

Which of the following syllable types is the last syllable in the word "rename"?

a vowel-consonant-e syllable

A fourth-grade teacher writes the word "do" on the board and models for the class how adding "re" and "un" to the beginning of "do" impacts the word's meaning. She then provides her class with the following list: re un mis de She asks the students to consider the list with a partner to see which examples from the list could be added to the beginning of the word "use" to create a new word. What concept is the focus of this teacher's lesson?

affixes

The morphemes -ed, -er, -est, -ing, and -s are examples of: Select all answers that apply.

affixes inflectional morphemes.

Inflectional Affix

an affix that changes the form of the root or base word The inflectional affix, "ed" changes a verb to the past tense.

Derivational Affix

an affix that changes the root or base word into a new word

In order to support his student's development of word recognition skills, the teacher should strive to develop their abilities in which of the following areas?

application of phonics generalizations

A first-grade student is reading aloud and mispronounces the following words: after, old, ask, and what. The student could benefit from additional instruction in which of the following areas?

automatic recognition of high-frequency words

A teacher is providing instruction on root words. Which of the following is not a good example of root words to use with the class?

boyhood, childhood, neighborhood

A second-grade teacher passes out single syllable nouns (e.g. door, knob) to each student in the class. She asks the students to walk around the room until they find another student with a word that can combine with their own to form a new word (e.g. doorknob). This activity is most likely to help the students understand which of the following?

compound words

Which instructional strategy would be most appropriate when teaching students to determine the meanings of unfamiliar words when reading a short story?

contextual analysis

For their morning work, a teacher has students dissect the word "disconnected." The students are required to break the word into a prefix, root word, and suffix. Which of the following skills will this help develop?

decoding

While reading, a student comes across the unknown word "sanitize." He notices in the sentence the words "dirty, " "but," and "now clean." He determines that sanitize must be the opposite of dirty. Which strategy did he use to define the unknown word?

defining meaning from context clues

A student comes across the unknown word "resurface" while reading a story taking place on a lake. She thinks about how "surface" means top of the lake and determines that "resurface" must mean coming up to the top again. Which strategy did she use to define the unknown word?

defining meaning from structural clues and morphology

While reading, a student comes across the unknown word "extracellular." He notices the prefix "extra-" and determines that the word means something like "having more cells." While he did not correctly define the word, which strategy did he use in his attempt to define the unknown word?

defining meaning from structural clues and morphology

A teacher provides students with a set of word cards. The teacher models how she can put two cards together to make one new word. She holds up the card blue and berry to create blueberry. The class is instructed to use their cards to individually come up with 10 new, real words. Once everyone has 10 words, they can choose a partner to use four of their new words in a sentence. The teacher then asks for volunteers to share one of their sentences with the class. This word-generating activity will benefit students in which area?

easily decoding compound words while reading

Which of the following are acceptable resources to verify the meaning of unfamiliar words? Select all answers that apply.

glossary print dictionary online dictionary

Cindy continues to write the word "hole" when she means "whole." Cindy needs further instruction in:

homophones.

Brandon is having a difficult time reading the word "slippery" and soon after asks for help with the word "underneath." Which of the following strategies would best support Brandon learning to decode these and other multisyllabic words independently?

identify the different syllables of the word by circling them and then sounding out the word by syllables

Word Order (Syntax)

in a basic declarative statement in English, the subject comes first, followed by the verb, and then by the objects and adverbial phrases, if there are any He went to the store yesterday.

Letter-Sound Correspondence

knowing what sound(s) each letter makes the letter "f" makes the first sound in the word "foot"

Punctuation

marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. period

Conducting a structural analysis would be the best strategy for students to use to decipher the meaning of which of the following words?

mislead

A teacher might ask students to compare the words go, goes, and undergo in order to support an understanding of:

morphemes. Go is the smallest segment that still contains meaning and occurs in each of the words.

Uncountable Noun

nouns that do not have a quantity that can be determined using numbers water, love, safety

Countable Nouns

nouns that have a quantity that can be determined using numbers potatoes, clients, buildings

Diphthong

one vowel sound made by the combination of two vowel sounds

Which of the following words contain a closed syllable? Select all answers that apply.

pan "Pan" ends with a consonant, so it is a closed syllable. request The word "request" contains two syllables, the first is open and the second is closed.

Which of the following best describes the segment "pre" in "prescribe."

prefix

Which of the following best describes the segment "un" in "unbelievable."

prefix

In the word unreliableness, the underlined part is the:

prefix. A prefix is an affix that is placed before the stem of a word. Adding it to the beginning of one word changes it into another word. Un- is a common prefix.

Digital Resources

resources that provide content beyond what is available in print In an ELA classroom, students may be able to use digital resources to hear a word said aloud, see more examples of words being used, and/or see visual representations of a word.

