World Art Exam 2 Study Guide
ashlar masonry
-Regular courses of bricks, the bricks are uniformly rectilinear that are set at right angles -Inca walls are wider at the base and taper inward as one moves upwards -Triangles are inherently more stable than squares, especially during earthquakes -The top of the wall weighs significantly less than the bottom so it allows it to be more stable -Bigger bricks used at the bottom, smaller bricks on the way up *Korikancha
3. Compare and contrast The Last Supper by Leonardo and Tintoretto. What changes in form and values are evident in the High vs. the Late Renaissance?
-different angle -Christ easily found -halos back -spirits on roof -diagnonal creates movement - spirits on roof -diagonal creates movement -strong contrast of light and dark -judas singled out
3. Compare and contrast The Last Supper by Leonardo and Tintoretto. What changes in form and values are evident in the High vs. the Late Renaissance?
-different angle -Christ easily found -halos back -spirits on roof -diagnonal creates movement -strong contrast of light and dark -judas singled out
12. What was the Royal Academy? Why was it important (what did it do)?
-like a guild but more strict, painting and sculpture has strict control over it -guaranteed artist in it royal and civic commissions and financial success
16. What are the differences between the literati and professional traditions of ink painting in China? Generally, who did each practitioner serve, and what was expressed in each type of painting?
-literati: handscoll with ink on paper by scholars that were amateur artist and made for themselves, expressed subjects from nature, calligraphy often complimented the images
9. What are the primary subjects for Baroque painting in the Dutch Republic? Why did this type of subject matter develop here? Who were the patrons? What were the social, political, and religious contexts and how did they differ from the Italy, Spain, and Flanders?
-patrons: merchants, traders and wealthy business men -they were protistent -not lots of church pieces -had no king -Loved portraits, still life, and flower paintings organized with triangles -loved symbolism
what was the Reformation, and how did it affect art in Catholic and Protestant regions
-protestants ha e issues with the church so separate, didn't like the idea of "buying a ticket to heaven" -created counter reformation which tried to bring people back to the church -lots of counter reformation pieces sponsored by the Catholic Church to glorify it
7. How did the Catholic Church use art to fit the purposes of the Counter Reformation?
-used art to glorify church - mother and child paintings - if church takes care of you, you stay loyal to it -popes are major patrons - Popre Sixth V
Burin
A metal instrument used in engraving to cut lines into the metal plate. The sharp end of the burin is trimmed to give a diamond-shaped cutting point, while the other end is finished with a wooden handle that fits into the engraver's palm.
Age of Exploration
A period from about 1450 to 1600 in which Europeans traveled and explored the rest of the world in search of new trade routes, goods, raw materials, land and discoveries.
fete galante
A specific genre in Rococo. A lighthearted, romantic party scene.
1. A: What are the main themes and concerns in Aztec and Inka art? How do the themes in their art compare with those of Renaissance Europe? B: How were they affected by European contact?
A:-naturalism not their goal -more abstract -center figures -express power and religion B:-plagued with disease -conformed to christian -temples destroyed
porcelain
Although the nearly life-size sculpture appears to elevate a tawdry subject, Koons hired European fabricators to produce the object in porcelain, a material better known for cheap knickknacks than fine art in museums. Fine china
6. What are the characteristics of Baroque art and architecture and how do they compare/contrast with the Renaissance? Where are these characteristics evident in the Baroque works listed above?
Baroque: -dynamic -complex -theatrical -DRAMATIC -granel Ren: -static -simple -calm -rational -clear
porticos
Bernini's remarkable design frames the oval piazza with two enormous curved porticos, or covered walkways, supported by Tuscan columns. These curved porticos are connected to two straight porticos, which lead up a slight incline to the two ends of the church façade.
hand scroll
Chinese art, much like tapestries that are ink painted illustrations; hand held
hanging scroll
Chinese art, much like tapestries that are ink painted illustrations; hanging
Confucianism
Chinese philosophy that teaches: Humans are good, not evil; Respect for elders; Ancestor worship; A code of politeness; and An emphasis on education
Humors/fluids
The theory holds that the human body is filled with four basic substances, called humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. Diseases and disabilities supposedly resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. Disease could also be the result of the "corruption" of one or more of the humors, which could be caused by environmental circumstances, dietary changes, or many other factors.[8] These deficits were thought to be caused by vapors inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors are black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. These terms only partly correspond to the modern medical terminology, in which there is no distinction between black and yellow bile, and in which phlegm has a very different meaning. These "humors" may have their roots in the appearance of a blood sedimentation test made in open air, which exhibits a dark clot at the bottom ("black bile"), a layer of unclotted erythrocytes ("blood"), a layer of white blood cells ("phlegm") and a layer of clear yellow serum ("yellow bile"). It was believed that these were the basic substances from which all liquids in the body were made.
17. How did Western art influence China in the 18th and 19th centuries?
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Hotels
In the Rococo style, the nobility builds so-called _____ or town houses in Paris
Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture
The members of the French Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture considered ancient Classical art to be the standard by which contemporary art should be judged. By the 1680s, however, younger artists of the academy began to argue that modern art might equal, or might even surpass, the art of the ancients—a radical thought that sparked controversy.
