WRITTEN EXAM #2

Réussis tes devoirs et examens dès maintenant avec Quizwiz!

cervical

1

intervertebral discs

1

transverse process

1

facial (CN VII)

an inability to smile symmetrically occurs with damage to which cranial nerve?

fissure

deep groove (cleft)

failure of fusion of more than one vertebrae

describe spina bifida

action selection

function of basal nuceli

protection/spinal cord

function of the vertebral column: _____ for _____ _____ and surrounding meninges and spinal nerves

pons

in latin, means bridge

CSF/subarachnoid space

lumbar punctures are performed to obtain _____ from _____ _____

cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves

name the components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

lateral (2)/third/fourth

name the four ventricles of the brain

7

number of cervical vertebrae

1-4

number of coccygeal vertebrae

sulcus

shallow groove

between dura and vertebrae

specially describe the location of the extradural (epidural) space

between the arachnoid layer and spinal cord (under arachnoid layer)

specifically describe the location of the subarachnoid space

third ventricle/fourth ventricle

the cerebral aqueduct connects the _____ to the _____

facial nerve

the muscles of facial expression are innervated by the _____ _____

transverse foramen/bifid spinous process

what 2 features are characteristic of a cervical vertebrae? [TF, BSP]

costal facets (for ribs)/heart-shaped body

what 2 features are characteristic of a lumbar vertebrae? [CF, HB]

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

what can be found within the subarachnoid space?

intervertebral discs

what feature separates the individual vertebrae in the vertebral column?

lamina/pedicle

what features combine to form the vertebral/neural arch?

trigeminal

what is the name of cranial nerve V?

sternothyroid/thyrohyoid

1, 2

upper motor neuron/lower motor neuron

1, 2

basal nuclei/cerebellum/arbor vitae

1, 2, 3

conus medullaris/cauda equina/filum terminale

1, 2, 3

occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)/orbicularis oculi/platysma

1, 2, 3

posterior horn/anterior horn/lateral horn

1, 2, 3

thalamus/hypothalamus/pineal gland (epithalamus)

1, 2, 3

transverse fissure/postcentral gyrus/lateral sulcus

1, 2, 3

gray matter/white matter

1,2

auricular surface

2

lumbar

2

spinal cord

2

dens

3

lamina

3

thoracic

3

omohyoid/sternocleidomastoid

3, 4

spinous process

4

transverse process

4

temporalis/occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)/masseter

4, 5, 6

pedicle

5

L3/L4

What is the safest place (between 2 vertebrae) to do a Lumbar Spinal Puncture?

pineal gland

_____ _____ (epithalamus) produces melatonin (regulates sleep/wake cycles)

nervous tissue/neurons/receives/transmits

_____ _____ is the main component of the two part nervous system. its composed of _____ or nerve cells, which _____ and _____ impulses

broca's

_____ area (frontal lobe) contains major motor neurons involved in the control of speech

gyrus

a ridge or hill on the surface of the cerebrum is called a _____

foramen/canal

a vertebral _____ is a single opening in a vertebrae while a vertebral _____ is created when more than one vertebrae are stacked upon eachother

basilar

after entering the skull, the vertebral arteries join to become the _____ artery

inferior vertebral notch (vertebrae above)/superior vertebral notch (vertebrae below)

an intervertebral foramen is formed by the _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ _____

collagen/elastic/arachnoid mater/pia mater

arachnoid trabeculae is a web-like arrangement of _____ and ____ fibers that anchor _____ _____ to _____ _____

subarachnoid space/CSF/absorbed

arachnoid villi are vascular structures which protrude from the _____ _____ into the dural venous sinuses and allow _____ to be _____ back into the vascualr system

C6-C1 transverse foramen/foramen magnum

as they travel up the neck and into the skull, the vertebral arteries pass through the following two features of the cervical vertebrae and skull

L3 & L4 or L4 & L5

at what point along the vertebral column is the needle inserted for a lumbar puncture?

