WRITTEN EXAM #2
cervical
1
intervertebral discs
1
transverse process
1
facial (CN VII)
an inability to smile symmetrically occurs with damage to which cranial nerve?
fissure
deep groove (cleft)
failure of fusion of more than one vertebrae
describe spina bifida
action selection
function of basal nuceli
protection/spinal cord
function of the vertebral column: _____ for _____ _____ and surrounding meninges and spinal nerves
pons
in latin, means bridge
CSF/subarachnoid space
lumbar punctures are performed to obtain _____ from _____ _____
cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves
name the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
lateral (2)/third/fourth
name the four ventricles of the brain
7
number of cervical vertebrae
1-4
number of coccygeal vertebrae
sulcus
shallow groove
between dura and vertebrae
specially describe the location of the extradural (epidural) space
between the arachnoid layer and spinal cord (under arachnoid layer)
specifically describe the location of the subarachnoid space
third ventricle/fourth ventricle
the cerebral aqueduct connects the _____ to the _____
facial nerve
the muscles of facial expression are innervated by the _____ _____
transverse foramen/bifid spinous process
what 2 features are characteristic of a cervical vertebrae? [TF, BSP]
costal facets (for ribs)/heart-shaped body
what 2 features are characteristic of a lumbar vertebrae? [CF, HB]
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
what can be found within the subarachnoid space?
intervertebral discs
what feature separates the individual vertebrae in the vertebral column?
lamina/pedicle
what features combine to form the vertebral/neural arch?
trigeminal
what is the name of cranial nerve V?
sternothyroid/thyrohyoid
1, 2
upper motor neuron/lower motor neuron
1, 2
basal nuclei/cerebellum/arbor vitae
1, 2, 3
conus medullaris/cauda equina/filum terminale
1, 2, 3
occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)/orbicularis oculi/platysma
1, 2, 3
posterior horn/anterior horn/lateral horn
1, 2, 3
thalamus/hypothalamus/pineal gland (epithalamus)
1, 2, 3
transverse fissure/postcentral gyrus/lateral sulcus
1, 2, 3
gray matter/white matter
1,2
auricular surface
2
lumbar
2
spinal cord
2
dens
3
lamina
3
thoracic
3
omohyoid/sternocleidomastoid
3, 4
spinous process
4
transverse process
4
temporalis/occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)/masseter
4, 5, 6
pedicle
5
L3/L4
What is the safest place (between 2 vertebrae) to do a Lumbar Spinal Puncture?
pineal gland
_____ _____ (epithalamus) produces melatonin (regulates sleep/wake cycles)
nervous tissue/neurons/receives/transmits
_____ _____ is the main component of the two part nervous system. its composed of _____ or nerve cells, which _____ and _____ impulses
broca's
_____ area (frontal lobe) contains major motor neurons involved in the control of speech
gyrus
a ridge or hill on the surface of the cerebrum is called a _____
foramen/canal
a vertebral _____ is a single opening in a vertebrae while a vertebral _____ is created when more than one vertebrae are stacked upon eachother
basilar
after entering the skull, the vertebral arteries join to become the _____ artery
inferior vertebral notch (vertebrae above)/superior vertebral notch (vertebrae below)
an intervertebral foramen is formed by the _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____
collagen/elastic/arachnoid mater/pia mater
arachnoid trabeculae is a web-like arrangement of _____ and ____ fibers that anchor _____ _____ to _____ _____
subarachnoid space/CSF/absorbed
arachnoid villi are vascular structures which protrude from the _____ _____ into the dural venous sinuses and allow _____ to be _____ back into the vascualr system
C6-C1 transverse foramen/foramen magnum
as they travel up the neck and into the skull, the vertebral arteries pass through the following two features of the cervical vertebrae and skull
L3 & L4 or L4 & L5
at what point along the vertebral column is the needle inserted for a lumbar puncture?
