Zoo chp 17

select all of the following that characterizes paedomorphosis.

- adult characteristics are lost - larval characteristics are retained

select all the structures of an aquatic tetrapod ancestor that become modified during evolution for terrestrial breathing and support

- air-filled cavity connected to the pharynx -bones of paired limbs -internal nares

select all of the following that can occur in paedomorphic salamanders of the genus Ambystoma when ponds evaporate

- development of lungs -metamorphosis into terrestrial adult

select the characteristics of reproduction exhibited by most frogs.

- eggs laid in masses - external fertilization -eggs anchored to vegetation

select all the characteristics of tadpoles

- keratinized jaws for scraping -spiracle -hindlimbs appear first -absorbed gills

Match each taxonomic reference to its equivalent Anura Caudata Apoda

- salienta -urodela -gymnophiona

select all of the adaptations to terrestrial life that are present in Ichthyostega

- stronger backbone - lengthened snout - protective rib cage -modified ear structure

why do amphibians require certain humidity levels in their environment? check all that apply

- their eggs are vulnerable to desiccation - their thin skin allows rapid dehydration

what of the following best characterize salamander gills? check all that apply

- they may be retained in adults - they are present when larvae hatch from eggs - they can be lost through metamorphosis

What organisms colonized the land before amphibians? check all that apply

-Vascular plants -Pulmonate snails -Tracheate arthropods

Match each amphibian to the correct taxonomic group. Frogs Salaanders Caecilians

-anura -caudata -apoda

select all of the following the describe reproduction in members of Gymnophiona.

-aquatic larvae -eggs laid near water -viviparity

which features are characteristic of most amphibians? check all that apply.

-glandular skin -double circulation - heart with two atria and one ventricle -primitively quadrupedal

What exceptions to the usual amphibian life history plan are exemplified by some species of frogs, salamanders, and caecilians? check all that apply

-lack of aquatic larval phase -incomplete metamorphosis with continued aquatic life

select all of the changes that tadpoles under during metamorphosis

-lungs develop - gills are absorbed

select all of the changes that tadpoles undergo during metamorphosis

-lungs develop - gills are absorbed

What fishes exhibit terrestrial breathing and locomotion? check all that apply

-mudskipper -lungfish

Caecilians can be characterized by which of the following features? check all that apply

-no limbs - small eyes -long ribs

what characterizes most larger frogs during the breeding season?

-noisy -near water

The amniotes include which of the following ? select all that apply

-nonavian reptiles -mammals -birds

Match each part of the frog brain with what it coordinates Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

-olfaction -vision -hearing and balance

what are anuran defenses against predation? check all that apply

-playing dead -lung infection - voiding the bladder -biting -production of poison

what tetrapod adaptations to air-breathing? check all that apply

-routing of blood to lungs - increased vasculariation of the -air-filled cavity

what do adult salamanders use for respiration? check all that apply

-skin -external gills -lungs

where are caecilians found? check all that apply

-south america -asia -india -africa

In what regions of the world are salamanders found? check all that apply

-temperate -tropical

What amphibian are included in the order Anura? select all that apply

-toads -frogs

select all the habitats of the ranid genera of frogs

-tropical -temperate

Math each family to the correct representatives Bufonidae Ranidae Hylidae

-true toads - bulfrog and other familiar frogs - tree frogs

Put the developmental stages of the newt Notophthalmus viridescens in order, beginning with the youngest stage at the top.

1. egg 2. aquatic larva 3. terrestrial red eft 4. aquatic adults

put the frog developmental stages in order. beginning with the earliest stage at the top

1. fertilization 2. jelly layers of eggs adsorb water and swell 3. formation of embryos 4. development into tadpoles 5. hatching of eggs

On the forlimb. temnospondyls generally have

4 digits

The vertebrate in this diagram is

Acanthostega

which of these feet shows paedomorphosis?

B

One of the smallest known frogs is

Eleutherodactylus iberia

this diagram shows ( fish with fin labeled)

Eusthenopteron

this diagram is a representation of ________, in which the roof of the skull is shaped like that of a(n) ____________.

Ichthyostega; fish

The genus _________ is morphologically intermediate between the lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods.

Tiktaalik

To which order does this animal belong?

Urodela

Amphibians lungs are generally present and activated

after metamorphosis

what salamanders can be paedomorphic but can undergo metamorphosis to a terrestrial form under certain environmental conditions?

ambystoma

The two major extant branches of tetrapods are called the _____________ and the _____________

amphibians amniotes

The clasping behavior of amphibians during breeding is called ______________.

amplexus

salamanders are carnivorous

as larvae and adults

What type of amphibian may have small, dermal scales in the skin?

caecilian

Elongate, limbless,burrowing amphibians are known as _____________.

caecilians

It is unlikely that a vertebrate speices would begin a new transition to life again on land because

competitors are well-established

the transition that allowed some fish groups to exhibit territoriality occurred in the __________-

devonian

Terrestrial salamanders have _______

direct development

salamanders in the family plethodontidae are _________ and breathe mainly __________.

entirely terrestrial; through the skin

True or false: Temnospondyls are included in the clade Lissamphibia

false

true or false; Freshwater environments are inherently stable

false

the major predator of larval frogs is

fish

Species that lived on land before vertebrates played a major role in providing the earliest terrestrial vertebrate with

food

species that lived on land before vertebrates played a major role in providing the earliest terrestrial vertebrates with

food

While amphibian larvae generally use _______________ for respiraton, adults respire through their skin or by using their _____________.

gills lungs

Compared to aquatic creatures, air-breathing tetrapods, have air-filled cavities that

have more capillaries

compared to aquatic creatures, air-brushing tetrapods have air-filled cavities that

have more capillaries

Most frog and toads are tadpoles are _______.

herbivorous

in frogs, tadpoles form

in the egg

Fish fins are homologous to amphibian

limbs

The paedomorphic salamander in this diagram is called a(n)

mud puppy

in moving from water to land, breathing air must be accommodated. What is true about the availability of oxygen as opposed to water?

oxygen is much more abundant in air than water.

The condition in which the larval characteristics of ancestors are retained in adults is known as __________.

paedomorphosis

terrestrial animals have limbs and skeletal structure that

provide structural support against gravity

The frog that carries its eggs in a pouch on its back. is known as the

pygmy marsupial frog

Amphibians can be describes as _______ because they are adapted for terrestrial existence, but their life cycle is still tied to water.

quasiterrestrial

The Larval and adult portions of the life cycle of amphibians exemplify an existence that is

quasiterrestrial

The order urodela contains tailed amphibians called ___________.

salamanders

some ____________ do not metamorphose, and instead stay in the larval form.

salamanders

In salamanders, the lack gills and lungs , respiration occurs through the ___________

skin

female salamanders pick up packets of sperm known as _____ that are deposited by male salamanders of a leaf or stick.

spermatophore

where do most frogs hibernate during winter months?

streams

The primary habitat of caecilians is the _____________ forest of south America.

tropical

True or false: Viviparity is common in caecilians.

true

True or false; even the most terrestrial amphibians remain dependent on very moist environment

true

true or false: Some salamanders have an entirely terrestrial life cycle.

true

where do casecilians feed?

underground

although digits were clearly formed on its limbs; Acanthostega was too weakly constructed for

walking on land

the breeding behavior of frogs and toads occurs during

warm seasons

What would be the least likely environment that would be conducive to long-term salamander survival?

warm temp and dry air