L1-L2

at what vertebral level is the conus medullaris found?

initiate/maintain

cerebellum does not _____ movement but helps to _____ movement

subarachnoid space

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is contained within the _____ _____

ventricles/cerebrospinal fluid

choroid plexus is a vascular epithelium with the _____ that produces _____ _____ (CSF)

nerve/nerve fiber

collection of axons

nucleus/nuclei

collection of cell bodies *inside* the CNS

ganglion/ganglia

collection of cells *outside* the CNS

tract

collection of nerve fibers sharing a common function

cauda equina

collection of rootlets inferior to the conus medullaris; also known as "horse's tail"

?????

compare somatic and visceral nerve pathways...

scoliosis

crooked or curved back

chew

damage to cranial nerve 5 (V) at the brainstem will result in the inability to _____

???branch of transverse sinus, decline in angle toward anterior of body

describe the location of the sigmoid sinus

???runs along the median sagittal line

describe the location of the superior sagittal sinus

???back of head (short), parallel to the ground

describe the location of the transverse sinus

help suspend spinal cord in dural sac

describe the purpose of the denticulate ligaments

superficial to sternocleidomastoid

describe the relationship of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the external jugular vein

deep to sternocleidomastoid

describe the relationship of the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the internal jugular vein

medulla

division of brainstem; controls autonomic (involuntary) functions (i.e. breathing, heart rate)

midbrain

division of brainstem; relay station for visual and auditory information (via superior and inferior colliculi)

pons

division of brainstem; serves as a communication and coordination center for the spinal cord and various portions of the brain (i.e. cerebral cortex, cerebellum)

posterior longitudinal ligament

drives "herniation" of nucleus pulposus posterolaterally (rarely pushed directly posterior)

jugular foramen/internal jugular

dural venous sinuses all flow toward _____ _____ because blood from brain drains through sinuses into _____ _____ veins

epithelium

dural venous sinuses are lined by _____

periosteal/meningeal

dural venous sinuses are the spaces between the _____ and _____ layers of the dura; where the layers separate from eachother

dura mater/arachnoid mater

during a lumbar puncture (spinal tap), a needle will pass through the two following meninges: _____ and _____

extradural/epidural space

during an epidural block, the anesthetic is injected inside the _____________ in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.

C8

during removal of a tumor in the root of the neck, a surgeon accidentally cuts a spinal nerve exiting above the 1st thoracic vertebra and below the 7th cervical vertebra, which spinal nerve has been transected?

anesthetic agent/extradural space

epidural blocks are performed to introduce an _____ _____ into the _____ _____

filum terminale

extension of pia mater that attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx

periosteal layer

external layer of dura mater in cranium; forms the periosteum covering internal surface of calvaria

cerebellar

falx cerebelli fold divides the _____ hemispheres

longitudinal fissure/cerebral/crista galli

falx cerebri is a fold that dips into the _____ _____ and divides _____ hemispheres; anchors _____ _____

longitudinal

fissure that runs between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

transverse

fissure that separates the cerebrum and cerebellum

CSF

formed from blood plasma

controls/limits

function of the vertebral column: _____ and _____ torso movement

supports/weight

function of the vertebral column: _____ the _____ of the body

muscle attachment

function of the vertebral column: site of _____ _____

pituitary gland

functions to regulate endocrine glands; the "ship" being directed to the lighthouse

myelomeningocele

herniation of both meninges and spinal cord/ nerve roots

meningocele

herniation of meninges

7

how many vertebrae are in the cervical region?

fused remnants of transverse processes

how was the ala of the sacrum formed?

fused spinous processes of S1-S3

how was the median sacral crest formed?

kyphosis

hunchback

lamina/inferior articular process/superior articular process

identify 3 features that indicate the posterior view of the typical vertebrae [L, IAP, SAP]

vertebral arch/transverse process/spinous process/superior articular process

identify 4 features that indicate the superior view of the typical vertebrae [VA, TP, SP, SAP]

annulus fibrosus/nucleus pulposus

identify the 2 parts of the intervertebral disc

pedicle/transverse process/intervertebral foramen

identify the 3 features that indicate the lateral view of the typical vertebrae [P, TP, IF]

flexes/lateral/rotation

identify the actions of the SCM; bilateral = _____ neck; unilateral = _____ flexion, _____ of head to opposite side