L1-L2
at what vertebral level is the conus medullaris found?
initiate/maintain
cerebellum does not _____ movement but helps to _____ movement
subarachnoid space
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is contained within the _____ _____
ventricles/cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus is a vascular epithelium with the _____ that produces _____ _____ (CSF)
nerve/nerve fiber
collection of axons
nucleus/nuclei
collection of cell bodies *inside* the CNS
ganglion/ganglia
collection of cells *outside* the CNS
tract
collection of nerve fibers sharing a common function
cauda equina
collection of rootlets inferior to the conus medullaris; also known as "horse's tail"
?????
compare somatic and visceral nerve pathways...
scoliosis
crooked or curved back
chew
damage to cranial nerve 5 (V) at the brainstem will result in the inability to _____
???branch of transverse sinus, decline in angle toward anterior of body
describe the location of the sigmoid sinus
???runs along the median sagittal line
describe the location of the superior sagittal sinus
???back of head (short), parallel to the ground
describe the location of the transverse sinus
help suspend spinal cord in dural sac
describe the purpose of the denticulate ligaments
superficial to sternocleidomastoid
describe the relationship of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the external jugular vein
deep to sternocleidomastoid
describe the relationship of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the internal jugular vein
medulla
division of brainstem; controls autonomic (involuntary) functions (i.e. breathing, heart rate)
midbrain
division of brainstem; relay station for visual and auditory information (via superior and inferior colliculi)
pons
division of brainstem; serves as a communication and coordination center for the spinal cord and various portions of the brain (i.e. cerebral cortex, cerebellum)
posterior longitudinal ligament
drives "herniation" of nucleus pulposus posterolaterally (rarely pushed directly posterior)
jugular foramen/internal jugular
dural venous sinuses all flow toward _____ _____ because blood from brain drains through sinuses into _____ _____ veins
epithelium
dural venous sinuses are lined by _____
periosteal/meningeal
dural venous sinuses are the spaces between the _____ and _____ layers of the dura; where the layers separate from eachother
dura mater/arachnoid mater
during a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), a needle will pass through the two following meninges: _____ and _____
extradural/epidural space
during an epidural block, the anesthetic is injected inside the _____________ in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
C8
during removal of a tumor in the root of the neck, a surgeon accidentally cuts a spinal nerve exiting above the 1st thoracic vertebra and below the 7th cervical vertebra, which spinal nerve has been transected?
anesthetic agent/extradural space
epidural blocks are performed to introduce an _____ _____ into the _____ _____
filum terminale
extension of pia mater that attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
periosteal layer
external layer of dura mater in cranium; forms the periosteum covering internal surface of calvaria
cerebellar
falx cerebelli fold divides the _____ hemispheres
longitudinal fissure/cerebral/crista galli
falx cerebri is a fold that dips into the _____ _____ and divides _____ hemispheres; anchors _____ _____
longitudinal
fissure that runs between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
transverse
fissure that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum
CSF
formed from blood plasma
controls/limits
function of the vertebral column: _____ and _____ torso movement
supports/weight
function of the vertebral column: _____ the _____ of the body
muscle attachment
function of the vertebral column: site of _____ _____
pituitary gland
functions to regulate endocrine glands; the "ship" being directed to the lighthouse
myelomeningocele
herniation of both meninges and spinal cord/ nerve roots
meningocele
herniation of meninges
7
how many vertebrae are in the cervical region?
fused remnants of transverse processes
how was the ala of the sacrum formed?
fused spinous processes of S1-S3
how was the median sacral crest formed?
