World History

a

Was Carthage connected to other cultures except through military conquest? (a.) Yes, they were prolific traders. (b.) Yes, though international trade was limited. (c.) No, Carthage was explicitly isolationist. (d.) No, military conquest was the only way in which Carthage came into contact with other cultures.

b

Which of the following innovations did NOT emerge under the legendary rulers of China's Mythical Period? (a.) fire. (b.) paper. (c.) houses. (d.) language.

d

How did the Abbasids claim power after the Umayyad dynasty?. (a.) They promoted the Golden Age of Islam. (b.) They claimed descendence from Muhammad's daughter Fatima . (c.) They assumed the same character and administration policies as the Umayyads. (d.) They gained supprt from the malawi, or non-Arab Muslims by moving the capital to Babylon.

a

According to Homer, how should a Greek man act in war? (a.) Hold one's formation in phalanx formation. (b.) Denounce tactical trickery as a commander. (c.) Leave body armor and military accoutrements on slain enemies. (d.) All of these answers.

b

Although there are many reasons for Rome's Golden Age, there is one characteristic of the first five of the six successions during this period to which the Golden Age is often attributed. What is that characteristic?. (a.) The consensus of the senate in choosing an emperor's successor. (b.) The conscious adoption of an emperor's successor over inheritance. (c.) A period of mentoring and apprenticeship for an emperor's successor. (d.) All of these answers.

c

Amenemhet I enacted various political processes to strengthen his dynasty. Which of the following did he do? (a.) He built an extensive network of roads. (b.) He deposed any nomarchs who defied his rule. (c.) He appointed his son, Senusret I, as coregent. (d.) He required each nome to conduct a census every year.

a

Choose the correct hierarchy of the social class system during the Shang Dynasty, from most to least respected. (a.) The aristocracy; the peasants; the military; the artisans. (b.) The military; the peasants; the artisans; the aristocracy. (c.) The military; the aristocracy; the peasants; the artisans. (d.) The aristocracy; the military; the artisans; the peasants.

b

Choose the correct order of the philosophies founded during the Spring and Autumn period to match these main values: (A) society; (B) the individual; (C) universal love; (D) the government (a.) (A) Legalism; (B) Mohism; (C) Confucianism; (D) Daoism. (b.) (A) Daoism; (B) Confucianism; (C) Mohism; (D) Legalism. (c.) (A) Mohism; (B) Confucianism; (C) Legalism; (D) Daoism. (d.) (A) Confucianism; (B) Daoism; (C) Legalism; (D) Mohism.

b

During the English Reformation, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I all influenced the church in England. Which Monarch attempted to restore the Catholic faith to England in the 16th century?. (a.) Mary . (b.) Henry VII. (c.) Edward VI. (d.) Elizabeth I.

b

From where does the best evidence for the Minoan civilizations outside Crete derive? (a.) Minoan religious idols. (b.) Minoan handicraft items. (c.) Minoan receipts and legal documents. (d.) Mycenaean historians wrote about Minoans.

c

Hammurabi is considered one of history's greatest rulers. Which of the following did he do to build and improve his empire? (a.) He consolidated power at Nippur. (b.) He allowed conquered states to self-govern freely. (c.) He established a code of law by which his empire was governed. (d.) He opted to conquer regions with desired resources rather than engage in trade.

d

How did Athens eventually fall from its powerful, prestigious position as the leader of the Delian League? (a.) The Delian League rose and revolted against Athenian tyranny. (b.) They were conquered by Macedonia following a series of famines. (c.) They overcommitted their resources and were overcome with bankruptcy. (d.) They used the Delian League for their own ambitions and were defeated in the Peloponnesian War.

a

How did Cyrus the Great maintain authority over his vast empire? (a.) He installed regional satraps to govern territories in his stead. (b.) He required weekly reports from every major city in the empire. (c.) He required governors to return to his capital city of Pasagardae once a year. (d.) He heavily taxed the territories and then redistributed the wealth depending on his favor.