common carotid artery/vertebral artery

identify the arteries that act as the main sources of blood supply to the head

extend vertebral columns

identify the bilateral action of the erector spinae (the intermediate intrinsic back muscle)

extend head and neck

identify the bilateral actions of the superficial intrinsic back muscles

internal carotid artery/inside cranium/external carotid/outside cranum

identify the branches of the common carotid artery and the area of the head supplied by each branch; branch name/supplied/branch name/supplied

common carotid artery/internal jugular vein/vagus nerve

identify the contents of the carotid sheath

mastoid process

identify the insertion of the splenius capitus muscle (superficial intrinsic back)

transverse process of C1-C3 or C4

identify the insertion of the splenius cervicis (superficial intrinsic back)

medial pterygoid/lateral pterygoid

identify the muscles that allow us to grind our teeth

sternum/clavicle/mastoid process

identify the origin and insertion of the sternocleidomastoid; origin = _____ and _____; insertion = _____ _____

???apertures (lateral or median)???

identify the structure that allows CSF to flow inside the spinal cord

laterally flex vertebral column

identify the unilateral action of the erector spinae (the intermediate intrinsic back muscle)

laterally flex and rotate to ipsilateral side

identify the unilateral actions of the superficial intrinsic back muscles

maxillary artery/superficial temporal artery

identify two terminal branches of the external carotid artery

vertebral foramen

in a single vertebrae, the spinal cord passes through the _____ _____

nucleus pulposus

inner gelatinous material of intervertebral disc that gives elasticity and compressibility

meningeal layer

internal layer of dura mater in cranium; continuous at the foramen magnum with the dura covering the spinal cord

posterior longitudinal ligament

ligament that reinforces support of vertebral column posterior to body of vertebrae

dura mater/arachnoid mater/pia mater

list the meninges covering the spinal cord in order from the outer layer (superficial) to inner (deep) layer

occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)/occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)/orbicularis oculi/orbicularis oris/zygomaticus/buccinator/platysma

list the muscles of facial expression [OFB, OOB, OO, OO, Z, B, P]

temporalis/masseter/medial pterygoid/lateral pterygoid

list the muscles of mastication

frontal

lobe of the cerebrum; personality, primary motor cortex and memory

temporal

lobe of the cerebrum; primary auditory cortex

parietal

lobe of the cerebrum; primary sensory cortex

occipital

lobe of the cerebrum; primary visual cortex

gray matter

location of cell bodies (nuclei) inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

white matter

location of myelinated axons inside the CNS (brain and spinal cord)

orbicularis oris

muscle of facial expression; insertion: encircles mouth; skin and muscles at angle to mouth; action: compresses and purses lips (kiss muscle)

occipitofrontalis (occipital belly)

muscle of facial expression; insertion: epicranial aponeurosis; action: retracts scalp

buccinator

muscle of facial expression; insertion: orbicularis oris; action: compresses cheek; holds food between teeth when chewing

zygomaticus

muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin at superolateral edge of mouth; action: elevates corner of mouth (smile muscle)

platysma

muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin of cheek and mandible; action: pulls lower lip inferiorly; tenses skin of neck

occipitofrontalis (frontal belly)

muscle of facial expression; insertion: skin of forehead; action: moves scalp, eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead

orbicularis oculi

muscle of facial expression; insertion:skin surrounding eyelids; action: closes eye (winking, blinking, squinting)

temporalis

name a muscle of mastication

corpus callosum

name the commissural tract that connects left and right cerebral hemispheres

brain and spinal cord

name the components of the central nervous system (CNS)

?????

name the cranial nerves that serve as parasympathetic innervation?

cervical/thoracic/lumbar/sacral

name the four regions of the spinal cord

sternocleidomastoid

name the key anatomical landmarks in the neck

muscles of mastication

name the muscle group innervated by cranial nerve V3

?????