kyphosis
hunchback
lamina/inferior articular process/superior articular process
identify 3 features that indicate the posterior view of the typical vertebrae [L, IAP, SAP]
vertebral arch/transverse process/spinous process/superior articular process
identify 4 features that indicate the superior view of the typical vertebrae [VA, TP, SP, SAP]
annulus fibrosus/nucleus pulposus
identify the 2 parts of the intervertebral disc
pedicle/transverse process/intervertebral foramen
identify the 3 features that indicate the lateral view of the typical vertebrae [P, TP, IF]
flexes/lateral/rotation
identify the actions of the SCM; bilateral = _____ neck; unilateral = _____ flexion, _____ of head to opposite side
common carotid artery/vertebral artery
identify the arteries that act as the main sources of blood supply to the head
extend vertebral columns
identify the bilateral action of the erector spinae (the intermediate intrinsic back muscle)
extend head and neck
identify the bilateral actions of the superficial intrinsic back muscles
internal carotid artery/inside cranium/external carotid/outside cranum
identify the branches of the common carotid artery and the area of the head supplied by each branch; branch name/supplied/branch name/supplied
common carotid artery/internal jugular vein/vagus nerve
identify the contents of the carotid sheath
mastoid process
identify the insertion of the splenius capitus muscle (superficial intrinsic back)
transverse process of C1-C3 or C4
identify the insertion of the splenius cervicis (superficial intrinsic back)
medial pterygoid/lateral pterygoid
identify the muscles that allow us to grind our teeth
sternum/clavicle/mastoid process
identify the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid; origin = _____ and _____; insertion = _____ _____
???apertures (lateral or median)???
identify the structure that allows CSF to flow inside the spinal cord
laterally flex vertebral column
identify the unilateral action of the erector spinae (the intermediate intrinsic back muscle)
laterally flex and rotate to ipsilateral side
identify the unilateral actions of the superficial intrinsic back muscles
maxillary artery/superficial temporal artery
identify two terminal branches of the external carotid artery
vertebral foramen
in a single vertebrae, the spinal cord passes through the _____ _____
nucleus pulposus
inner gelatinous material of intervertebral disc that gives elasticity and compressibility
meningeal layer
internal layer of dura mater in cranium; continuous at the foramen magnum with the dura covering the spinal cord
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligament that reinforces support of vertebral column posterior to body of vertebrae
dura mater/arachnoid mater/pia mater
list the meninges covering the spinal cord in order from the outer layer (superficial) to inner (deep) layer
occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)/occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)/orbicularis oculi/orbicularis oris/zygomaticus/buccinator/platysma
list the muscles of facial expression [OFB, OOB, OO, OO, Z, B, P]
temporalis/masseter/medial pterygoid/lateral pterygoid
list the muscles of mastication
frontal
lobe of the cerebrum; personality, primary motor cortex and memory
temporal
lobe of the cerebrum; primary auditory cortex
parietal
lobe of the cerebrum; primary sensory cortex
occipital
lobe of the cerebrum; primary visual cortex
gray matter
location of cell bodies (nuclei) inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
white matter
location of myelinated axons inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)
orbicularis oris
muscle of facial expression; insertion: encircles mouth; skin and muscles at angle to mouth; action: compresses and purses lips (kiss muscle)
occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)
muscle of facial expression; insertion: epicranial aponeurosis; action: retracts scalp
buccinator
muscle of facial expression; insertion: orbicularis oris; action: compresses cheek; holds food between teeth when chewing
zygomaticus
muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin at superolateral edge of mouth; action: elevates corner of mouth (smile muscle)
platysma
muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin of cheek and mandible; action: pulls lower lip inferiorly; tenses skin of neck
occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)
muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin of forehead; action: moves scalp, eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead
orbicularis oculi
muscle of facial expression; insertion:skin surrounding eyelids; action: closes eye (winking, blinking, squinting)
temporalis
name a muscle of mastication
corpus callosum
name the commissural tract that connects left and right cerebral hemispheres
brain and spinal cord
name the components of the central nervous system (CNS)
?????
name the cranial nerves that serve as parasympathetic innervation?
cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral
name the four regions of the spinal cord
sternocleidomastoid
name the key anatomical landmarks in the neck
muscles of mastication
name the muscle group innervated by cranial nerve V3
?????