a

Merchants and farmers paid a national tax via a common economic system. (a.) trade. (b.) Religious tithes. (c.) agricultue. (d.) livestock

c

Nomadic Harappan Phase, Agricultural Harappan Phase, and Urban Harappan Phase. (a.) The king Dhana Nanda. (b.) The prime minister Rakshasa. (c.) The Bahmin teacher Chanakya. (d.) The king Chandragupta Maurya.

c

Select the most accurate comparison of the Han Dynasty with the earlier Qin Dynasty. (a.) The Han Dynasty saw greater expansion than the Qin Dynasty and established crucial trade routes. (b.) The Han Dynasty allowed more freedom than did the Qin Dynasty, which led to prosperity and growth. (c.) Both of these answers. (d.) Neither of these answers.

b

The First Intermediate Period transitioned into the Middle Kingdom after the _______ Kings defeated the ________ Kings. (a.) Heracleopolitan; Theban. (b.) Theban; Heracleopolitan. (c.) Seventh Dynasty; Eighth Dynasty. (d.) Eighth Dynasty; Seventh Dynasty.

d

The Phoenicians are known for many of their distinct cultural characteristics. Which of the following is a Phoenician cultural achievement? (a.) Its monopoly on purple dye. (b.) Its maritime trade, especially its use of the bireme. (c.) Its alphabet, from Arabic, Hebrew, and Greek all derive. (d.) All of these answers.

d

The key difference between the English Reformation and the wider Protestant Reformation in Europe was _____: (a.) The wider Protestant Reformation was relatively peaceful. (b.) The English Reformation was supported by the Catholic Church. (c.) The English Reformation was driven only by theological motivators. (d.) The roots of the English Reformation were political, rather than theological.

b

The mandatory enlistment of people in a national service, most often military service, is called _________.. (a.) depiction. (b.) conscription. (c.) inscription. (d.) eviction.

b

The political structure of the Phoenician culture is most like that of _______________. (a.) The divine rulership of the Akkadians. (b.) The city-states of the Ancient Greeks. (c.) The oligarchic Senate of Ancient Rome. (d.) Ruling priesthood of Egypt's 3rd Intermediate Period.

b

The uniformity of Harappan artifacts suggested that: (a.) The cities used bricks to buid citadels and walls. (b.) The cities had a form of central authority and government. (c.) Kings or priests decided the measurements for seals, weights, and bricks. (d.) a.

c

There were more than 1,000 cities and settlements in the Indus Valley Civlization. (a.) The origin of Sanksrit. (b.) What is the Indus Script?. (c.) An ancient language that remains undiciphered. (d.) Many symbols that scholars used to write ancient books .

a

Through different periods, the Phoenicians fell under the rules of several empires. Which of the following empires ruled over the Phoenicians? (a.) The Persians. (b.) The Assyrians. (c.) The Hittites. (d.) The Egyptians.

a

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b

"The White Man's Burden" was written by _______.. (a.) Frost. (b.) Kipling. (c.) Shakespeare. (d.) Hemingway.

a

Babylonia boasts of many cultural achievements, many of which are still relevant today. For which of the following were they NOT responsible?. (a.) The first known mortar and pestle. (b.) The oldest rectangular astrolabe. (c.) The Diagnostic Handbook. (d.) The Epic of Gilgamesh.

d

Choose which of the following was NOT one of the main characteristics of the Warring States period. (a.) The development of iron tools and weapons.. (b.) Many years of fluctuating, inconclusive warfare among the states. (c.) The invention of the crossbow, which led to the use of peasants as infantry. (d.) The fracturing of the Chinese language into Mandarin and Cantonese dialects.

a

Despite attempts to protect Huguenots by the French crown, there were rising tensions between Catholics and Protestants leading up to the 1560s. What followed was _____ :. (a.) Eight civil wars, which began with the Massacre of Vassy. (b.) The Massacre of Mérindol in which hundreds of protestants were captured. (c.) Henry II issued the Edict of Châteaubriant which sharply curtailed Protestant rights. (d.) Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes which made peace between Catholics and Protestants.