name the specific artery that may be torn as a result of an impact to the side of the head

mylohyoid/digastric

name the suprahyoid muscles

glossopharyngeal/vagus/accessory

name the three cranial nerves that exit the jugular foramen

midbrain/pons/medulla

name the three divisions of the brainstem

fibrous/vascular/retina

name the three general tunics (layers) of the eye

iliocostalis/longissimus/spinalis

name the three intrinsic (intermediate) muscles of the back

iliocostalis/longissimus/spinalis

name the three muscle groups that make up the erector spinae from medial to lateral

splenius capitis/splenius cervicis

name the two intrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back

omohyoid

neck muscle; origin: scapula; insertion: hyoid bone

sternohyoid

neck muscle; origin: sternum; insertion: hyoid bone

sternothyroid

neck muscle; origin: sternum; insertion: thyroid cartilage

thyrohyoid

neck muscle; origin: thyroid cartilage; insertion: hyoid bone

5

number of lumbar vertebrae

5

number of sacral vertebrae

12

number of thoracic vertebrae

basal nuclei

paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the cerebral hemispheres

fetal period/anterior

primary curvatures develop during the _____ _____ and have an _____ curve

precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

postcentral gyrus

primary sensory cortex

gyrus

ridge

after birth/posterior

secondary curvatures complete development _____ _____ and have a _____ curve

gray matter

spinal cord; location of cell bodies inside the CNS

white matter

spinal cord; location of myelinated axons inside the CNS

neuron

structural unit of the nervous system

central

sulcus located between precentral and postcentral gyrus

lateral

sulcus that separates temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

annulus fibrosus

surrounds nucleus pulposus with a collar composed of cartilage matrix with concentric rings of fibers that serve to strengthen the disc considerably

lordosis

swayback

cerebrum/cerebellum/falx cerebri

tentorium cerebelli fold extends into the transverse fissure between the _____ (occipital lobes) and _____; it connects to _____ _____; "tent over cerebellum"

aorta arch

the Left Common Carotid Artery branches from the _____ ______

upper motor neuron

the _____ _____ _____ travels from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord

lower motor neuron

the _____ _____ _____ travels from the spinal cord to the target muscle

hyperextension

the anterior longitudinal ligament resists _____ of vertebral column

ring like/occipital condyles/axis/yes

the atlas is _____-_____, with no body. it articulates with _____ _____ and swivels around the _____ creating a _____ motion

dens/strongest/no

the axis has a ____; a structure that would have been C1 body by embryologically migrated. it is the _____ of all vertebrae and creates the _____ motion

commissural

the corpus callosum of the cerebrum is a greta example where _____ fibers (tracts) cross from one hemisphere to the other

optic disc

the distinct formation of the optic nerve as the fibers of the retina come together at the back of the eye is called the _____ ______

laterally/extend

the erector spinae's main actions are to _____ flex the vertebral column and _____ vertebral column

external carotid artery

the facial artery is a branch of the _____ _____ _____

cerebellum

the function of this brain structure is in body posture, balance, and fine coordination

depress

the infrahyoid muscles _____ the hyoid

actions/cerebrum/initiate

the irregular masses of the basal nuclei work together to select which _____ the _____ is "allowed" to _____ in a given instance

subclavian artery

the left and right vertebral arteries branch from the _____ _____

arch of aorta

the left common carotid artery is a branch of the _____ _____ _____

childbirth

the lumbosacral angle in females is smaller than that of a male. the sacral angle is less pronounced (i.e. more vertical) in females as well. why is this clinically important?

hyperflexion

the posterior longitudinal ligament resists _____ of vertebral column

brachiocephalic artery/trunk

the right common carotid artery is a branch of the _____ _____/_____

S4/S5/spinous

the sacral hiatus is opening at the distal end of the vertebral/sacral canal due to failure of _____/_____ _____ processes to form

elevate

the suprahyoid muscles _____ the hyoid

internal carotid artery

this artery passes through the carotid canal to contribute to the arterial supply at the base of the brain

anterior longitudinal ligament

this ligament reinforces support of vertebral column anterior to body of vertebrae

frontal

this lobe contains association areas where motor and sensory functions are integrated

falx cerebri

this meningeal infolding is located between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

hypothalamus

this part of the diencephalon is the command center for the endocrine system and tells the pituitary gland what to do; the "light house' for homestasis

thalamus

this part of the diencephalon wants to receive, group, and relay sensory information to the cerebrum; called "the crossing guard'

monosynaptic reflex

this type of reflex has one synapse in the CNS where the afferent fiber synapses directly on the cell body of the efferent neuron

carotid canal

through what opening does the internal carotid artery pass to enter the skull?

foramen spinosum

through what opening in the skull does the middle meningeal artery pass?

dural sac

tubular sheath containing spinal cord formed by dura mater

???jugular foramen

venous blood exits the skull through the opening known as _____ _____

cerebral aqueduct

what connects the third and fourth ventricles?