name the specific artery that may be torn as a result of an impact to the side of the head
mylohyoid/digastric
name the suprahyoid muscles
glossopharyngeal/vagus/accessory
name the three cranial nerves that exit the jugular foramen
midbrain/pons/medulla
name the three divisions of the brainstem
fibrous/vascular/retina
name the three general tunics (layers) of the eye
iliocostalis/longissimus/spinalis
name the three intrinsic (intermediate) muscles of the back
iliocostalis/longissimus/spinalis
name the three muscle groups that make up the erector spinae from medial to lateral
splenius capitis/splenius cervicis
name the two intrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back
omohyoid
neck muscle; origin: scapula; insertion: hyoid bone
sternohyoid
neck muscle; origin: sternum; insertion: hyoid bone
sternothyroid
neck muscle; origin: sternum; insertion: thyroid cartilage
thyrohyoid
neck muscle; origin: thyroid cartilage; insertion: hyoid bone
5
number of lumbar vertebrae
5
number of sacral vertebrae
12
number of thoracic vertebrae
basal nuclei
paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the cerebral hemispheres
fetal period/anterior
primary curvatures develop during the _____ _____ and have an _____ curve
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
postcentral gyrus
primary sensory cortex
gyrus
ridge
after birth/posterior
secondary curvatures complete development _____ _____ and have a _____ curve
gray matter
spinal cord; location of cell bodies inside the CNS
white matter
spinal cord; location of myelinated axons inside the CNS
neuron
structural unit of the nervous system
central
sulcus located between precentral and postcentral gyrus
lateral
sulcus that separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal
annulus fibrosus
surrounds nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of cartilage matrix with concentric rings of fibers that serve to strengthen the disc considerably
lordosis
swayback
cerebrum/cerebellum/falx cerebri
tentorium cerebelli fold extends into the transverse fissure between the _____ (occipital lobes) and _____; it connects to _____ _____; "tent over cerebellum"
aorta arch
the Left Common Carotid Artery branches from the _____ ______
upper motor neuron
the _____ _____ _____ travels from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
lower motor neuron
the _____ _____ _____ travels from the spinal cord to the target muscle
hyperextension
the anterior longitudinal ligament resists _____ of vertebral column
ring like/occipital condyles/axis/yes
the atlas is _____-_____, with no body. it articulates with _____ _____ and swivels around the _____ creating a _____ motion
dens/strongest/no
the axis has a ____; a structure that would have been C1 body by embryologically migrated. it is the _____ of all vertebrae and creates the _____ motion
commissural
the corpus callosum of the cerebrum is a greta example where _____ fibers (tracts) cross from one hemisphere to the other
optic disc
the distinct formation of the optic nerve as the fibers of the retina come together at the back of the eye is called the _____ ______
laterally/extend
the erector spinae's main actions are to _____ flex the vertebral column and _____ vertebral column
external carotid artery
the facial artery is a branch of the _____ _____ _____
cerebellum
the function of this brain structure is in body posture, balance, and fine coordination
depress
the infrahyoid muscles _____ the hyoid
actions/cerebrum/initiate
the irregular masses of the basal nuclei work together to select which _____ the _____ is "allowed" to _____ in a given instance
subclavian artery
the left and right vertebral arteries branch from the _____ _____
arch of aorta
the left common carotid artery is a branch of the _____ _____ _____
childbirth
the lumbosacral angle in females is smaller than that of a male. the sacral angle is less pronounced (i.e. more vertical) in females as well. why is this clinically important?