c

How was the Zhou Dynasty able to overthrow the Shang Dynasty? (a.) The Shang king was peaceful and refused to go to war. (b.) The Shang king surrendered in the face of the Zhou's huge military rather than sustain heavy losses. (c.) The Shang king became cruel and corrupt, and the Zhou had alliances among the Shang nobility. (d.) All of these answers.

b

How were libraries and museums in Alexandria different from Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum? (a.) Alexandria's institutions employed both male and female scholars. (b.) Alexandria's institutions had the royal patronage of the Ptolemies. (c.) Alexandria's institutions emphasized art over philosophy. (d.) All of these answers.

d

How were the Sao organized? (a.) An empire united by king Sao in modern-day Morocco. (b.) A collection of matrilineal clans in modern-day Cameroon and Chad. (c.) A collection of matrilineal clans in modern-day Kenya and Nairobi. (d.) A collection of patrilineal clans in modern-day Cameroon and Chad.

a

In terms of cultural identity, the Phoenicians were MOST like the ________________. (a.) The Semites. (b.) The Persians. (c.) The Greeks. (d.) The Romans.

d

In the spring of 1918, the Allies launched an offensive that became known as _____________.. (a.) D-Day. (b.) The Surge. (c.) the Allied Attack. (d.) the Hundred Days Offensive.

d

Why did Augustus have to employ propaganda to make the Pax Romana tenable to Romans?. (a.) The Romans were lacking in key resources that other empires had. (b.) The Roman pantheon had decreed that Rome was destined to remain at war. (c.) His political opponents were using peace as a symbol of Augustus' ineptitude. (d.) He had to persuade Romans prosperity through peace was better than the gains of fighting a war.

a

Why did Diocletian establish the Tetrarchy?. (a.) He sought to reorganize and stabilize a crumbling and overextended empire. (b.) He was under increasing pressure from the senate to distribute power he had collected. (c.) The other Tetrarchs threatened him with and political rebellion and assassination. (d.) All of these answers.

c

Why did Emperor Leo III begin iconoclasm?. (a.) He was forced to by his advisors. (b.) He wanted to resist Muslim influences. (c.) He wanted to "purify" the Christianity practiced. (d.) He wanted to fracture a competing internal movement.

b

How did the Byzantine Empire contribute to the development of Europe in the Renaissance?. (a.) Its strong musical history directly influence Baroque music. (b.) It protected medieval Europe from attack, allowing it to reorganize. (c.) The fall of the Byzantine Empire led to an immediate influx of money into the Holy Roman Empire. (d.) The development of Constantinople served as a model for how the Roman Catholic Church developed Rome.

c

How did the Maurya Empire offer internal stability? (a.) The vast trade network encouraged economic prosperity. (b.) The people of the Maurya Empire united under one religion. (c.) A standing army promoted peace and civil services provided justice. (d.) The four individual provinces had their own system of government and law.

d

Who defeated Heracluis militarily?. (a.) The Gauls. (b.) The Romans. (c.) The Persians. (d.) The Muslim Arabs.

c

How did the Edict of Milan change the standing of Christianity in the Roman empire?. (a.) The edict made Christianity the official state religion of the empire. (b.) The edict officially forbade the practice of Christianity within the empire. (c.) The edict made the empire officially neutral with regard to religious worship. (d.) None of these answers.

a

How did the discovery of silver in the Laurion aid in Greek efforts against the Persians? (a.) Mined talents paid for the construction of warships. (b.) Silver was used as a key component in the Athenian fleet. (c.) The Greeks were able to trade silver to the Persians, leading to peace. (d.) The Greeks were able to trade silver to Persia's allies and buy their loyalties.

d

How did the political stability in the Maurya Empire influence trade? (a.) Farmers continued to pay taxes to regional kings. (b.) The government increased taxes to use their new roadways. (c.) The government limited international trade with high tarrifs. (d.) Merchants and farmers paid a national tax via a common economic system.

d

Who of the following is NOT one of the Five Good Emperors?. (a.) Nerva. (b.) Trajan. (c.) Hadrian. (d.) Augustus.