Mannerism
The new style of Italian art that appeared to be 'artificial' compared to High Renaissance standards, artificiality, grace and elegance are all seen in mannerism. Clashing colors, complex, asymmetrical compositions, challenging subjects, etc.
4. What was the historical context that may have influenced the Mannerist style? How did the style of Mannerism in Italy demonstrate a break with the ideals of the Early and High Renaissance? What characteristics of Mannerist painting exemplify this challenge to typical Renaissance forms and style? Compare/contrast, for example, the Madonna and Child paintings of Parmigianino and Raphael and the images of Venus by Bronzino and Botticelli.
- The reformation -artificial, graceful elegant -distorted and elongated, exaggerated poses -clashing colors -complex
Caligraphy
The painting visualizes Ming philosophy, which held that the mind, not the physical world, was the basis for reality. With its tight synthesis of poetry, calligraphy, and painting and its harmony of mind and landscape, Poet on a Mountaintop represents the essence of Ming literati painting.
Daoism
Following Confucianism, they became officials to fulfill their obligation to the world, but pulled by Daoism, they retreated from society in order to come to terms with nature and the universe—to create a garden, to write poetry, or to paint.
13. Characterize the Rococo style and its context. Where and why did the Rococo style develop? Who was it about and directed towards?
- began in France 1715-1800 -pastel colors -delicate curving forms -feminine: flowery and soft -delicate figures -light hearted mood created -DIRECTED at aristocrats (patrons)
11. Who was Louis XIV, and what was his importance? How did he use art to proclaim his power?
-23 year king in French Baroque -golden ages of France, very peaceful -decorated everything -dramatic -supported royal academy -moved courts to versile -showed power and wealth thru the works he patroned -also the sun king
what are some of the varying views and roles of women during the 16th-18th centuries? What challenges did female artists face? Consider works by Gentileschi, Leyster, and Ruysch.
-Challenges: no training, vulnerable to their masters, had to prove themselves - they overcame odd -works often detailed to show their skill - painted self portraits - sometimes theme of fighting men
14. What was the relationship between China and Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries? How did they view each other, and what did they find appealing about each other's art? What is porcelain and chinoiserie?
-Europe loved Chinese porcelain -wealthy aristocrats loved Chinese art -china stayed away from European art -traded tho -Porcelain: usually blue and white fired at high temps -chinoiserie: the imitation or evocation of Chinese motifs and techniques in Western art, furniture, and architecture (porcelain)
Fransisco Pizarro
Gave small pox to the majority of the population of Incas
Cusco/Cuzco
Cusco, a capital of great splendor, was home to the Inca, ruler of the empire. Its urban plan was said to have been designed by the Inca Pachacuti (ruled 1438-1471) in the shape of a puma, its head the fortress of Sacsayhuaman, and its belly the giant plaza at the center of town. The city was divided into upper and lower parts, reflecting the dual organization of Inca society. Cusco was the symbolic as well as the political center of the Inca Empire: Everyone had to carry a burden when entering the city, and gold, silver, or textiles brought into the city could not afterward be removed from it. Cusco was a showcase of the finest Inca masonry, some of which can still be seen in the city today
Coatlicue
Earth god
arabesque
European term for a type of linear surface decoration based on foliage and calligraphic forms, thought by Europeans to be typical of Islamic art and usually characterized by flowing lines and swirling shapes.
Printing Press
Invented by Johann Guttenberg that helped to spread Luther's 95 Theses. To print the plate, used weight to press the ink in the cut lines onto a piece of paper
The Great Pyramid
It was built by hand more than a thousand years before the swooping arrival of the Nahuatl-speaking Aztec in central Mexico. But it was the Aztec, descending on the abandoned site, no doubt falling awestruck by what they saw, who gave its current name: Teotihuacan. A famed archaeological site located fewer than 30 miles (50 kilometers) from Mexico City, Teotihuacan reached its zenith between 100 B.C. and A.D. 650. It covered 8 square miles (21 square kilometers)
femmes savants
Les Femmes savantes (The Learned Ladies) is a comedy by Molière in five acts, written in verse. A satire on academic pretension, female education, and préciosité (French for preciousness), it was one of his most popular comedies.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther was born in 1483. He became a monk and when he went to Rome, he saw the corruption the riddled the roman catholic church. Having a sense of responsibility, he acted out and denounced the church. People soon caught on like a wildfire and the Reformation began. In summary, he saw corruption in the Church and started the Reformation(movement to change the church) and started Lutheranism
Tenochtitlan
Mexico's center city during the Aztec reign
self-portrait
in which physical appearance seems recorded in a magnifying mirror. We see the stubble of a day's growth of beard on his chin and cheeks, and every carefully described wrinkle around the artist's eyes, reddened from the strain of his work and reflecting light that seems to emanate from our own space.
Coyolxauhqui
Moon god
Marco Polo
One of many visitors to China during the Yuan dynasty. He was a traveler and adventurer from Venice. Served Kublai Khan for 17 years.
Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V (pontificate 1585-1590) had begun the renewal in Rome by cutting long, straight avenues through the city to link the major pilgrimage churches with one another and with the main gates of Rome. Sixtus also ordered open spaces—piazzas—to be cleared in front of major churches, marking each site with an Egyptian obelisk.
Council of Trent
Roman Catholic church leaders that met to discuss reform and to try and keep more members from joining Protestant churches
Edition
Series of prints on one plate, created from printing press
Hernan Cortes
Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of what is now mainland Mexico
Huitzilopochtli
Sun god
Tlaloc
The Aztec god of rain
Counter Reformation
The Council of Trent: 1545-1563 Roman Catholic Church leaders meet to discuss reform, partly to try to keep more members from joining Protestant church instead. Roman Catholic Church making own reforms in response to the Protestant Reformation.
Dutch Republic
The House of Orange was not notable for its patronage of the arts, but patronage improved significantly under Prince Frederick Henry (ruled 1625-1647), and Dutch artists found many other eager patrons among the prosperous middle class in Amsterdam, Leiden, Haarlem, Delft, and Utrecht. The Hague was the capital city and the preferred residence of the House of Orange, but Amsterdam was the true center of power, because of its sea trade and the enterprise of its merchants, who made the city an international commercial center. The Dutch delighted in depictions of themselves and their country—the landscape, cities, and domestic life—not to mention beautiful and interesting objects in still-life paintings and interior scenes. A well-educated people, the Dutch were also fascinated by history, mythology, the Bible, new scientific discoveries, commercial expansion abroad, and colonial exploration.
piazza
The building faces a large square, or piazza, which became the true center of Florence. The town houses around the piazza often had benches along their walls to provide convenient public seating
Buddhism
Through most of its history India was a mosaic of regional dynastic kingdoms, but from time to time empires emerged that unified large parts of the subcontinent. The first was that of the Maurya dynasty (c. 322-185 bce), whose great king Ashoka patronized Buddhism. From this time Buddhist doctrines spread widely and its artistic traditions were established.
Quadratura
To achieve this, they employed the system of quadratura (literally, "squaring" or "gridwork"): an architectural setting painted in meticulous perspective and usually requiring viewing from a specific spot to achieve the desired effect of soaring space.
Tudor
Tudor England, in spite of the disruption caused by the Reformation, was economically and politically stable enough to provide sustained support for the arts, as Henry VIII strived to compete with the wealthy, sophisticated court of Francis I. Music, literature, and architecture flourished, but painting was principally left to foreigners.
Baldacchino
When Urban VIII was elected pope in 1623, he unhesitatingly gave the young Bernini the daunting task of designing an enormous bronze baldacchino, or canopy, over the high altar of St. Peter's. The church was so large that a dramatic focus on the altar was essential. The resulting BALDACCHINO (fig. 23-3), completed in 1633, stands almost 100 feet high and exemplifies the Baroque objective to create multimedia works—combining architecture, sculpture, and sometimes painting as well—that defy simple categorization.
di sotto in su
a ceiling painting in which the figures seem to be hovering above the viewer
Chinoiserie
a style in art (as in decoration) reflecting Chinese qualities or motifs also : an object or decoration in this style
Salons
as the rooms and the events held in them were known, were intimate, fashionable, and intellectual gatherings, often including splendid entertainments that mimicked in miniature the rituals of the Versailles court. The salons were hosted on a weekly basis by accomplished, educated women of the upper class including Mesdames de Staël, de La Fayette, de Sévigné, and du Châtelet.
painterly brushwork
brushwork is evident; texture
Colorito
emphasis on color to form figures
Vanitas
emptiness; genre of symbolic work, meaningless and transience of earthly life
15. How are Confucian and Daoist principles reflected in Chinese art?
maintain order relationships connected to universe and nature
Pontormo
packing the pictorial field with figures and eliminating specific reference to the spacial setting
8. What was influential about Caravaggio's paintings?
painted still lifes -painted in baroque style -Used tenebrismo
literati painting
painting that reflects the taste of educated peoples
The Reformation
the Reformation in 1517, when Luther issued his "95 Theses" calling for Church reform. Among Luther's concerns were the practice of selling indulgences (guarantees of relief from the punishment required after death for forgiven sins) and the excessive veneration of saints and their relics, which he considered superstitious. Luther and others emphasized individual faith and regarded the Bible as the ultimate religious authority. As they challenged the pope's supremacy, it became clear that the Protestants had to break away from Rome. The Roman Catholic Church condemned Luther in 1521.
Engraving (Intaglio printing)
the process or art of cutting or carving a design on a hard surface example: Albrecht Dürer Adam and Eve, 1504 Engraving is challenging and difficult to correct. Once a line is cut, it is difficult to change. However, one can make multiple images with the plate. The series of prints is called an edition.
Atawalpa
was the last Inca Emperor. After defeating his brother, Atahualpa became very briefly the last Sapa Inca (sovereign emperor) of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu) before the Spanish conquest. Before Huayna Capac died in Quito (possibly due to smallpox), he appointed Ninan Coyuchi and Yao as his successor.
Moctzema II
was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, when conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