hyperflexion
the posterior longitudinal ligament resists _____ of vertebral column
brachiocephalic artery/trunk
the right common carotid artery is a branch of the _____ _____/_____
S4/S5/spinous
the sacral hiatus is opening at the distal end of the vertebral/sacral canal due to failure of _____/_____ _____ processes to form
elevate
the suprahyoid muscles _____ the hyoid
internal carotid artery
this artery passes through the carotid canal to contribute to the arterial supply at the base of the brain
anterior longitudinal ligament
this ligament reinforces support of vertebral column anterior to body of vertebrae
frontal
this lobe contains association areas where motor and sensory functions are integrated
falx cerebri
this meningeal infolding is located between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
hypothalamus
this part of the diencephalon is the command center for the endocrine system and tells the pituitary gland what to do; the "light house' for homestasis
thalamus
this part of the diencephalon wants to receive, group, and relay sensory information to the cerebrum; called "the crossing guard'
monosynaptic reflex
this type of reflex has one synapse in the CNS where the afferent fiber synapses directly on the cell body of the efferent neuron
carotid canal
through what opening does the internal carotid artery pass to enter the skull?
foramen spinosum
through what opening in the skull does the middle meningeal artery pass?
dural sac
tubular sheath containing spinal cord formed by dura mater
???jugular foramen
venous blood exits the skull through the opening known as _____ _____
cerebral aqueduct
what connects the third and fourth ventricles?
CN XI (accessory nerve)
what cranial nerve innervates the SCM?
conus medullaris (medullary cone)
what feature of the spinal cord is considered the tip of the spinal cord?
cystica/occulta
what is the difference between spin bifida cystica and spina bifida occulta? _____ has cysts that form on the posterior side of vertebrae; _____ forms no cyst and typically fails at L5 or S1
facial
what is the name of cranial nerve VII?
mandibular
what is the name of the third division of cranial nerve V?
hyoid bone
what is the only bone of the body not to articulate with another bone?
VII/facial nerve/skin/facial muscle
what is unique about the insertion for all muscles of facial expression? they are innervated by CN ___ (_____ _____) and insert into either the _____ of the face or another _____ _____
muscles of facial expression
what muscle group is innervated by CN VII?
anterior rami of spinal nerves
what passes through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?
spinal nerves
what passes through the intervertebral foramen?
thoracic/sacral
what regions of the vertebral column are primary curvatures?
cervical/lumbar
what regions of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures?
central sulcus
what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
median sacral crest
what structure is formed by the fused spinous processes of S1-S3?
annulus fibrosus/nucleus pulposus/compression
when an intervertebral disc herniates the _____ _____ weakens and the _____ _____ will herniate (protrude). this leads to _____ of spinal nerves
tympanic membrane
when the ______ ______ of the ear vibrates, it transfers energy to the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
extending
when the splenius muscles work bilaterally, they help us to look up to the sky. this involves _____ the head
posterior root ganglion
where are the cell bodies of somatic and visceral sensory/afferent fibers located?
anterior horn
where are the cell bodies of somatic motor/efferent fibers located?
stylomastoid foramen
where does the somatic motor component of the facial nerve exit the skull to innervate the muscles of facial expression?
????internal carotid arteries/basilar artery????
which arteries come together to form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)?
middle meningeal artery
which artery is a significant blood supply to the dura mater?
middle meningeal artery/external carotid
which artery supplies blood to the dura mater? this artery branches from the _____ _____ artery
ilium (to form the sacroiliac joint)
which bone articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum?
CNII
which cranial nerve doesn't function to move the eye?
internal jugular
which jugular vein unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?
frontal
which lobe is found in the most anterior region of the brain?
masseter
which muscle of mastication acts as the prime mover for jaw closure?
sternoclediomastoid
which muscle serves as a boundary between the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
muscles of mastication
which muscles elevate the mandible?
semicircular canals
which portion of the inner ear senses angular acceleration (spinning my head)?
posterior
which rami innervate the intrinsic back muscles?
meninges/spinal cord/nerve roots
which structures herniate with meningocele and myelomeningocele forms of spina bifida cystica?
vertebral arteries
which structures pass through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?
cerebellum
white matter in this region of the brain branches like a tree and is known as the arbor vitae
commissural
white matter tracts within the CNS; connect opposite hemispheres and cross corpus callosum
association
white matter tracts within the CNS; connect same hemisphere
projection
white matter tracts within the CNS; project to lower regions of brain and spinal cord