c

Why might the Qin Dynasty be described as one of the most important periods of China's Classical Age, despite its short duration? (a.) It was the first time multiple rulers were able to rule China together in peace. (b.) It was a time of great land expansion; China nearly doubled in size in just 15 years. (c.) It was characterized by a strong sense of cultural unity and vital technological inventions. (d.) It was a time of civil warfare, and the victors' family would rule China for the next two centuries.

a

Which of the following was NOT an innovation of the Shang Dynasty? (a.) silk. (b.) Horse-drawn chariots. (c.) The lunar calendar. (d.) Bronze spearheads.

d

How did natural disasters and pandemics such as the Black death contribute to the hysteria that lead to the witch trials of the 16th and 17th centuries?. (a.) Lack of understanding about natural disasters resulted in witches being scapegoated. (b.) Witches were believed to have supernatural powers that they would use against their enemies. (c.) Hysteria toward 'devil-worshippers' increased as people believed the end of the world approached. (d.) All of these answers.

c

How did using Aramaic as a standard language affect the Achaemenid Empire? (a.) There were more carved inscriptions in major Persian cities. (b.) Slavery was abolished because more people became literate and educated. (c.) Their system of trade was more efficient and commodities were traded across the empire. (d.) More people converted to Zoroastrianism because everyone could read the main religious text.

b

How was the Tetrarchy structured?. (a.) An Augustus in the East and a subordinate Caesar in the West. (b.) An Augustus and a subordinate Caesar in both the East and the West. (c.) Two Augusti and subordinate Caesars in both the East and the West. (d.) An Augustus in the West and three subordinate Caesars in the East.

c

What are the phases of the Indus Valley Civilization? (a.) Early Harappan Phase and Late Harappan Phase. (b.) Ancient Harappan Phase and Mature Harappan Phase. (c.) Early Harappan Phase, Mature Harappan Phase, and Late Harappan Phase. (d.) Nomadic Harappan Phase, Agricultural Harappan Phase, and Urban Harappan Phase

d

What are the two churches called today that resulted from the East-West Schism?. (a.) Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglical Church. (b.) Roman Catholic Church and East Roman Church. (c.) Holy Roman Empire and Roman Catholic Church. (d.) Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church.

c

What aspect of the Byzantine Empire's government was often imitated for centuries after its collapse?. (a.) The theme system. (b.) A method for collecting taxes. (c.) An emphasis on diplomacy and treaties. (d.) An emphasis on maintaining an ambition military.

b

What did Cleisthenes' reforms give to Classical Greece? (a.) They established a council of the 500 wealthiest Athenian citizens. (b.) They established institutions that would lead to further democratic reforms. (c.) They established separate administrative regions for each political group in Athens. (d.) All of these answers.

b

What happened after the Siege of Constantinople?. (a.) The Muslims saw the opportunity to expand. (b.) The Byzantine Empire was defeated and parceled up. (c.) The Byzantine Empire was weakened, but remained an independent empire. (d.) The Holy Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire reunited into a single cohesive empire.

d

What is now accepted as the cause of the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization? (a.) Earthquakes damaged the cities and they fell into disrepair. (b.) The irrigation canals collapsed and the cities could no longer support large populations. (c.) An Indo-European tribe called the Aryans destroyed the cities with cavalry and superior weapons. (d.) Climate change shifted the monsoons and the cities dissolved as peple followed the rain eastward.

b

What led to the decline of the Gupta Empire? (a.) An internal military coup against the last ruler, Skandagupta. (b.) The relentless invasion of the Huns (Huna) from the northwest. (c.) Purugupta failed to resist the invasions of the Chinese from the east. (d.) Because of the emphasis on the arts, the military was too underfunded to resist invasions.

c

What method of philosophical inquiry did Socrates most often employ? (a.) Rhetorical treatise. (b.) Formal, logical proof. (c.) Question and answer. (d.) Stated assumptions followed by observed fact.