During a decoding exercise, a first-grade teacher noticed a student could not decode new words when particular suffixes were added to the word. This student would most benefit from which of the following instruction?

structural analysis

A student is attempting to determine the pronunciation and meaning of a word while reading a sentence. Which of the following could help with this unfamiliar word? Select all answers that apply.

structural analysis contextual analysis

Which of the following best describes the segment "able" in "unforgettable."

suffix

A student in a third-grade class is attempting to determine the meaning of the word "scrawny" in the following sentence. There was Sam, ten years old with long, skinny legs and equally scrawny arms, but he had a smile that lit up any room he walked into. Which of the following would best support the student in an attempt to infer the word's meaning?

syntactic analysis

Phoneme Blending

the ability to blend two sounds to make a word

Connotation

the implied meaning of a word; the feeling a word conveys

Which of the following syllables types is the last syllable in "star"?

the r-controlled syllable

Which of the following is the best definition of a compound word?

two complete words that have joined together as one word with a new meaning

Compound Words

two complete words that have joined together to form one word with a new meaning bed+room = bedroom

Vowel Digraph

two vowels that make a single vowel sound when together in a word, also known as "vowel teams" the "ai" in paint; the "ee" in need; the "oa" in boat

Bound Morpheme

type of morpheme that can appear only as part of a larger word Prefixes such as pre-, dis-, in-, un-, and suffixes such as -ful, -ment, -ly, -ise are bound morphemes.

Free Morpheme / Unbound Morpheme

type of morpheme that can stand alone or can appear with other morphemes in a lexeme

Which of the following words should a teacher use to demonstrate structural analysis for word identification?

unknown

A third-grade teacher writes the following sentence on the board: Despite being the last to use the bathroom pass, the student emphatically denied being the one that lost it. She asks the students to write down the meaning of the word emphatically without looking it up in the dictionary. How does the teacher expect the students to determine the word's meaning?

use context clues to predict the word's meaning

Contextual Analysis

use of surrounding information in a text to help determine a word

Dictionary (Print)

use when you need to define a word Oxford English Dictionary

Beyond word memorization, students must learn to read new words using which of the following skills? Select all answers that apply.

using context clues This is a good way to help determine unfamiliar words. using structural cues such as prefixes, suffixes, and roots This is a good way to help read unfamiliar words. using decoding skills This is a good way to help read unfamiliar words.

Which of the following strategies should be incorporated into the classroom to help students determine the meaning of unknown words while reading? Select all answers that apply.

using context clues using root words and morphology

While evaluating a student's reading performance, Mr. Daniels identifies two problem areas. The student struggles to correctly read unfamiliar three-syllable words. The miscues from these words are causing comprehension issues after the fact. In order to help the student improve his comprehension, which activities should Mr. Daniels provide?

using context clues to decode for meaning

Multiple times a year a third-grade teacher administers a formal assessment of her students' oral reading fluency. While assessing a student's reading, she notices that the child performs well on the portion of the test that asks the student to read a paragraph, but struggles when reading many of the same words in list form. Which of the following would best describe a strength of this student?

using context clues to determine a word

Structural / Morphemic Analysis

using meaningful word parts (morphemes) to study a word and determine its meaning

Context Clues / Contextual Analysis

using the words before and after an unknown word to determine its meaning It was a beautiful day that made it idyllic for swimming.

Teaching students to use contextual analysis when reading unfamiliar words is likely to help their accuracy by helping the student:

verify the accuracy of their reading by considering the word's meaning within the sentence.

Which of the following word sets would best support a lesson on structural analysis?

visit, revisit, visitor, visiting

A first-grade teacher creates a fun, engaging story and writes the story on flashcards. The teacher writes unfamiliar words larger than the familiar words so they are easy for students to identify. As the teacher reads to the class, the teacher points to each word as he reads it. After reading through the story one time, the teacher reads the flashcards a second time and tells the students when he points to a word written in big letters to say the word along with him. Which of the following reading skills is this activity most promoting?

word recognition

Sight Word

word that cannot be decoded because it doesn't follow standard phonics rules and must be recognized by sight of, was, the, would

Connector

word that relates words, phrases, or clauses to each other

Meronyms

words that are part of a more general term Meronyms for pants are pockets, zipper, cuff, etc.

Aspect

words that determine if the statement is referring to a single action, a repeated or regular action, or a progressive/ongoing state or action will have talked vs. will be talking

Hyponyms

words that fall under a more general term

Tense

words that indicate if a statement is referring to past time, present time, or future time Past- She spoke. Present- She speaks. Future- She will speak.

Determiner

words that provide information about nouns; vital for forming meaningful statements or questions a, an, the, this, that, my, your, some, many

Homonyms

words that share the same spelling or pronunciation, but have different meanings fly (insect/action of a bird or plane); park (open space in nature/stopping a car in a certain spot)

Antonyms

words with the opposite meanings

Synonyms

words with the same or a similar meaning