CN XI (accessory nerve)

what cranial nerve innervates the SCM?

conus medullaris (medullary cone)

what feature of the spinal cord is considered the tip of the spinal cord?

cystica/occulta

what is the difference between spin bifida cystica and spina bifida occulta? _____ has cysts that form on the posterior side of vertebrae; _____ forms no cyst and typically fails at L5 or S1

facial

what is the name of cranial nerve VII?

mandibular

what is the name of the third division of cranial nerve V?

hyoid bone

what is the only bone of the body not to articulate with another bone?

VII/facial nerve/skin/facial muscle

what is unique about the insertion for all muscles of facial expression? they are innervated by CN ___ (_____ _____) and insert into either the _____ of the face or another _____ _____

muscles of facial expression

what muscle group is innervated by CN VII?

anterior rami of spinal nerves

what passes through the anterior and posterior sacral foramina?

spinal nerves

what passes through the intervertebral foramen?

thoracic/sacral

what regions of the vertebral column are primary curvatures?

cervical/lumbar

what regions of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures?

central sulcus

what separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

median sacral crest

what structure is formed by the fused spinous processes of S1-S3?

annulus fibrosus/nucleus pulposus/compression

when an intervertebral disc herniates the _____ _____ weakens and the _____ _____ will herniate (protrude). this leads to _____ of spinal nerves

tympanic membrane

when the ______ ______ of the ear vibrates, it transfers energy to the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

extending

when the splenius muscles work bilaterally, they help us to look up to the sky. this involves _____ the head

posterior root ganglion

where are the cell bodies of somatic and visceral sensory/afferent fibers located?

anterior horn

where are the cell bodies of somatic motor/efferent fibers located?

stylomastoid foramen

where does the somatic motor component of the facial nerve exit the skull to innervate the muscles of facial expression?

????internal carotid arteries/basilar artery????

which arteries come together to form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of willis)?

middle meningeal artery

which artery is a significant blood supply to the dura mater?

middle meningeal artery/external carotid

which artery supplies blood to the dura mater? this artery branches from the _____ _____ artery

ilium (to form the sacroiliac joint)

which bone articulates with the auricular surface of the sacrum?

CNII

which cranial nerve doesn't function to move the eye?

internal jugular

which jugular vein unites with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein?

frontal

which lobe is found in the most anterior region of the brain?

masseter

which muscle of mastication acts as the prime mover for jaw closure?

sternoclediomastoid

which muscle serves as a boundary between the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?

muscles of mastication

which muscles elevate the mandible?

semicircular canals

which portion of the inner ear senses angular acceleration (spinning my head)?

posterior

which rami innervate the intrinsic back muscles?

meninges/spinal cord/nerve roots

which structures herniate with meningocele and myelomeningocele forms of spina bifida cystica?

vertebral arteries

which structures pass through the transverse foramen of the cervical vertebrae?

cerebellum

white matter in this region of the brain branches like a tree and is known as the arbor vitae

commissural

white matter tracts within the CNS; connect opposite hemispheres and cross corpus callosum

association

white matter tracts within the CNS; connect same hemisphere

projection

white matter tracts within the CNS; project to lower regions of brain and spinal cord


Ensembles d'études connexes

Physiological adaptation (goal > 65%)

View Set

MKT 473: Marketing Management: Policy and Strategy

View Set

ACLS Certification Exam Quiz 2020

View Set

ENT Final Exam Quizzes and Practice Questions

View Set

Chapter 25 Pharmacology Study NOTE

View Set