d

What might a member of the Zhou Dynasty who believed in the Mandate of Heaven infer about a tyrannical emperor? (a.) That he had overcome the gods and would continue to rule in tyranny. (b.) That he thought himself greater than the gods and so would be overthrown. (c.) That he had been possessed by evil spirits in opposition to the gods and so would be overthrown. (d.) That he had lost the Mandate of Heaven -- the favor of the gods -- and so would be overthrown.

d

What primarily contributed to the rise of Hinduism? (a.) The Vedic caste system. (b.) The use of Sanskrit as a religious language. (c.) The Rig Veda's description of the most important deitie. (d.) The synthesis of Vedic ritualism and other Indian cultures and traditions.

b

What was the Zhou Dynasty's justification for overthrowing the Shang Dynasty? Complete the following sentence: Under the "Mandate of Heaven," _______. (a.) Shang emperor was told to step down by the gods; he refused, and the Zhou overthrew them. (b.) Shang had lost the favor of the gods and so deserved to be and were able to be overthrown. (c.) Gods punished the Shang emperor until he surrendered and allowed the Zhou to take control. (d.) Gods endowed the Zhou with supernatural powers to enable them to overthrow the Shang.

d

What were the Punic Wars?. (a.) The set of battles fought by Hannibal. (b.) A military campaign that ended in the defeat of Rome in 149 BCE. (c.) The wars fought between the Carthiginians and Greeks in the first century BCE. (d.) A series of wars between the Cathaginians and Romans fought from 265-146 BCE.

c

Which empire was most responsible for changing borders of the Songhai Empire?. (a.) Ghana Empire. (b.) Carthage Empire. (c.) Mali Empire. (d.) The Kingdom of Aksum.

b

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the Romans and the Etruscans?. (a.) The Etruscans began calling themselves Romans in the 3rd century BCE. (b.) Rome was culturally influenced by the Etruscans and conquered them in the 3rd century BCE. (c.) The Etruscans mysteriously disappeared in the 3rd century BCE, to be replaced by the Romans. (d.) Rome annexed the Etruscans in the 2nd century BCE to prevent Etruscan conquest by the Carthaginians.

b

Which of the following describes how the Shang Dynasty was similar to the Xia Dynasty? (a.) Both followed a matriarchal structure. (b.) Both ended by being overthrown by a subsequent dynasty. (c.) Both were known for their benevolence and peace throughout their rule. (d.) The existence of both is based in myth; no one knows whether either dynasty truly existed.

d

Which of the following describes the Xia Dynasty? (a.) The Xia Dynasty was overthrown by the Qin Dynasty. (b.) The rulers of the Xia Dynasty ruled in cruelty and corruption for 500 years. (c.) There is no archaeological evidence to support the existence of the Xia Dynasty. (d.) The Xia Dynasty's existence may have been fabricated to justify the Zhou's Mandate of Heaven.

d

Which of the following did Caesar NOT do to reduce the power of the senate?. (a.) He declared himself to be "dictator in perpetuity.". (b.) He passed a law that subjected the governor to term limits. (c.) He raised the number of senators to 900, and appointed his men as new senators. (d.) He granted himself a special command in Asia against the wishes of the senate.

d

Which of the following is a feature of a hydraulic empire. (a.) Existence in a fertile region. (b.) Lack of enforcement to preserve societal structure. (c.) Alternative resources in addition to those provided by rivers. (d.) A social or government structure which maintains power and control through water access.

d

Which of the following is a reason for the collapse of the New Kingdom? (a.) Droughts and climate change. (b.) An empty treasury due to warfare. (c.) The bickering of Ramesses III's heirs. (d.) All of these answers.

b

Which of the following is an accomplishment of Nebuchadnezzar I and his sons?. (a.) Babylonia collapsed due to civil war during the reign of King Kadašman-Buriaš. (b.) Nebuchadnezzar I devoted himself to peaceful projects late in his reign. (c.) Nebuchadnezzar I repelled Elam's attack, but could not take the capital of Susa. (d.) Babylonia was under the yoke of Assyrian rule for over a century.

d

Why did the eastern and western parts of the empire become increasingly divided?. (a.) Constantine moved the official capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople. (b.) The West remained primarily Latin-speaking, while the East was primarily Greek-speaking. (c.) Because of the Tetrarchy, multiple emperors ruled the empire and presided over different regions. (d.) All of these answers.

c

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of the feudal system? (a.) A rigid class-based social system wherein nobles owned slaves who worked their land. (b.) A class-based social system wherein peasants participated in feuds on behalf of the nobles. (c.) A class-based social system structured around nobles' ownership of land and loyalty to the king. (d.) A social system in which people could start a "feud"; the winner would move up in social standing.

c

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of the significance of the Battle of the Red Cliffs? (a.) Cao Cao wanted to reunite the Han Empire and was victorious, but China splintered into 3 kingdoms. (b.) Cao Cao wanted to reunite the Han Empire and was victorious; he established rule from 3 cities. (c.) Cao Cao wanted to reunite the Han Empire but was defeated; China splintered into 3 kingdoms. (d.) Cao Cao wanted to reunite the Han Empire but was defeated by the Jin, who ruled from 3 cities.

a

Which of the following is an accurate characterization of the significance of the Three Kingdoms period? (a.) China had split into three factions; it was a time of warfare but also great innovation. (b.) Three brothers of the Jin family constantly battled each other for the right to rule all of China. (c.) China was split into three areas, each ruled by a brother of the Jin family; it was a time of peace. (d.) China was constantly at war with the other two powerful "kingdoms" of the time, India and Rome.

d

Which of the following is an example of Greek influence in Hellenistic culture? (a.) Common occurence of Greek buildings such as gymnasia. (b.) The identification of Greek gods with local deities. (c.) More realistic portraits on the reverse of coins. (d.) All of these answers.

b

Which of the following is one of Aristotle's achievements? (a.) He was the teacher of Philip II of Macedon. (b.) He established his own school, the Lyceum, in Athens. (c.) He gave greater weight to metaphors and abstract forms than empirical evidence. (d.) He heavily criticized Plato's works for circular reasoning and incorrect assumptions.

c

Which of the following occurred as a result of the Neolithic Revolution?. (a.) Gender equality. (b.) Slower spread of diseases. (c.) Specialization in diverse forms of new labor. (d.) Increased nutritional standards.

c

Which of the following pharaohs is matched correctly with his or her achievements. (a.) Thutmose III - expansion of Egypt's external trade. (b.) Hatshepsut - recovery of territories in the Levant. (c.) Akhenaten - exclusive worship of a deity is history's first instance of monotheism. (d.) All of these answers.

d

Which of the following resulted from the Persian Wars? (a.) The Persians never attempted another invasion of Greece after the war. (b.) The Delian League was established and Athens rose to unchallenged power. (c.) The story of King Leonidas and his 300 Spartans became a famous story of Greek bravery (d.) All of these answers.

d

Which of the following statements best describes how the model Roman dictator should act during times of crisis?. (a.) Assume absolute control, then retain it to ensure that crises do not occur again. (b.) Refuse absolute power, as it would break the Roman taboo on kingship and unchecked authority. (c.) Sacrifice to Jupiter to ask his permission, and if permission is granted, assume absolute power. (d.) Assume absolute control to resolve the crisis, then promptly return power back to the senate.

d

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the Akkadian Empire?. (a.) The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak under King Zababa. (b.) The Akkadian Empire eventually collapsed into the Babylonian Empire. (c.) The decline of the Akkadians may have been due to decreasing aridity and lack of rainfall. (d.) The shift away from the belief that kings were representatives of the people began with Naram-Sin.

d

Which of the following statements is true of Sparta but not Athens? (a.) Spartan girls were fed the same food as their brothers. (b.) Sparta was ruled under an oligarchy of two hereditary kings. (c.) At age 20, the Spartan citizen began his membership in one of the syssitia. (d.) All of these answers.

d

Which of the following statements regarding the Hittite Empire is true?. (a.) The Hittite military were well-known for their archery. (b.) Very few documents survive from the Hittite Empire. (c.) Hittite religion is notable due to its stark differences from Hattic religion. (d.) The Hittites were manufacturing iron artifacts before the dawn of the Iron Age.

b

Which of the following statements regarding the art and culture of the Old Kingdom is true? (a.) The Old Kingdom was the second greatest period of pyramid construction. (b.) Art had two main functions: to order existence in life and preserve life upon death. (c.) The Egyptians considered themselves one of three selected special peoples in the world. (d.) Artists from this period were prolific, but their work lacked the detail found in later periods.

b

Which of the following theories about the Neolithic Revolution is correctly matched with its name? (a.) Demographic theories - agriculture driven by ostentatious displays of power to exert dominance. (b.) Hilly Flanks hypothesis - agriculture began in fertile land and wetter climates. (c.) Feasting model - agriculture was an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans. (d.) Oasis theory - increasingly sedentary population outgrew resources in the local environment.

d

Which of the following was NOT done by emperors to celebrate times of peace?. (a.) Issuing coins with Pax on the reverse. (b.) Putting on lavish ceremonies and games. (c.) Commission literature extolling benefits of Pax Romana. (d.) All of these answers.

c

Which of the following were NOT a motivating factor in the Protestant Reformation?. (a.) The Western Schism. (b.) The practice of selling indulgences. (c.) The buying and selling of clerical offices . (d.) Translation of the bible and liturgy into local languages (instead of Latin).

c

Why are Cicero's works important to the study of Roman history?. (a.) They recount some of the more obscure stories in Roman mythology. (b.) They document key scientific findings during this period of Roman history. (c.) They offer a vivid picture of the public and private life among the Roman governing class. (d.) All of these answers.

d

Why is the image of the she-wolf so iconic in Roman history?. (a.) The she-wolf protected Rhea Silvia from the tyranny of Amulius. (b.) The she-wolf saved Ascanius from the Greeks at the end of the Trojan War. (c.) The she-wolf guided Aeneas to Lavinium, where he settled and founded Rome. (d.) The she-wolf nursed the twin brothers Romulus and Remus, the former of whom would found Rome.

a

Why was Julius Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon with a legion significant?. (a.) It symbolized his entering of Roman territory under arms against the city. (b.) The senate had specifically placed the Rubicon out of Julius Caesar's jurisdiction (c.) Another legion was already stationed at the Rubicon, and Caesar's crossing ignored its presence. (d.) The Rubicon was the sacred haven of the goddess Roma, and the presence of a legion was offensive.

a

Why was bronze such an important part of life during the Shang Dynasty? Complete the sentence: "During the Shang Dynasty, bronze was used to ____." (a.) make large numbers of ritual vessels and weapons. (b.) decorate nobles' homes and jewelry, increasing the gap between rich and poor. (c.) strengthen the wheels of chariots, giving them a substantial military advantage. (d.) make the first coins, making Shang China the most financially advanced culture of its time.

c

Why was the Achaemenid Empire described as the world's first global empire? (a.) Cyrus the Great conquered multiple time zones. (b.) The empire became the first centralized nation-state. (c.) The empire ruled over almost half of the world's population. (d.) Darius the Great conquered and assimilated other Empires.

a

Why was the closing of the Gates of Janus significant during the Pax Romana?. (a.) The Gates of Janus were only closed during times of peace. (b.) The closing of the Gates of Janus was a symbolic gesture of deference to the emperor. (c.) The open Gates symbolized Rome's struggle with the Parthians, which Augustus finally resolved. (d.) All of these answers.

c

Why was this period of time called the Golden Age of India? (a.) The Chinese traveler Fa Xien called it the "Golden Age" in his journal. (b.) It was dominated by Hinduism, while Buddhists and Jains were persecuted. (c.) It was marked by discoveries in science, technology, literature, mathematics, and philosophy. (d.) Many of the temples, shrines, and monastaries built during this period were accented with gold leaf.

b

Why were the Byzantines upset when Charlemagne was named Roman Emperor?. (a.) Charlemagne was overtly anti-Byzantine. (b.) They viewed themselves as the true successors of Rome. (c.) They felt Pope Leo III had no authority to declare a new emperor. (d.) They felt Pope Leo III had no authority to declare a new emperor.